Subject: Jewish merchants

Commercial letter dated October 30, 1849, from David Gratz to James Alport. The letter, which includes a shipping invoice, details items shipped and their prices by Wane & Beidelman. The letter also contains personal comments. The letter is postmarked Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with a blue 5-cent cds.

A calendar advertising D. Chaitkin's business. The calendar features an image of a woman with a horse. Published in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1910.

Promotional calendar issued by Liebenstein Bros. in Pearl City, Illinois in 1910. Features an image of a water tower.

This is a two-part catalogue from the 47th New York Trade Sale, circa 1849. Part one lists booksellers, and part two lists stationers. It provides an extensive listing of Jewish book dealers and stationery suppliers in New York City during the 1840s and 1860s, along with their wares. Notable names included are Hart, Samuel, Cohen, Henry, and Cohen, Lawrence.

Color postcard depicting a Jewish store in the Jewish Quarter of New York City. Part of the U.S. Series 109/4. Published circa 1904.

Civil War era trade token for A. Meyer, located at 377 S. Clark Street, Chicago, Illinois. The token features an Indian head on the reverse and is dated 1863. It functioned as an advertisement for the business, likely selling dry goods and household supplies.

Billhead showing an account statement for tobacco sales to R. Saunders. The statement, dated June 4, 1868, totals $409, with a net amount of $385. The billhead features the imprint of L. Levy, commission merchant, Richmond, Virginia.

This is an advertisement for H. Cohen's clothing store located at 20.22 Broadway Street in Salem, Ohio. The advertisement, which is part of a cloth wallet, also includes an 1892 calendar. The exact date of publication is unknown, but based on the calendar, it is likely from around 1892.

A cigar label advertisement for J. Urich's Kosher Smoke cigars. The advertisement is undated but is estimated to be from around 1890 based on the style.

This archival item is an advertisement for Philip Rosenbaum's men's furnishings store located at 7th and Penn Street in Reading, Pennsylvania. The advertisement, likely dating from the 1890s, features a photograph of the store and mentions "Great Handle Bar Moustache." The advertisement is in English. The physical location of the archival material is Arc.MS.56, Box 5, Folder 12.

Advertisement published in the Pennsylvania Gazette on August 19, 1772, by Michael Gratz announcing the auction of a property. The advertisement is printed in English.

This item consists of a two-sided advertisement for Joseph Ullmann, a furrier located at 165 & 167 Mercer Street in New York City. One side features a calendar for the year, prominently displaying the address. The reverse side contains an advertisement with instructions on how to ship furs and skins to Ullmann. [J. Ullmann was the Treasurer of Ahabath Achim Kalhal in St. Paul.]

Advertisement for Lubow Bros., offering suits, topcoats, and overcoats at a single price of $12.75. The advertisement lists numerous local stores in six states and indicates a factory at 26 Washington Place, NYC. It is stamped "818 Liberty Ave. Pittsburgh". Undated.

This is a multi-page advertisement for Stern Brothers, a prominent New York City department store. The front page features a large illustration of the store's impressive building, depicted in architectural detail, with figures approaching its entrance. This image provides a clear visual representation of the store's scale and grandeur. The inside pages contain a detailed advertisement with further information about the merchandise offered, although the exact details are not fully visible from the available image. The back of the advertisement showcases an unusual and detailed map providing directions to the store, which occupied addresses across West 32nd, 34th, and 36th Streets and West 23rd Street.

An advertising blotter for Goldstein Bros., dye manufacturers, located at 137 West 27th Street, New York, New York. The blotter features a drawing of a woman in a fur coat on the telephone and the tagline, "The man is wise who uses Goldstein's Dyes." Telephone number 2349 Watkins is also listed. Circa 1890s.

An unusual advertising piece: a brush with the name and address 'M. Born & Co.' carved into the handle. The brush was likely given away as an advertisement for the company. Originating from Chicago, Illinois, United States; undated, but likely circa 1920.

An advertising envelope for D. Feinberg, a dealer in imported pictures, frames, and mirrors. The envelope, dated February 24, 1890, advertises custom frame making and is addressed to a Minneapolis, Minnesota location. A crude rubber stamp corner advertisement is also present.

An advertising envelope from F. Toplitz & Co., a San Francisco-based business, dated September 5, 1889. The envelope features graphics. The envelope was likely used for commercial purposes.

An advertising envelope from J. Hyman & Son, importers and manufacturers of pictures, paper, and cards, dancing order novelties, etc. The envelope is dated December 2, 1890, and lists the company's address as 25 Beekman Street, New York, New York.

An advertising envelope from Jacobs Bros. & Hoffmann, a business located in St. Louis, Missouri. The envelope is dated November 20, 1891. The envelope features advertising for the business.

An advertising envelope from L. & S. Sternberger, dated October 28, 1884. The envelope lists two addresses: 503 Market Street and 530 (address incomplete). The envelope advertised clothing and was sent from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

An advertising envelope from L. Lion (Lazard) in San Jose, California, dated 1875. The envelope features a large woodblock print of a glove and the sender's name in a corner. Addressed to an unknown recipient.

An advertising envelope for Louis Ash & Co., Commonwealth Cigar Factory. The envelope features a logo depicting a shield and an Indian. Dated October 11, 1880.

An advertising envelope for Moses & Brother, a mill and yard located in Baltimore, Maryland, at Allen Street, next to Bearley's Agricultural Works. The envelope dates to circa 1890. The envelope also mentions S. Curtis & Son.

An addressed envelope advertising Sidman/Lachman, located at 209 & 211 Battery Street, San Francisco, California. The envelope is dated January 1, 1875 and addressed to Asher Marks in Roseburg, Oregon. The envelope provides insight into business correspondence and trade networks in 19th-century Oregon and California.

An advertising envelope for Susmann Brothers, dated April 23, 1878. The envelope lists their address as 105 State Street, Boston, Massachusetts. The envelope also mentions W. C. Crosby.

Tin match holder, painted with gold lettering, advertising S. Cohen's shoe store at 325 Water Street, Augusta, Maine. Circa 1890s.

An advertising mirror for Hersch's Fashion Shop located at 26 Broad Street in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. The mirror features the shop's name and address, along with birthstone information. The date of creation is unknown, but it is estimated to be around 1910.

An advertising mirror for Blumenthal's Bargain Store in Sebewaing, Michigan. The mirror features pink cardboard and likely depicts the store's offerings. The exact date of creation is unknown, but it is estimated to be around 1900 based on contextual clues.

Yellow cardboard advertising mirror for Blumenthal's Bargain Store in Sebewaing, Michigan. Date of creation is unknown but circa 1900 based on style.

Advertising pin for Meyers' Hat Store, located at 81 Seneca Street in Buffalo, New York. Undated.

An advertising trade card for A. Goodman & Son, featuring their trademark and advertising matzoths. The card displays the address 634.640 East 17th Street, New York City. Likely published circa 1900.

A printed advertisement letter, dated January 1, 1884, expressing antisemitic sentiments about the clothing trade in Marietta, Ohio. The letter, addressed to Eliza Johnson in Waverly, West Virginia, from George Blake, contains accusations against Jewish merchants and their business practices. It is part of a larger collection of Judaica Americana.

Two-page autograph letter signed by William Trent to Joseph Simons, dated April 7, 1783, from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses business matters related to land sales and the Indiana Company, urging Simons to attend a meeting. Trent also sends compliments to Mrs. Simons.

Autograph letter signed from Moses Michael Hays to Michael Gratz, dated June 1769. Hays congratulates Gratz on his marriage. The letter includes an integral address leaf with a New York postmark and a bishop's mark. Written on one page, 4to. The letter reflects the business relationship between Hays and Gratz and provides insight into their personal lives.

Autograph letter signed by Isaac Moses to Moses Myers, dated August 8, 1784. Written from New York, New York, the letter discusses business matters, including the shipwreck of the North Britain, family news, and financial concerns. The recipient, Moses Myers, was a merchant in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This letter offers insight into colonial American Jewish life and business practices.

Autograph letter signed by Maurice Guggenheimer of Guggenheimer & Co., a dry goods merchant in Lynchburg, Virginia, to Creasy & Brother. Written on October 2, 1872, the letter discusses an order and goods sent. The letter is on Guggenheimer & Co.'s letterhead.

A one-page autograph letter written by Charles Tobias in New Orleans, Louisiana to his father, T.I. Tobias in New York, New York on December 31, 1846. Charles describes favorable trade conditions and includes a newspaper clipping about a sold silver service.

Three-page autograph letter written by Clement Hooverman in London, England to T. I. Tobias in New York, New York on November 18, 1853. The letter discusses wine and appears to be a reintroduction between the two correspondents. The letter measures 7 7/8" x 4".

Autograph letter signed "Leonard Jacoby," Philadelphia, September 25, 1791, instructing John Klein to deliver orders to Salomon Raphael. Raphael's signature appears on the verso. The letter references business transactions between the parties.

A one-page, stampless letter written by Tobias I. Tobias in New York City to David Judah in Richmond on April 14, 1823. The letter expresses anger regarding a misstatement on a note from Pollock and Judah, and notes that Pollock has cancer. David Judah & Co. was licensed as auctioneers on November 11, 1822, with Judah, Tobias, and Edward Pollock as principals.

One-page autograph receipt signed by Aaron Lopez, a Jewish merchant in Newport, Rhode Island, for the purchase of "9 Elephants Teeth" from David Ross for the sum of £17/9/11. Dated December 8, 1768. The receipt shows evidence of having been torn from a larger book or sheet.

Stock certificate for 100 shares of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, issued to Israel Cohen on January 6, 1848. This document details a financial record of Israel Cohen's stock holdings in the railroad company. Biographical information about Israel Cohen and his father, Benjamin I. Cohen, is included in the archival description.

Bill of exchange dated December 31, 1794, drawn by C. Dutih & Wachsmith in Rotterdam, Netherlands, and endorsed to Barnett & Co. of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The bill of exchange represents a transaction between businesses, highlighting international commerce between the Netherlands and the United States in the late 18th century. Nathan Barnett, who is mentioned in relation to this bill, was a member of Mikvah Israel and originally from Holland. His wife, Elizabeth (Sheprah) Barnett, later married Naphtaly Hart.

Bill of exchange for $444, written in Charleston, South Carolina on August 9, 1793, payable to Abraham Sasportas from Edmond Charles Genet, French Ambassador to the United States. The bill is endorsed on the verso by Abraham Sasportas. This document is a significant piece of Judaica Americana, highlighting the commercial activities of Abraham Sasportas, a prominent Jewish merchant in Charleston known for his trade with France and his later dealings with James Madison regarding British privateering.

Bill of Exchange, written on an approximately 19 x 15 cm sheet, dated November 16, 1740. The bill, drawn by the Duke of Newcastle (who became Prime Minister in 1754), instructs Albert Nesbitt & Company of London to pay Michael David five hundred pounds. The verso displays three endorsements in French and Dutch, indicating transfers between Michael David, Berend Heyman, Heen Eliaser, Samuel Levy, and David Levy. This document highlights the transnational financial activities of Jewish financiers, with connections to David Franks, a partner with Nesbitt & Company in supplying the British army during the French and Indian War.

Bill of exchange dated August 19, 1774, from Moses Henry of Schenectady to Robert C. Clince for Eighteen Pounds Pennsylvania Currency. Endorsed in Lancaster, Pennsylvania on October 19, 1774, by Andrew Levy, ordering payment to Michael and Barnard Gratz. This document illustrates the interconnected business relationships within early Pennsylvania Jewish communities, involving prominent figures such as the Gratz brothers and Joseph Simon, a significant Indian trader and merchant.

Bill of lading documenting the shipment of 18 boxes of lemons from T. I. Tobias in New York, New York to Jacob Levy in New Orleans, Louisiana on January 23, 1835. The document was printed by Solomon H. Jackson at 163 Chatham Street, New York. T. I. Tobias is identified as being from a well-known Jewish merchant family, and Solomon H. Jackson is noted as a well-known Jewish printer. The document features an eagle logo. This is part 1 of 2.

Bill of lading for the shipment of wine from T. I. Tobias, a member of a well-known Jewish merchant family, to Richmond. The document was printed by Solomon H. Jackson at 163 Chatham Street, New York, New York. Jackson was a well-known Jewish printer. An eagle logo is present on the document. Dated October 25, 1835. This is 1 of 5 related documents.

Bill of sale detailing the sale of 25 boxes of spermaceti candles and boxes of paper from Aaron Lopez to William and Samuel Vernon. The document lists each box separately, totaling 1,843 pounds sterling. Dated January 8, 1770, in Newport, Rhode Island.

Invoice from Cardozo, Fourqurean & Co., dealers in dry goods, located at 1005 Main Street, Richmond, Virginia. Dated June 7, 1879. The bill lists a purchase of 1 1/4 yards of lawn and 11 yards of calico by W. H. Sims. The billhead displays a traditional Victorian-style script. The billhead also features a printed logo with the words “Bought of,” and lists the names of various associated people, including: I.D. Cardozo, J.M. Fourqurean, William Cardozo, Jack Temple, J.R. Money, J. Alsop, I.M. Brit, and R.P. Lyons.

Billhead from Charles Desilver, publisher and bookseller, located at 1229 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. The billhead is dated September 3, 1862, and lists a purchase of school supplies by the Hebrew Education Society. The bill includes a list of items, quantities, and prices, likely for various school books and supplies. The billhead is handwritten, and the business name appears at the top of the document.

A billhead for Charles J. Cohen, Dr., located at No. 617 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The billhead is dated March 1, 1897 and indicates that the business was established by Henry Cohen in 1838. The bill details a transaction for a 1/4 x 25 ft 6 1/2 cm item, and includes a handwritten note indicating that payment was received on 8/15/97. It also features a logo depicting a globe and envelope within a stylized frame.

Invoice from City of Paris Dry Goods Store, located at the corner of Front and Morrison Streets in Portland, Oregon. The invoice is dated March 17, 1864. The bill lists the purchase of “1 1/2 yd French Merino” and “1/8 Dress Silk” by an individual named Mayer. The total cost of the purchase is $20.75. The billhead features the business name, location, and “Fancy & Staple Dry Goods” in large, bold font.

Billhead from D. & A. Oppenheimer, wholesale dealers in staple and fancy dry goods and clothing, located at No. 8 Commerce Street, San Antonio, Texas. Dated January (or June) 30, 1875. The bill lists the purchase of a suit of clothes by an unidentified buyer and includes an itemized list of the transaction. The billhead is printed on a cream-colored paper and features the business name at the top with elegant script. It also includes the details of the business: 'Sign of the 'Big Boot', No. 8 Commerce Street.'

Invoice from Ehrich & Co., importers and dealers in millinery, fancy and dry goods. Located at Nos. 287, 289, 291, 293, 295 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY, the bill is dated October 21, 1879. It includes an itemized list of goods purchased by G. F. Back. The billhead features a printed header with ornate lettering and decorative elements, including a company logo of a building with a decorative banner. The text includes the publisher information for “Ehrich’s Fashion Quarterly,” which was a magazine published by the company.

A statement of account from Goldman & Co., general merchandise and wholesale liquor dealers, located in Phoenix, Arizona. Dated October 20, 1883. The bill lists a series of transactions between Goldman & Co. and F. M. Fowler, a dealer in hay, grain, alfalfa, and live hogs, for the period of April 28, 1883 to October 20, 1883. The billhead includes an elaborate printed header section, with ornate lettering. The business's name is displayed prominently at the top of the document, along with a description of the goods and services sold.

Invoice from H. Bamberger & Co., importers and wholesale dealers in teas and spices, located at No. 229 Arch Street, Philadelphia. Dated March 1, 1871. The bill lists a purchase by J. Fahrny of one half chest of Young Hyson tea, for a total of $44. The billhead includes the buyer's name, the business name, and the business address. Terms of the transaction are listed, with payment due in Philadelphia on July 1st. The billhead includes an ornate Victorian-style lettering style with a line separating the header from the transaction list.

Invoice dated May 26, 1857 from H. Cowperthwait & Company, publishers, booksellers, and importers, to the Hebrew Education Society. The bill lists various books purchased in quantities, prices, and totals for each item.

Billhead from H. Schnurman & Co., manufacturers and wholesale and retail dealers in flour, feed, grain, and plaster, located in Allentown, Pennsylvania. Dated December 31, 1868. This bill was issued to the Lehigh County Poor House, indicating a transaction for supplies. The bill lists various items purchased and their corresponding prices, with a total amount of $15.36 paid by check on December 31, 1868. The billhead has a simple layout with a printed header, clear business details, and handwritten entries for the transaction.

Invoice from Herman, Winter & Co., wholesale dry goods dealers in clothing, boots, shoes, hats, and millinery, located at 88 South Market Street in Nashville, Tennessee. Dated November 1, 1881. The bill shows a transaction, likely for dry goods, for a customer identified as McDaniel, Thompson & Co. It lists items, quantities, prices, and total purchase amount. The billhead includes details of the company’s business, addresses, terms of payment, and location in New York and Boston. The billhead is printed with ornate lettering and a framed header.

Billhead from I. Levy & Bro., produce and provision merchants. The business is located at Nos. 13 and 15 Market Street, Paducah, Kentucky. Dated November 25, 1878. The bill is made out to Mrs. Jul Weil and lists a purchase of 4-8 lbs. Apples (for jelly). The billhead includes a decorative frame and a list of items sold by the business.

Bill from J. W. Kaskel, a dealer in cigars, tobacco, and smokers' articles, located at No. 4 Broadway under Richmond House, sign of the Big Indian, Paducah, Kentucky. Dated October 1, 1869. The bill lists purchases made by Burgauer & Weil, likely tobacco, cigars, or other smoking products, and includes a breakdown of the transaction. The billhead includes an image of a Native American holding a pipe, a symbol associated with the tobacco industry. It also features the company name in ornate script lettering.

Billhead from Jos. Brooks, a wholesale and retail dealer in general merchandise in Silver City, Idaho. The bill is dated April 30, 1872. The invoice is addressed to “Morning Star Me, Co,” and includes a list of items purchased, likely for mining purposes, including several quantities of blasting powder, caps, and other supplies. The billhead is printed on lined paper with a header that lists the business name, the goods sold, and the address.

Bill from Jos. Gundersheimer & Sons, clothiers and gents' furnishers, located at Corner High and State Sts., American House Block, Columbus, Ohio. The bill was purchased by William A. Nayland, a guardian for M. M. Bowser, and is dated December 22, 1888. The billhead includes a hand-written list of goods, including shirts, underwear, a shirt, and collars, with prices and a total amount of $20.00. The billhead displays an ornate Victorian-style lettering and a decorative framed header section.

Billhead from Joshua Schnurman, a jobber and wholesale dealer in American, English, French, and German fancy goods, hosiery, gloves, ribbons, laces, combs, suspenders, threads, and every variety of buttons and trimmings. Located at No. 9 East Hamilton Street, Allentown, Pennsylvania. The billhead is dated February 22, 1865 and is made out to the Lehigh County Poor House. The billhead features a decorative border, ornate lettering, and the business name printed in a bold font.

Invoice from Kaufman, Oppenheimer & Co., located at 233 Liberty Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, dated July 19, 1880. The billhead features a printed header, ornate lettering, and detailed information about the business. The transaction is between Kaufman, Oppenheimer & Co. and Joseph Kammerer and lists several items and their associated costs. The billhead also includes a stamped seal of “Bought of” with intricate details.

Invoice from Kaufman, Oppenheimer & Co., located at 233 Liberty Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The date, October 25, 1880, is handwritten over the year “187”. The bill is addressed to Joseph Kammerer, Kammerer, Pennsylvania, and lists a detailed breakdown of items purchased, likely clothing, with corresponding quantities and prices. This invoice was part of the Kaufman, Oppenheimer & Co. archive. The billhead features a small rectangular logo in the upper right corner that says ‘Bought of’ surrounded by a decorative floral design.

Billhead from Kerbs & Spiess, manufacturers of fine cigars and dealers in leaf tobacco, located at Second Avenue and East 54th Street in New York City. Dated July 18, 1877. The bill lists a purchase by J.A. Miller & Co., likely of cigars or other tobacco products. The billhead features ornate Victorian-style lettering, a decorative image of a building with a detailed header section, and small stamps in the top left corner.

Billhead of Koch, Goldsmith, Joseph & Co., manufacturers of clothing, importers and jobbers of woolens, located at 73,75 & 77 St. Claire St. Dated June 4, 1885. This bill represents a purchase made by Hower Bros. The billhead displays ornate text and decorative borders in Victorian-style lettering.

Invoice from Kohn, Rosenheim & Co., wholesale clothiers, located at 312 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated April 9, 1881. The bill lists an itemized list of purchases made by Honig & Schutter of Hazelton, Pennsylvania. The billhead displays an ornate Victorian-style lettering and includes the printed header “Bought of Kohn, Rosenheim & Co., Wholesale Clothiers, 312 Market Street.” The billhead includes a statement: “Goods shipped at Purchasers risk. Claims for damage to be reported within Five days after receipt of Goods. ALL PAYMENTS TO BE MADE DIRECT TO THE FIRM. NONE OTHER RECOGNIZED.”

Invoice for a “Silk Dress Coat” from L. & W. Milius, wholesale dealers in clothing, furnishing goods, and other items, located at 42 Main Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. The bill, dated November 27, 1857, was likely for a purchase by J. H. Hopping. The invoice shows the business name and address in ornate lettering, and the handwritten note indicates the customer will receive the garment soon.

Billhead for Levy, Dreyfus & Co., importers and manufacturers located at No. 11 Maiden Lane, New York, New York. Dated October 27, 1883, this bill displays an itemized list of goods purchased by William Hunt, of Uniontown, Pennsylvania. The bill lists a variety of goods including watch parts, eyeglasses, opera glasses, and “look keys”, indicating that the business sold various optical and watch-related items. The billhead notes that the business is the sole agent for Eureka Watch Dials, and a manufacturer of Imperial Spectacles and Eye Glasses.

Invoice from Louis Stix & Co., dealers in dry goods, notions, cloaks, and manttillas, located at West Third, Race & Union Streets, Cincinnati, Ohio. Dated July 1, 1870. The bill lists several items purchased by J. Rick, including 'Lawndale Cambric,' 'Muslin,' 'Cassimere Jeans,' and 'Goods.' The bill includes a handwritten calculation and total, and a revenue stamp. The billhead features an illustration of the business's building, ornate lettering, and a decorative header.

Billhead from M. Bettman, manufacturer of Chemical Olive, Family and Castile Soap, located at 311 Commercial Street, San Francisco, dated November 24, 1876. The billhead lists a purchase of 200 dozen soap from M. Bettman by N. S. Trowbridge & Co. The billhead is simply printed with the business information and a basic table for listing the transaction.

Billhead for M. Loth, located at No. 121 Main Street, up stairs, Cincinnati, Ohio. The billhead is dated November 29, 1864. The buyer is listed as Paul Huls of New Antioch, Ohio. It is likely a transaction for goods sold by Loth to Huls. Terms are 'Net Cash'. The billhead also notes that 'Particular Attention Paid to Orders.'

Invoice from M. Oppenheimer & Co., located at 233 Liberty Street, Head of Wood, corner of Fourth Avenue and Market Street in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The bill lists a purchase made by Joseph Kammerer of Kammerer, Pennsylvania. The purchase was for two beaver coats at a total cost of $11.63. The billhead features the business's name in a prominent, bold font, with a printed header, ornate lettering, and a clear description of the address.

This is a handwritten receipt from M. Oppenheimer & Co., manufacturers of clothing and jobbers of piece goods, located at 233 Liberty Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The receipt is dated January 30, 1882, and was issued to Joseph Kammerer. The receipt shows an amount of $1.00 for cash due on a bill from November 1st, followed by an amount of $13.50 due for goods purchased on November 12th, which includes interest of $0.60. The total due is $14.50, which was paid by check. This receipt, likely for fabric purchased from a local clothier, is part of the Kaufman, Oppenheimer & Co. archive.

Invoice from M. Oppenheimer & Co., clothiers, located at 233 Liberty Street and 240 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Dated June 21, 1882. The bill lists an item purchased, likely clothing, by Joseph Kammerer. The total amount due is $700.00, as indicated in handwritten numbers on the right side of the page. The billhead displays ornate Victorian-style lettering and includes the text “All Claims must be made within FIVE DAYS after receipt of Goods.”

Billhead from M. Ruhman, dealer in and manufacturer of Clothing and Gentlemen's Wear, located in Canton, Ohio. The billhead features a decorative woodcut image of a woman in a dress, likely a worker in a textile factory. The bill is dated October 1, 1872. It lists purchases made by Louis Schaefer, including an amount for “Cash & Trimk” and “Horsehair” purchased in April and May, and then “Cash” purchased in August, all totaling $41.25. The bill is signed by M. Ruhman, likely the owner of the business.

Billhead of Meyer Corn, manufacturer of and jobber in hats, caps, and straw goods, located at 69 Mercer St., New York City. The billhead is dated April 10, 1886. The bill was issued to Joseph Brooks of Waterloo, NY, and lists several items purchased and their corresponding prices. There is a decorative element that includes a company logo printed in the upper left corner, with the name 'Stockwell London' printed below it. The billhead also has ornate Victorian-style lettering.

Billhead - Mrs. J. Sheyer & Co., dealers in fancy and staple dry goods, located at the North-East corner of Carson and Spear Streets, Carson City, Nevada. Dated August 1, 1876. The bill lists a payment made by the Virginia & Truckee Railroad for $7.00 for the month of July. The billhead includes a company logo, an ornate border and decorative Victorian lettering.

Invoice from S. Schiffman & Co., dealers in general merchandise and plantation supplies, located at the North Side Public Square in Huntsville, Alabama. Dated December 11, 1877. The bill lists two items purchased, one of which is

Monthly statement from S. Strousse, dealer in dry goods, carpets, clothing, and other items, located in Georgetown, Colorado. Dated January 15, 1892. The bill lists a detailed account of goods purchased by J. S. Randall. It includes the date, a description of items, and the prices for the items purchased. The statement reflects the business relationship between the merchant and customer. The billhead features an ornate banner with the name of the business, printed text, and neatly handwritten entries. The billhead is on lined paper.

Billhead from S.W. Rosenstock & Co., manufacturers and importers of boots and shoes, located at 32 & 34 Sansome St., San Francisco. Dated July 5, 1877. The billhead indicates the business is a sole agent for the National Guaranteed Rubber Boots. It lists the buyer as N.S. Trowbridge & Co., and details the items purchased: 5,000 pairs of shoes for $2,250.00. The billhead displays ornate Victorian-style lettering and decorative elements.

Invoice from W. N. Porter to Mr. Sam'l Frank for 3 bales of cotton weighing 1530 lbs. The price per pound is noted as .22 5/8 cents and the total cost is $346.15 less State and County taxes of $3.00. A small oval, blue handstamp of SAM. FRANK, Holly Springs, Miss. is visible. The billhead is a standard-looking receipt in the form of a columnar ledger with the business name and location at the top.

Invoice from Sands Brothers, a wholesale and retail dealer in dry goods, fancy goods, hosiery, small wares, and carpets, located at No. 48 Main Street, Helena, Montana. The billhead features a decorative stamp with the words “Bought of” and “Sands Brothers” within a circular frame. The business details are printed in a simple typeface. Dated December 24, 1874. The invoice lists several items and their corresponding costs for J. L. Davis, with individual items including 'Bousier, 10 yds.', 'Lothilu Kosh', 'Omna', and 'Silk'. The invoice contains handwritten notations and details of the transaction.

Billhead of Slagle & Sneeringer, commission merchants, wholesale dealers in manufactured and smoking tobacco, cigars, pipes, etc., located at No. 5 S. Sharp St., 2nd door from Baltimore St., opposite Harnden’s Express Office. This bill is dated June 3, 1867, and details a transaction between the business and Mr. E. Firmwaltz. The billhead includes handwritten totals of the transaction in a columnar format. The bill is printed in black ink and has a decorative header with ornate lettering. The billhead also includes a revenue stamp, which was required for certain transactions during the Civil War.

Billhead from A. Polack & Co., a clothing store in Huron, South Dakota, dated October 11, 1887. The billhead features an illustration of a large child and the advertisement, "A child can buy as cheap as a man...The largest strictly one-price house in South Dakota." The company also lists branches in Omaha, Nebraska, and Cheyenne, Wyoming.

Billhead from the A. Rachofsky Dry Goods Co. in Central City, Colorado, dated December 9, 1891. The billhead notes that the company was established in 1869 and that it brought the first Torah to Central City.

Billhead from A. (Abraham) Rachofsky's New York Store in Central City, Colorado, dated March 13, 1891. The billhead indicates the store was established in 1869. The verso contains an endorsement. Rachofsky purchased the store from his uncle, Abraham Rittmaster, an early Jewish pioneer in Colorado. Rachofsky later became a prominent businessman in Central City.

Billhead from A. Seessel, located at 259 Main Street, Memphis, Tennessee. The billhead is dated October 20, 1865, and includes a revenue stamp. The billhead is part of the 'E' collection.

Billhead from Ackerman Brothers, located at 123 Kearny St. & 209 Sutter St., San Francisco, California. The billhead is dated February 6, 1878, and shows a transaction with I. D. Schoenfeld & Bro.

Billhead from Albert Aron's dry goods and plantation supplies business in Greenwood, Mississippi, dated July 26, 1894. The billhead provides details of Aron's business and is part of a larger collection of Judaica Americana. Information about Aron's wife's death in Greenville, Mississippi, in 1912 was reported in the Jackson Daily News, noting that he was a prominent Jewish citizen.

Billhead from Altschul, Seller & Co., dealers in crockery, china, glassware, plated ware, table cutlery, lamps, and chimneys, located at 119 Battery Street, San Francisco, California. Dated July 18, 1884. The billhead also mentions Bliss & Kelsey.

Billhead from Anatole Lobe's business in San Francisco, California, dated July 2, 1877. The billhead features a depiction of a silver ewer and is addressed to S. D. Schoenfeld & Bro. Two billheads are included as a set.

Billhead from B. Feldman & Co., located at 350 King Street, Charleston, South Carolina. The billhead is dated March 23, 1888, and includes the names of Feldmann, B. and Teskey, R. It is printed on lithographed stationery.

Billhead from B. J. Jacob, dealer in breech and muzzle-loading guns, located at the corner of Alabama and Washington Streets in Selma, Alabama. Dated August 11, 1870.

Billhead from Bamberger, Streng & Co. in Louisville, Kentucky, dated June 23, 1891. The billhead features the company's name and address. The billhead is lithographed.

Billhead from Block & Erwin, dealers in dry goods, clothing, boots, shoes, hats, and general plantation supplies in Vanndale, Arkansas. Dated May 1, 1887. Includes biographical information about Raphael Block, a leading merchant in Vanndale.

Billhead from Castle Brothers & Loupe, located at 213, 215, 217 Front Street, San Francisco, California. Dated February 21, 1881. The billhead features a lithograph of the store front. The firm was active in Jewish affairs.

Billhead from Castle Brothers & Loupe, located at 213, 215, 217 Front Street, San Francisco, California. The billhead features a lithograph of the store's storefront. Dated June 21, 1881. The billhead was associated with Henry French, who was active in Jewish affairs.

Billhead from Castle Brothers, wholesale grocers in San Francisco, California, dated September 9, 1867. The billhead includes a revenue stamp and indicates payments are payable in gold coin. The document suggests involvement in Jewish affairs.

Billhead from Cohen Brothers, a popular dry goods house located at 41 & 43 Bay Street in Jacksonville, Florida. Dated January 26, 1884.

Billhead from D. Falk & Brother, importers and dealers in general merchandise in Boise City, Idaho Territory (later Idaho). The billhead features a vignette depicting a steam engine train, a factory, a ship, and a horse-drawn wagon. It indicates that the firm sold groceries, clothing, furnishings, dry goods, boots and shoes, hats, tobacco and cigars, crockery, glassware, hardware, notions, and farming implements. The billhead shows a sale to Judge W.C. Whitson. Terms are specified as "GOLD COIN".

Billhead from D. W. Bloombargh & Co., dealers in staple and fancy dry goods, located in Brenham, Texas. Dated October 17, 1879. The billhead includes a signature from M.J. Jacob, suggesting involvement in a legal matter. An additional address is listed: 174 Church Street, NYC.

Billhead from E. R. Selliger's business in Greenwood, Mississippi, dated March 23, 1894. The billhead indicates that Selliger sold plantation supplies and bought cotton.

Billhead from Einstein Brothers, Bourbon Whiskies, located at 30 Merwin Street, Cleveland, Ohio. Dated February 20, 1882. The billhead also mentions the Pleasant Valley Wine Company of Hammondsport, New York.

Billhead from Elfelt, Weil & Co., successors to J. Kohn, Portland, Oregon, dated May 14, 1864. The billhead lists A. B. Elfelt, D. Weil, and S. Goldsmith as principals. Henry Failing is listed as the recipient.

Manuscript billhead from G. Rosenblatt & Brother, importers and jobbers of dry goods located at 78 Chambers Street, New York City. The billhead is dated June 18, 1859, and also mentions A. Smith & Son.

Billhead from G. Seeligson & Co., located at 24th and Mechanic Streets in Galveston, Texas. The billhead is dated February 11, 1885. It is printed on a piece of paper with the company name and address at the top.

Billhead from Gans & Klein, clothing manufacturers and dealers in hats, hydraulic duck hose, and rubber goods, located in Helena, Montana Territory, dated May 10, 1889. The billhead also indicates an office in New York City.

Billhead from December 16, 1878, issued by Goldsmith Brothers, clothiers located at 335 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This billhead is a statement to M. Wertheimer & Bro. in Defiance, Ohio, covering three months (September 3, October 25, and December 16, 1878) and totaling $688.53. The billhead shows business transactions between Goldsmith Brothers in Philadelphia and M. Wertheimer & Bro. in Defiance, Ohio.

Billhead from Greenebaum & Co., auctioneers located at 115 & 117 Bush Street, San Francisco, California. Dated September 9, 1877. The billhead indicates payment is to be made in gold.

Billhead from Guggenheimer & Co., wholesale dealers in staple and fancy dry goods, boots, shoes, and hats, located at 144 Main Street, Lynchburg, Virginia. Dated July 22, 1874. The billhead includes a statement that all claims must be made immediately upon receipt of goods and notes that interest will be charged at the highest legal rate on matured goods. The bill was issued to Mr. Walker.

Billhead from H. Behrendt & Co., purveyors of trunks, valises, and traveling bags, located at 513 Market Street, San Francisco, California. The billhead is dated December 6, 1876, and also mentions N. S. Trowbridge & Co.

Billhead from H. C. Cohn & Co., manufacturers of men's neckwear and jewelry, located at 71 Mill Street, Rochester, New York. Dated April 27, 1876. The billhead is addressed to Smith & Woodward.

Billhead from H. Cone & Co. and H. F. Foster & Co., fancy goods merchants, located at No. 3 West Seneca Street, Buffalo, New York. The billhead is dated July 18, 1865, and includes a stamp for H.F. Foster of Marilla. A note indicates the prominent Jewish citizen, H. Cone, arrived in Buffalo in 1851 and was an original trustee of the Third National Bank.

Billhead from H. Cowperthwait & Company to the Hebrew Education Society in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated April 29, 1857. The billhead details numerous purchases.

Billhead from H. Newbauer, a dealer in furniture, crockery, and glassware, in Jackson, California, dated October 1864. The bill details a sale of one rocking chair for $7.50. The billhead also lists A. Newberger. H. Newbauer was an early California pioneer and active in the formation of the Jewish community in Jackson, California, which is located east of Sacramento.

Billhead from H. S. Rosenfeld & Co., successor to John Lyman, a manufacturer and wholesale dealer in fine-cut chewing and smoking tobacco, and imported and domestic cigars. Located at No. 32 Merwin Street, Cleveland, Ohio. Dated December 22, 1870. The billhead features a graphic of a Native American.

Billhead from Henry Bodenheim and Co., located on Washington Street next door to Brown & Johnston's Banking House in Vicksburg, Mississippi. Dated December 16, 1859. The billhead indicates the business was involved in dry goods and clothing trade.

Billhead from the firm of Henry Cohen, an importer and wholesaler stationer located at 507 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The billhead is dated July 29, 1859. Printed by Geo. W. Bernadon & Bros.

Billhead from Henry Cohen, a merchant tailor, located at #123 opposite the Eagle Hotel in Pittston, Pennsylvania. The billhead is dated February 6, 1875, and provides a glimpse into the business practices of a Jewish merchant in the early anthracite coal region.

Billhead from Henry Heilbronner, a seller of alcoholic beverages and tobacco products located at 92 State Street, Schenectady, New York. The invoice is dated April 13, 1878. Heilbronner was a member of the School Board and a Trustee of Ellis Hospital. He is also noted as having numerous listings as Jewish.

Billhead from Henry Hyman's "New York Store" in Silver City, Idaho Territory, dated April 1, 1872. The bill details grocery sales to the Owyhee Mining Co., including items such as 10 boxes of candles. A newspaper obituary for Henry Hyman is also referenced, noting his death in 1876 at the age of 28.

Billhead from the Baltimore, Maryland firm of Hershman & Goodman, dated December 10, 1898. The billhead features a lithograph of a beaver and lists the firm's address as 319 Baltimore Street.

Billhead from Hochstadter & Bro., a business located in Marysville, California. The billhead is dated February 6, 1886, and indicates that payments are payable in gold coin at par. The billhead features a vignette of the store.

Billhead from I. Cohn & Co., a general merchandise store, located in Sheridan, Douglas County, Nevada. The billhead is dated August 25, 1892.

Billhead from Isaac L. Emanuel's business in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated June 14, 1890. The billhead displays business information and likely served as a receipt or invoice for goods or services provided.

Billhead from J. Feldberg, a clothing dealer in Helena, Montana. The billhead, dated August 31, 1874, lists various clothing items and their prices. The business was located on Main Street, opposite the First National Bank.

Billhead from J. Leopold & Co., located at 306 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland. Dated February 3, 1898. The billhead features extensive lithographic advertising for "Globe Street Lamp." Both the front and back are illustrated.

Billhead from J. Lowman & Brother, located at 38 Pearl Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Dated April 18, 1861. The billhead is associated with Jacob Wust, a leader in the Cincinnati Reform Jewish community.

Billhead from the millinery firm of J. Rothschild, with addresses at 56 & 58 West 14th Street, New York, and 26 Rue D'Enghien, Paris. The billhead also mentions offices or stores in Philadelphia, Boston, and Brooklyn. Dated June 27, 1882.

Billhead from J. Wolff & Brothers, a paper hanging store in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The billhead advertises a large assortment of wall papers, satins, oaks, and decorations. It also notes that personal attendance is given to paper hanging. Dated July 8, 1865. The store was located at the southwest corner of Third and Noble Streets.

Billhead from Jos. Frankland & Co., dry goods and notions, located at 46 Public Square, Nashville, Tennessee. The billhead is dated April 3, 1883, and was likely issued to Robert Williams. The billhead indicates that the business was owned by a Jewish Civil War veteran.

Billhead from Joseph A. Dreyfous, a wholesale grocer and commission merchant located at 261 Washington Street in New York City. The billhead is dated April 25, 1861.

Billhead from Joseph A. Dreyfous, a wholesale grocer and commission merchant, located at 261 Washington Street, New York, New York. The billhead is dated September 6, 1861, and also mentions A. Smith & Son.

Billhead from Joseph Hirshberg & Co. in Choteau, Montana, dated August 3, 1892. The billhead also mentions Bateman & Switzer.

Billhead from Joseph Lippman's dry goods business in Savannah, Georgia, dated July 19, 1847. The billhead advertises a 'Choice Assortment of Foreign & Domestic Fancy & Staple Dry Goods, at Wholesale Prices' from his shop located in Owen's Building on Congress Street, facing the Market. The billhead is signed by Joseph Lippman.

Billhead from Julius Basinski's Branch House in Miles City, Montana, dated July 6, 1880. The billhead is related to a letter regarding the transfer of funds, sent from Julius Basinski in Miles City to Henry Elling in Bozeman, Montana.

Billhead from Julius Weil, a manufacturing confectioner and wholesaler, located at 206 Broadway, Paducah, Kentucky. The billhead, dated July 31, 1882, features a lithograph of the store front. Julius Weil was active in Jewish affairs.

Billhead from the firm Katz & Driesner in Austin, Minnesota, dated April 16, 1875. The billhead indicates a payment note.

Billhead from Koenigsberger Bros., a business located at 30 Main Street, Helena, Montana. The billhead lists "CIGARS...GUNWARE...NOTIONS" as items sold. Dated June 1, 1874.

Billhead from Kusel Brothers, located at 250 Broad Street, under the Globe Hotel in Augusta, Georgia. The billhead is dated July 1, 1873. A related trade card from S. Eastman of Providence, Rhode Island is also included in this record.

Billhead of Kutner, Goldstein & Co., dealers in general merchandise, dated May 27, 1884. The billhead indicates their business location as Hanford, California. The billhead is printed by F.M. Yager.

Billhead from L. Bauman & Co., successors to L. Bauman & Co., wholesale jewelers, located at 312 North Fifth Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri. The billhead is dated April 26, 1883, and indicates the company was established in 1844. The billhead also mentions Louis Bauman, an early Jewish pioneer jeweler in St. Louis.

Billhead from L. Cohen's dry goods, clothing, and furnishing goods store in Georgetown, Colorado, dated August 1, 1885. The billhead features a lithograph of a high-button shoe and indicates that L. Cohen was the sole agent for Curtis & Wheeler Shoes.

Billhead from L. H. Rosengrans, a manufacturer and dealer in harnesses, saddles, spurs, etc., located on Broadway, one door above Main Street in Helena, Montana. The billhead is dated January 17, 1876.

Billhead from L. Sinsheimer, a children's, boy's, and youth's clothing business located at 542 & 544 Broadway, New York City. The billhead is dated December 1, 1882, and measures 7 x 8 inches. It was issued to Joseph Brooks in Waterloo, New York.

Billhead from Lazarus & Smith, a hardware, cutlery, and guns business located at the corner of King and Hasell Streets in Charleston, South Carolina. The billhead is dated November 21, 1884.

Billhead from Lehmayer & Bro., a clothing store established in 1847 in York, Pennsylvania. The billhead is dated May 29, 1889, and indicates the business was located at 5 East Market Street. It is notable for being the earliest known Jewish family business in York.

Billhead from April 16, 1877, issued by Levy Bros. & Co., manufacturers of clothing, located at 14 & 16 White Street, New York City, and W. B. Hower & Son of Burbank, Ohio. The billhead details transactions totaling over $400.00 and features a lithograph of the store/factory. The billhead measures 12.5 x 8.5 inches.

Billhead from Levy, Dreyfus & Co., located at 11 Maiden Lane, New York City. The billhead features a vignette of opera glasses and advertises the company as the "Sole Importer of Verdi's Opera Glasses," along with "Watchmakers' Tools & Materials" and "Manufacturers of Imperial Spectacles & Eye Glasses." Dated January 28, 1889, the billhead shows a sale to William Hurst of Uniontown, Pennsylvania.

Billhead from Levy, Loeb, Scheuer & Co., wholesale dry goods merchants, dated September 24, 1885. The billhead indicates their New Orleans location at 82 Canal Street and mentions a transaction with the Eagle & Phenix Manufacturing Co. in Columbus, Georgia.

Billhead from Lewine Brothers, dealers in dry goods, located in Waco, Texas. Dated December 5, 1881. The billhead also mentions I. W. Lewine in New York City.

Billhead from Loewenstein & Brucks, purveyors of men's neckwear, suspenders, handkerchiefs, and jewelry, located at 443 & 444 Broadway, New York City. Dated September 26, 1885.

Billhead from Louis Stix & Co., located at West Third, Race & Union Streets, Cincinnati, Ohio, dated April 15, 1861. The billhead was likely issued by the company to John Rick.

Billhead from M. A. & H. B. Kopperl, a Jewish mercantile business in Austin, Texas. The billhead likely dates from the 1890s and is printed in English. It features business information, likely including the company name, address and possibly names of owners and/or managers.

Billhead from M. A. & H. B. Kopperl, Austin, Texas, dated March 24, 1891. The billhead lists additional names: B. J. Kopperl, Martin, Gery, and Thaxton, W. H. It is presumed these are business associates or family members.

Billhead from M. C. Eppenstein & Co., located at the northwest corner of State and Madison Streets in Chicago, Illinois. Dated August 13, 1885. The billhead notes that the company is a member of the Jewish Lakeside Club.

Billhead of M. De Young, importer of French, English, and German fancy goods, and manufacturer of shell and horn combs, stocks, and caps. Located at 153 Market Street. This is the earliest known example of a Jewish merchant's illustrated billhead in Philadelphia. The woodcut illustrations depict a cap and two combs. Dated February 8, 1834.

Billhead from M. G. Cohn, a jobber of produce, fruits, and cigars, located at 54 & 56 West Park, Butte, Montana. The billhead is dated March 1, 1892.

Billhead from M. J. Sohan, clothier, located at 277 Market Street, between 7th and 8th Streets, Louisville, Kentucky. The billhead is dated September 20, 1880. The billhead is part of a collection of business records related to Jewish merchants in Louisville.

Billhead from M. Karsky's business in Eureka, Nevada, dated November 1, 1893. The billhead lists the business as being located in the M.J. Franklin Building on Main Street. The billhead suggests the business sold clothing, household supplies, and rugs and carpets.

Billhead from M. Levy's dry goods store in Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, dated December 13, 1888. The billhead was issued to M. McMillan. It provides a glimpse into the commercial activities of a Jewish merchant in late 19th-century Wisconsin.

Billhead from M. Oppenheimer & Co. (successors to Kaufman, Oppenheimer & Co.), located at 233 Liberty Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Dated June 10, 1882. This billhead is part of the Kaufman, Oppenheimer & Co. archive, which documents the history of this Jewish manufacturing and wholesale clothing firm from the late 1870s to 1902.

Billhead from M. Oppenheimer & Co. (successors to Kaufman, Oppenheimer & Co.), located at 233 Liberty Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The billhead is dated June 3, 1882, and was issued to Joseph Kammerer of Kammerer Mills, Pennsylvania. This billhead is part of the Kaufman, Oppenheimer & Co. archive, which documents the history of this influential Jewish manufacturing and wholesale clothing firm from the late 1870s through 1902.

Billhead from Marcus & L.S. Fechheimer, successors to Fechheimer, Frenkel, located at 107 West Third Street and 96 West Pearl Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. Dated May 1, 1883. The billhead lists the business name and addresses.

Billhead from Max Lindheim & Bro. in Del Rio, Texas, dated July 6, 1883. The bill is addressed to Sterner & Tucker, a sheep ranch. The billhead indicates that Max Lindheim & Bro. sold general merchandise. Additional notes indicate that Sterner & Tucker was insolvent by 1889 and that Louis Lindheim, one of the brothers, later became president of the First National Bank of Del Rio.

Billhead from Morris Bros. and J. A. W. Knight & Co., general stores in Helena, Montana Territory, dated December 12, 1879. The billhead lists a variety of merchandise including playing cards, firearms, ammunition, baby carriages, fruits, cigars, crockery, and glass. A handwritten note mentions the unavailability of certain cigarettes.

Billhead from Morris Bros., successors to S. L. Holzman & Bro., located on Main Street, Helena, Montana. The billhead lists "CIGARS...FIRE ARMS...Ammunition" among their goods and is dated December 31, 1876. The billhead also mentions Davis and Wallace.

Billhead from Morris Bros., successors to S. L. Holzman, located on Main Street in Helena, Montana. The billhead is dated May 3, 1875, and advertises Havana and domestic cigars, tobacco, pipes, notions, cutlery, ammunition, and pistols. The document also contains information about the Orthodox Jewish Congregation (OHAVA EMUNO) in Denver.

Billhead from Mrs. Isaac Oettinger's millinery shop in Raleigh, North Carolina, dated May 15, 1876. The billhead advertises "Dealer in Millinery...Human and Imitation Goods" and lists the shop's address as 48 Fayetteville Street. The billhead is part of a larger collection documenting the Oettinger family's history in Raleigh.

Billhead from Mrs. J. Sheyer & Co., a dry goods store in Carson City, Nevada, dated September 1, 1877. The bill is related to the Virginia & Truckee Railroad Company. It's a two-page document with the pages still joined. Mrs. Sheyer was the widow of Rabbi Jacob Sheyer, who was a prominent figure in the Jewish community of Nevada in the 19th century.

Billhead from N. B. Levy & Bro., wholesale jewelers located in Rooms 26 & 27 of the Coal Exchange Building in Scranton, Pennsylvania. Dated June 2, 1891.

This billhead from December 15, 1885, belonged to Nathan Gutman, an importer of silks, velvets, laces, trimmings, hosiery, and other goods. His business was located at 66 Lexington Street, near Charles Street, in Baltimore, Maryland. The billhead is addressed to A.S.D. H. Weil.

Billhead from Nussbaum & Dannenberg, located at the New Palace Building, Corner Cherry & 3rd Street, Macon, Georgia. Dated May 15, 1880. The billhead features a lithograph of the store.

Billhead from Olcovich Bros., a general store in Carson City, Nevada, dated December 31, 1890. The billhead lists groceries, boots, shoes, and blankets among their merchandise. Olcovich Bros. was a prominent Jewish-owned business in Carson City.

Billhead for Oppenheimer & Asch, sole agents for the American Brewing Co.'s beers, located at the corner of Main and Wood Streets in Helena, Montana. The billhead features a graphic of the American Brewing Co.'s eagle brand mark. Dated July 1, 1897.

Billhead from Rice, Stix & Co., located at the corner of Broadway and St. Charles Street in St. Louis, Missouri, dated June 9, 1886. The billhead features a lithograph of a large store. Rice-Stix, established in 1861, relocated to St. Louis from Memphis in 1879 after numerous yellow fever epidemics disrupted business in Memphis.

Billhead from S. Cohen & Co., located in Helena, Montana. The billhead also lists a New York City office. Dated September 21, 1894. The billhead shows a connection to S. R. Buford & Co.

Billhead from S. Lewis (Successor to Lewis Brothers), a cigar and tobacco merchant in Nevada City, California, dated March 23, 1865. The billhead provides a glimpse into the business activities of S. Lewis and the commercial landscape of Nevada City during the mid-19th century.

Billhead from S. Marks & Co., purveyors of drugs and chemicals, Roseburg, Oregon, dated January 7, 1867. The billhead also mentions the Oregon Stage Co.

Billhead from S. Mayer & Glauber, grocers and liquor dealers, located on Bay Street in Brunswick, Georgia. The billhead is dated July 26, 1883, and mentions the Eagle & Phenix Manufacturing Co. The document is a commercial record reflecting business activities in Brunswick, Georgia.

Billhead from S. W. Rosenstock & Co., boot and shoe merchants located at 32 & 34 Sansome Street, San Francisco, California. Dated April 24, 1875. The billhead advertises "California Made Goods" and notes that the company is the sole agent for National Guaranteed Rubber Boots. Marion Leventritt is listed as a partner.

Billhead from S. W. Rosenstock & Co., boot and shoe merchants located at the corner of Sansome and Bush Streets in San Francisco, California. Dated January 4, 1880. Features the California State Seal and the tagline "The boot for everyone". Marion Leventritt is listed as a partner.

Billhead from S. W. Rosenstock & Co., Boots & Shoes, located at 32 & 34 Sansome Street, San Francisco, California. Dated May 1, 1877. The billhead advertises "California Made Goods" and that the company is the "Sole agent for National Guarenteed Rubber Boots". Marion Leventritt, a partner in the firm and a notable figure in San Francisco's Jewish community and shoe manufacturing, is mentioned.

Billhead from S. W. Rosenstock & Co., Boots & Shoes, located at 32 & 34 Sansome Street, San Francisco, California. Dated December 29, 1877. The billhead advertises "California Made Goods" and claims to be the "Sole agent for National Guaranteed Rubber Boots". A partner, Marion Leventritt, is mentioned. Leventritt held shoe manufacturing patents and was a founding member of The International Society for the Colonization of Russian Jews in 1891.

Billhead from Sam'l Feld & Co., wholesale grocers, located at 176 & 178 Washington Street, Vicksburg, Mississippi. Dated December 25, 1887. The billhead measures 8-1/2" x 6-7/8".

Billhead from Sands Brothers dry goods store located at 48 Main Street, Helena, Montana, dated April 5, 1875. The store was operated by the Sands brothers: Abraham, Morris, and Julius. The billhead also mentions Davis & Wallace.

Billhead from Sands Brothers Dry Goods store located at 40 Main Street, Helena, Montana, dated August 27, 1878. The firm later operated two locations, one in Helena, Montana run by M. Sands, and another at 54 Worth Street, New York, run by J. Sands. The Helena building still stands.

Billhead from Sands Brothers Dry Goods store, located at 48 Main Street, Helena, Montana. The billhead is dated November 1, 1875. Sands Brothers was a prominent dry goods store in Helena, established in Bannack in 1866 and later moving to Helena in 1867. The business was operated by the Sands brothers: Abraham, Julius, and Morris.

Billhead from Schoenfeld, Cohen & Co., located at 119 Battery Street, San Francisco, California. Dated March 23, 1875. Features a vignette depicting wooden ware, carriages, hobby horses, and toys. The billhead also mentions Egerton, Allen & Co. The dimensions are 8.5" x 5".

Illustrated billhead of Semon Bache & Co., established 1847, located at 443-453 Greenwich Street, New York, New York. The billhead is dated April 24, 1891. It includes correspondence with H. C. Porter & Son of Towanda, Pennsylvania.

Billhead from Senftenberg Bros. & Co., a dry goods firm in La Grange, Texas, dated September 27, 1886. The billhead includes the names of W. R. Pollard and E. P. Jarmon. An article from the *La Grange Journal*, January 27, 1881, describes the firm and Adolph Senftenberg's move to La Grange.

Billhead from Sheyer & Morris, Dealers in Fancy and Staple Dry Goods, Carson City, Ormsby County, Nevada, dated September 1, 1871. The bill lists spools, needles, and buttons sold to Mr. Huney (likely Captain John W. Haynie). The business was located on Carson Street, next to Wells, Fargo & Co.'s Express Office. The billhead is printed in black, red, and blue by M. Weiss, Oriental Printing House, San Francisco, CA, and marked "Paid." Jacob Sheyer and Louis Morris are listed as the business owners.

Billhead from Sol. Wangenheim & Co., canned goods, pickles, vinegar, and sauces, located at 126 California Street, San Francisco, California. Dated December 27, 1875. The invoice is addressed to L. M. Jacobs & Co. The billhead mentions the "Union Preserve Factory, Established in 1859," and that Sol. Wangenheim & Co. are successors to Goetjen & Co.

Billhead from Strauss, Vances & Co., located at 130 Meeting Street, Charleston, South Carolina, dated April 15, 1867. The billhead lists several individuals associated with the company: M. Strauss, J. K. Vance, J. C. Vance, E. J. Wise, Thos. Mahon, and D. Louis.

Billhead from Sulzbacher, Seligman & Co., dry goods merchants, Selma, Alabama, dated November 6, 1860. The billhead displays the company's name and likely details of transactions, although the specifics are not legible in the available image.

Billhead from the Metropolitan Cigar Company, located at 225 Jefferson Ave., Detroit, Michigan. The billhead is addressed to Freedman & Hesslein and mentions the Kenton Savings Bank, Kenton, Ohio. Dated October 12, 1878. The dimensions are 8.5" x 9".

Billhead from the firm of Tobias Loeb in Baltimore, Maryland, dated July 16, 1869. The billhead lists multiple addresses: 234 W. Lexington St. (4 doors west of Green St.), with crossed-out addresses of 156 West Franklin, near Paca, and No. 7 and 9 North Howard Street (upstairs).

Billhead of V. Meyer & Co., Fayette, Mississippi, circa 1865. The billhead was originally printed for M. Eiseman, but the name was crossed out and replaced with "V. Meyer & Co." It is signed by S. Lehmann for V. Meyer & Co. and includes a revenue stamp. The billhead reflects commercial activity in Fayette, Mississippi during the post-Civil War era.

Billhead from Wechsler & Abraham, importers and retailers, located at 297-299 Fulton Street and 266-268 Washington Street, Brooklyn, New York. The billhead is dated July 1, 1883.

Billhead from Weil Brothers, general merchants in Demopolis, Alabama, dated January 6, 1880. The billhead features the company's name and location. The image shows a printed form likely used for recording business transactions.

Billhead from Weil Brothers, Wine and Liquor Merchants, located at 213 Jackson Street, San Francisco, California. Dated December 11, 1876. The billhead shows a transaction with L. Litsch. Weil Brothers, established in 1868, were prominent wine and liquor merchants in San Francisco.

Billhead from Woolf Brothers, a clothing store located at 557 Main Street, Kansas City, Missouri. The billhead features a fine graphic depiction of the store and is dated February 15, 1883.

Billhead from Zellner & Co. in Memphis, Tennessee, dated August 30, 1894. The billhead features a lithograph of a high woman's shoe.

Billhead from Zenner Brothers, a notions, fancy goods, and stationery store located at 601 & 603 Mulberry Street, Syracuse, New York. Dated August 25, 1891. The billhead also includes a newspaper clipping announcing the death of David Zenner, a senior member of the firm.

Billhead from E. Stebbins & Co. to Henry & Charles Tobias for personal items, including jewelry, dated August 5, 1841, in New York City. The billhead is part of a larger collection of business records documenting the activities of Jewish merchants in 19th-century New York.

Printed receipt billhead, completed in manuscript and signed by Isaac A. Levy. The billhead advertises Levy's business as a dealer in staple and fancy dry goods, carpets, rugs, etc., located at 43 West Main Street, Richmond, Virginia. The receipt is made out to Mr. Wm. Mitchell Jr. for "Royall arch Chap. no. 3." Dated December 15, 1847. The verso is inscribed: "I.A. Levy $2.25 No.2."

Billhead from Kendric, C. C. and Daniel Frank & Co., located at 746 and 748 West Main Street, Boston, Massachusetts. The billhead, dated July 2, 1889, features a lithographic image of Chinese goods, possibly indicating the nature of their business. A notation suggests it was displayed at Library of Congress exhibits in Cincinnati.

Billhead from Moke & Bro. Dry Goods in San Antonio, Texas, dated December 31, 1874. The bill shows a purchase by Mrs. W. A. Menger of the Menger Hotel for ladies' shoes and gaiters, totaling $4.50. An advertisement for the *San Antonio Daily Express*, December 15, 1874, is visible on the reverse (not included in this collection).

Billhead for an order placed by Elizabeth Randolph, wife of the Governor of Virginia, with Messrs. Cohen and Isaacs on January 7, 1787. The order includes a gross of corks, four gallons of molasses, and two tumblers. The document is endorsed in Hebrew/Yiddish on the verso. This billhead offers insight into the commercial activities of the time and the business dealings of prominent figures in Richmond, Virginia.

Billhead for an order from J. Ambler to Mr. Isaacs for two casks of Jamison's jam. Dated May 31, 1788 in Richmond, Virginia. The billhead is docketed on the back "Mr. Isaacs". Mr. Isaacs, also known as Isaiah Isaacs, was the first permanent Jewish resident of Richmond, a prominent merchant, and business partner of Jacob Cohen.

Billhead showing receipt of payment from Strasburger, Pfeiffer & Co., Toys and Fancy Goods, located on Broadway, New York City. Dated January 2, 1879. The billhead is addressed to G. H. Clark in Salisbury, Connecticut. The second page is blank.

Invoice billhead from Straus & Levy, boys' clothing merchants in San Francisco, California, to S. Marks & Co., a merchant in Roseburg, Oregon. Dated July 1, 1885. The billhead includes the addresses 24 & 26 Sansome Street, San Francisco. An accompanying stamped envelope is included.

Collection of five billheads from Elias & Cohen, a mercantile business in Charlotte, North Carolina. The billheads date from November 28, 1887, and feature a printed image of the store. The billheads are part of the A.H. Twichell, Jr. Collection.

A set of four billheads from L. (Louis) Goldsmith & Co., a general merchandise dealer in Chino, San Bernardino County, California. The billheads, dated between August 21, 1875, and February 7, 1876, detail purchases and payments to Fowler & Gates. Each billhead measures 8 1/2 x 13 1/2 inches and shows two small holes from insect damage in the same location on each billhead. L. Goldsmith & Co. was active in Jewish affairs.

This ledger, spanning from November 20, 1859, to December 1860, documents the business transactions of Block & Levy Co., a general store in San Rafael, California. The nearly 200 pages record purchases of various goods, including whisky, clothing, shoes, food, and gunpowder, by residents of San Rafael and the surrounding area. The ledger is signed by Emanuel Block III and Samuel Levy on the frontispiece and includes entries by D. Block, Maurice L. Levy, and Philip Rothschild. It offers a unique glimpse into the economic life of early San Rafael and represents the earliest known account book of a Jewish store in the California Gold Fields.

Blue cardboard advertising card for Blumenthal's Bargain Store in Sebewaing, Michigan. The card likely dates from the early 20th century, given the style and materials. It features advertising imagery and text promoting the store's merchandise.

Bond dated January 10, 1860, for a loan of $6,500 (equivalent to $188,000 in 2019) to Sarah (Hertz) Nathans, Executrix of the Estate of Nathan Nathans, from George W. Airmar and Charles P. Airmar, pharmacists and doctors in Charleston, South Carolina. The loan was to be repaid in five equal annual installments of $1,300 plus interest, beginning January 10, 1861, and concluding March 15, 1866. The bond bears the signatures of Sarah Nathans and S. S. Solomons, and includes a U.S. revenue stamp. Nathan Nathans was a prominent Charleston merchant and a founding member and trustee of Shearith Israel Synagogue.

Broadside advertisement for Cohen Bros., merchants in Lawrenceburg, Indiana. The front of the broadside is a portrait of Lucretia Garfield, wife of U.S. president James Garfield. The reverse side features a full illustration of a folding chair, with text describing the product's features and advantages. The advertisement also lists other goods sold by Cohen Bros., including lamps, albums, bibles, silverware, lace curtains, chenille covers, rugs, sewing machines, willow rockers, center tables, pictures, frames, mirrors, and more.

A broadside advertisement for "The Originall Cohen's Beft (Best) Black Lead Pencil's, Warranted Good." Printed in red with wide margins, it includes the handwritten address "No. 242 Shadwell Street." The advertisement dates from circa 1810 and was printed in London, England. The Cohen family, known for their stationery, playing cards, and pencils, operated businesses in both London and later in New York City and Philadelphia.

Broadside advertisement for Isaac A. Isaacs' Magnificent Union Hall, located at the corner of Superior and Union Streets in Cleveland, Ohio. The broadside features two comical poems and a lengthy testimonial. Isaac A. Isaacs arrived in Cleveland on January 1, 1847, and left in 1865. The broadside dates from around 1860.

Lithographic broadside advertising Joseph Levin's clothing store in Alexandria, Louisiana. The broadside advertises clothing, boots, shoes, hats, and men's furnishings. It was printed by Julius Meyer's Paper Warehouse in New Orleans. Circa 1885.

Broadside advertisement for Tracy's Liniment, printed July 4, 1861. The advertisement emphasizes that Henry and Simon Cohen of Spraker's Basin, New York, are the sole authorized sellers of the liniment, specifically mentioning its use for canal boatmen and its ability to cure galls. The original prices are crossed out, with higher prices written in. The broadside is water damaged with faint glue traces on the back, suggesting it came from an album possibly kept by a printer.

A broadside advertisement for Alder & Binswanger, a business in St. Joseph, Missouri. The broadside, likely printed circa 1885, features an illustration of a Hammond typewriter and demonstrates its use. The advertisement highlights the business's offerings and promotes the capabilities of the typewriter.

A broadside advertisement for E. Myers & Son, opticians, with locations in Plymouth and Exeter, England. The advertisement mentions that E. Myers & Son are the son-in-law of the late Mr. Solomon of Exeter. The broadside is undated, but is circa 1885.

A broadside advertisement for Henry Bornstein & Co.'s "Improved Patented Pin Hooks," priced at 25 cents per dozen. The advertisement claims numerous awards and mentions distribution at the Great Mechanics' Exhibition. Published in Boston, Massachusetts, circa 1885.

Printed broadside advertisement for Huestis & Levy Playing Cards, located at 177 & 179 Grand Street, New York, New York. The advertisement features an illustration of the factory/storefront. This broadside comes from a disbound volume of "The Illustrated American Biography" by A.D. Jones, published by J. Milton Emerson and Co., 29 Gold Street, New York, in 1854-1855. The broadside measures approximately 8" x 10.5".

Broadside advertisement for J. Navaratzky's Optical Depot, located at 518 1/2 North Eight Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The advertisement is undated, but based on other materials in the collection, it likely dates from 1889.

A broadside advertisement by M. Cohn of Cobleskill, New York, dated October 1, 1869. The advertisement details Cohn's goods and his agency for Singer and Empire sewing machines.

This broadside is an advertisement for Myers Hollander's men's clothing business in Uniontown, Pennsylvania. It was printed on August 1, 1860. The broadside provides insight into early Jewish mercantile activity in Uniontown, predating the confirmed establishment of a Jewish community there by several years.

A broadside advertisement for Nathan Schlessel, manufacturer of cloaks and suits, located at 80 & 82 Greene Street, New York, New York. The advertisement, circa 1885, features a lithograph of a woman in a fur cloak and lists prices for various fur capes.

A red and black broadside advertising a sale to celebrate 40 years in business by Hyman Finkelstein, located at 51 Orchard Street in New York, New York. Published January 10, 1936.

A broadside, printed on two sides, issued by Franz Anton Beer, Ober-Polizey Director, on October 28, 1785, in Germany. The notice details the robbery of four Jewish merchants on October 25, 1785, listing the stolen items and descriptions of the robbers.

Seventeenth-century broadside auction poster advertising the sale of the galleon Stadt Sant Malo. The auction, overseen by brokers Claas Dancer and Jacob Abrabanel, took place in Amsterdam in 1699. The broadside details the ship's construction and prior use, highlighting its robust build. The poster is significant for showcasing Jewish mercantile participation in the Dutch maritime empire. The broadside measures approximately 34.5 x 21 cm.

A printed broadside in the form of a letter from the Bernhard Ulmann Company, announcing new goods. Published in New York, New York on July 22, 1874. The broadside is printed on one side only.

A broadside listing coal prices by barge in the New Orleans market for December 1, 1884. The broadside was published by C. A. Miltenberger & Co. and details coal consumption in addition to the prices and barges.

A broadside issued by Feigenbaum & Co. in San Francisco, California, in January 1882. The broadside provides very specific instructions to suppliers regarding the shipping and marking of goods sent to Feigenbaum & Co. It features a graphic logo.

Broadside advertisement for Lawrence, Cohen & Co., playing card manufacturers, located at 184 William Street, New York, New York. Published in 1855, this broadside lists the sizes, types, and prices of various decks of playing cards. The firm was a successor to the business of Lewis I. Cohen, an early American playing card manufacturer known for his innovations in color printing. The broadside provides details on the company's offerings and signifies the continuation of a prominent American playing card manufacturing legacy.

A broadside advertisement from Weil, Dreyfus & Co. announcing that Charles and Jacob Weil, the original founders of the company in 1864, are still in business while other partners have left. It includes the address of their New York salesroom: 538 Broadway. Published in Boston, Massachusetts, on November 11, 1889.

Printed broadside documenting the port of entry for merchandise shipped by T. I. Tobias, a Jewish merchant, from New York to Alexandria, Virginia. The document was printed by Solomon H. Jackson at 163 Chatham Street, New York, New York, on October 19, 1835. It features an eagle logo.

Printed letter on pink stock, addressed to shippers, explaining the reliability of Weil Bros. & Co. for shipping furs. The broadside was issued in Fort Wayne, Indiana on November, 1894.

This business card advertises M. Neuburger & Co., importers of small wares, located at 305 Canal Street and 47 Howard Street, New York. [The business was also associated with J. Rosenberg and S. Wilhelm.] The front of the card features the company name in large bold lettering. The card also indicates that the business was an importer of small wares. The back of the card is blank. This is a business card and not a trade card as initially categorized.

This business card advertises B. Feldmann & Co., grocers, located at 350 King Street in Charleston, South Carolina. The front of the card is simple and features the business name, type of business, and address printed neatly. The card appears to be a standard business card format, small and rectangular. The image shows text only; no illustrations or decorative elements are present. The back of the card is blank.

This is a business card for Goldenberg & Weinberg, successors to L. Goldenberg & Co. The front of the card advertises them as "Jobbers and Retail Dealers in Embroideries." The address, 67 W. Baltimore St., four doors above Gay St., Baltimore, Maryland, is clearly printed. The card's design is simple and understated, typical of early coated business cards from around 1870. The back of the card is blank. A second image in this record shows a similar card with minor differences in print, which could be a slightly different version or a variation of the printing process, but the information provided is essentially the same.

This early coated business card advertises I. & A. Blumenthal, importers of fancy goods, located at No. 23 Maiden Lane, New York City. The card's design is simple and understated, typical of business cards from the period. The text clearly states the business name and address. The back of the card has handwriting that says "Country Lass 15."

This business card represents Lenneberg & Meyer, clothing manufacturers, with Weil Brothers acting as their selling agents. The front of the card displays the business's name and address: 491 Broadway, New York. The card's design is simple and straightforward, likely typical of business cards from the late 19th century. The back of the card is blank.

Business Card advertising the men's furnishing business of Levy Spear and Moses Ballerstein in Hartford, Connecticut. The card is undated, but it is circa 1885. The card features a graphic design and business information.

This business card advertises the Rochester Knitting Works, owned by Max Lowenthal & Brother. The front of the card displays the business name, address (428 to 438 East Main St.), and the establishment date (1868). The card's design is simple and understated, typical of late 19th- or early 20th-century business cards. The back of the card is blank.

This business card advertises Rosenfeld Bros., clothing importers, located at 365 & 367 Broadway, New York, NY. The front of the card features the business name, 'ROSENFELD BROS.', prominently displayed in a stylized, uppercase font. Below the name, 'CLOTHING IMPORTERS' is also displayed. The address, '365 & 367 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NEW YORK', is clearly visible beneath. The design is simple and elegant, typical of business cards from the late 19th century. The back of the card is blank. The card's overall color scheme is monochromatic and understated.

Collection of business correspondence related to the firms Wm. Ronsheim & Bros., Levy & Ronsheim, and Reynolds & Frank, operating in Cincinnati and Delaware, Ohio, between 1847 and 1879. The materials include letters and an advertising envelope for boys' clothing. One letter is dated November 26, 1879, and mentions an address at 70 West Pearl Street, Cincinnati.

A one and three-quarter page business letter from David Judah & Co. in Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York, New York, dated April 27, 1824. The letter details business transactions, including debts and payments, mentioning a significant sum of $3,000 owed to Mr. Marx (approximately $80,000 in 2019).

A one-page business letter dated October 2, 1824, from David Judah & Co. in Richmond, Virginia, to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York, New York. The letter concerns funds and includes a draft for $3,000.

A commercial letter dated September 8, 1864, from Gustav Isaac of Stern, Jonas & Co., located at 176 and 178 Water Street in New York, New York, to Moses Dropsie in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses business matters, potentially related to the tobacco industry or law, as indicated by subject tags in the original record.

A two-and-a-half-page German-language business letter from H. Fuhrman to Jacobs Mayer & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated October 12, 1847. The letter details business matters and includes a list of merchandise totaling over 1700 dollars. The letter was sent from Delphi, Indiana.

A commercial letter written by Isidore Bush & Co. of St. Louis, Missouri, to C. D. Champlin in Hammondsport, New York, on March 30, 1872. The letter discusses the company's lithographic services and is indicative of business practices of the time. The letterhead features the company's address and details.

A one-page business letter written in English and German from J.B. Jacobs & Co. to Jacobs Mayer & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on October 30, 1846. The letter discusses business matters. Related correspondence exists (see 20.512 & 20.518).

A business letter dated October 12, 1871, from Levy Brothers at 1213 & 1215 Main St., Richmond, Virginia, to J. S. & E. Wright & Co. The letter includes a check.

A one and three-quarter page letter written in German from M. Mayer to Jacobs & Mayer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on April 15, 1849. The letter discusses business matters and was written from Franklin, Mississippi. M. Mayer died of yellow fever in Grand Gulf in 1853.

A half-page business letter written by Marcuse Bros. to J. W. Brown, Esq. on March 29, 1865, in Marysville, California. The letter acknowledges receipt of a payment and expresses hope for future business. It includes a 2-cent revenue stamp.

Billhead letter from Julius Basinski in Bozeman, Montana, to Henry Elling in Virginia City, Montana, concerning the transfer of funds. Dated August 9, 1880. The letterhead indicates a branch house in Miles City, Montana.

A business letter written on the billhead of Steinberg Bro's and Co., located at 96 West Main Street, Louisville, Kentucky, to Julius Weil of Paducah, Kentucky, dated August 13, 1880. The letter pertains to business matters, likely related to the tobacco industry, given the lithographed cigars on the billhead.

Printed and handwritten business license issued in Mora County, New Mexico Territory on September 14, 1869. The license, costing $50.50 (approximately $860 in 2016), was granted to B. (Benjamin) Lowenstein, a Jewish merchant who operated a trading post in Mora. The document is a form with handwritten additions, and it shows the official seal of the Mayor.

Printed and filled-in business license issued to Cohen & Isaacs in Richmond, Virginia on June 13, 1789. The license is signed by Adam Craig. This is considered the earliest known Southern Jewish business license. The document measures 4" x 8".

Advertising bank note for C. Kaufman's clothing store in Clarion, Pennsylvania. Dated May 2, 1859, this note could be redeemed for a US dollar bill if $20.00 was spent at the store. The note includes a biographical sketch of Charles Kaufman, the store owner, detailing his emigration from Germany, his business ventures in Clarion, and his civic involvement.

Cabinet card photograph depicting a family and their dog posing in front of Levy's One Price Store in New York, New York. The photograph's reverse features a stamp indicating it was produced by the N.Y. Photograph Co. The image is dated circa 1890.

A calendar advertising M. Sheer Delicatessen, located at 990 Sutter Street in Brooklyn, New York. The calendar features an illustration of an owl perched on a calendar. Undated, but likely from the early 20th century (circa 1915).

A calendar issued by Mrs. Mark Cohen & Sons in Sharon, Pennsylvania in 1909. The calendar features an image of a horse's head.

A floral calendar advertising David Lubenow's business in Great Bend, North Dakota. Undated, likely from the early 20th century based on style.

This 12-page illustrated catalogue, published in 1892 by Lazarus, Rosenfeld & Lehmann of New York City, showcases the "Liberty & Progress" line of vases from the Victoria China Works in Carlsbad, Austria. Each vase is described and illustrated within the catalogue, offering a detailed look at the company's offerings. The catalogue highlights the aesthetic and decorative aspects of the vases.

Check drawn on the banking house of L. H. Hershfield & Bro., Helena, Montana, dated March 1, 1871. The check was paid in gold coin and features a vignette of a miner. L.H. Hershfield & Bro. were early Jewish pioneers in Montana.

Check drawn on the Merchants National Bank of Helena, Montana on April 3, 1889, made out to Rothschild & Hadenfeldt and signed by Aaron Hershfield. The check was stamped for deposit. The Hershfield brothers, Aaron and Lewis, were prominent bankers in Montana. Lewis Hershfield was a highly successful businessman in the American West, establishing a bank in Virginia City and later moving it to Helena.

A broadside listing coal by barge in the New Orleans market for September 1885, published by C. A. Miltenberger & Co. The broadside details coal quantities by barge name and also notes consumption figures.

An advertisement for tracing paper and packages from Cohen's, a stationery store in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The advertisement consists of a yellow envelope containing both tracing paper and an impression. The label on the envelope includes instructions. Circa 1850. Possibly a unique surviving example.

Ornate silver coin spoon with the hallmark "BRAVERMAN & LEVY" on the handle. Distributed in San Francisco, California, circa 1875.

This collection comprises 24 billheads from J. Hyman & Son, importers and manufacturers of pictures, paper, and cards, and dancing order novelties. The billheads were issued between 1886 and 1889 in New York, New York and Nassau, New York. The billheads list the business's address as 25 Beekman Street, New York. The recipient on each billhead is George W. Witbeck.

This collection comprises 24 miscellaneous letters from the Tobias family archive, spanning the years 1843-1865. The letters, written between various members of the Tobias family and their associates, discuss personal and business matters, including family health, shipping, money issues, and general news. Geographic locations mentioned include Liverpool, England; New York, New York; Charleston, South Carolina; Boston, Massachusetts; Paris, France; and Cheltenham, England. Addresses mentioned in the letters include Board Street, New York, NY; 29 Nassau Street, New York, NY; Bleecker Street, New York, NY; Broad Street, New York, NY; and 38 Harley Street, London, England. The collection provides insight into the lives and business dealings of a Jewish merchant family in the mid-19th century.

This collection contains four billheads from the period 1877-1878. Three billheads are from A. L. Bancroft & Co., booksellers, made out to S. D. Schoenfeld & Bro. in Red Bluff, California. One billhead is from A. J. Plate & Co., San Francisco. The included biographical information details the life and career of Salomen D. Schoenfeld, a prominent merchant in Red Bluff, from his emigration from Germany to his success in business and real estate in California. The documents are dated September 4th and 24th, 1877, and January 14th, 1878, and November 29th, 1877.

This collection comprises three items: a letter dated December 8, 1876, from I. Dreyfus, a dry goods merchant in Marshall, Texas, to a law firm in Tyler, Texas; a billhead from the National Bank of Jefferson in Marshall, Texas (undated); and an envelope addressed to James Turner in Tyler, Texas, with a return address for I. Dreyfus, Robertson & Herndon in Marshall, Texas (undated). The letter details a lawsuit, mentioning Mr. Levy and D. Doppelmayer, who appears to manage Dreyfus's business. The collection also includes a cover with a blue Marshall postmark and a list of cash sent to Jefferson totaling $9,766.00. The connection to Jefferson, Arkansas, is suggested by the presence of numerous Dreyfus family members buried in Jefferson County, Arkansas.

This collection comprises fourteen billheads from the firms P. Morgenstern and J. Hyman & Son, issued between December 1883 and December 1887. The billheads were used by these businesses for various transactions and are addressed to George W. Witbeck, primarily in Nassau and New York City, New York. The Morgenstern billheads list their address as 70 Duane Street, New York City.

A commercial broadside issued by Greil & Kohn in Selma, Alabama on September 1, 1874. The broadside likely advertised dry goods or clothing, given the subject tags associated with the item.

A commercial broadside, dated August 23, 1870, advertising the businesses of H. Bernstein & Co. and J. Monroe & Son. The broadside is contained within an envelope and includes an insert. It indicates business addresses in Mobile, Alabama, and West Auburn, Maine.

An envelope addressed to Mills, Ellis in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, with an advertisement for Kohn, Adler & Co. on the front. The envelope is dated September 5, 1898. The advertisement features text, indicating a commercial message.

An advertising envelope from Samuel Steinfelder & Co., located at 588 Broadway, New York, New York. The envelope is dated August 24, 1888, and includes references to Farnham & Chamberlain and locations in Bradford and Wells River, Vermont. The envelope contains a legal document.

Commercial letter from Isaac Baker & J. Ostheimer, clothing manufacturers at 501, 503, & 505 State Street, Erie, Pennsylvania, to McKenney Bros. in North Liberty, Pennsylvania, dated May 31, 1889. The letter mentions the authors' roles as trustees of the Anshe Ciiesed Reform Congregation in Erie.

A commercial letter dated April 27, 1883, from Heidelbach, Friedlander & Co. in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Robert Williams. The letter discusses business matters related to the clothing trade, mentioning Moses Heidelbach's presence in the New York City office. The letter is written in English.

Commercial letter from J. Basinski & Bros. to Henry Elling in Virginia City, Montana, dated August 10, 1881. The letterhead displays a logo and lists a branch in Miles City, Montana. The letter discusses early Jewish settlers in Montana Territory.

Commercial letter from Jelenko & Bro., a dry goods store in Charleston, West Virginia, to Thomas R. Brown. Dated August 8, 1884. The letter mentions a location on Front Street near Summer Street in Charleston, WV, and references business dealings possibly in Kentucky.

A commercial letter dated March 16, 1881, sent from Lehman, Richman & Co. in Cleveland, Ohio to Hower Bros. in Burbank, Ohio. The letter discusses clothing and woolens. The letterhead indicates the business address as 86 & 88 Water Street, Cleveland, OH.

A commercial letter dated June 6, 1884, sent from Menken Brothers in Memphis, Tennessee to the Eagle & Phenix Manufacturing Co. in Columbus, Georgia. The letter displays elaborate letterhead featuring a vignette. The content pertains to business matters. This letter is part of a larger collection spanning from 1864, showcasing the growth of the Menken Brothers' business.

Commercial letter from N. Levy & Co., general merchandise, in Winnemucca, Nevada, dated December 11, 1886. The letter discusses apples and indicates that the company's main office is located at 217 Battery Street, San Francisco.

Printed commercial letter of recommendation from William Ward to Sudlow & Co. vouching for Phillip Cohen as a trustworthy merchant. Dated February 10, 1851, in Norfolk, Virginia.

A one-page commercial letter written on a printed broadside of the *Savannah Republican Price Current*, issued by Cohen & Fosdick in Savannah, Georgia. The letter, dated November 27, 1852, was sent to I. G. Weld in Boston, Massachusetts. The letter is stampless.

A commercial letter from Cohen, Mack & Co., clothiers in New York City, to F. Auerbach & Bro. in Salt Lake City, Utah, dated May 5, 1875. The letter acknowledges payment of a balance due on the account of Theodore H. Auerbach and details further payments made on his behalf.

Silver compote marked "Braverman & Levy, San Francisco." The compote features a chased tulip flower design within beaded borders around the top. It weighs 13 troy ounces. Created circa 1865 in San Francisco, California, United States.

A detailed comptroller's report on payments due to George Colebrooke, Arnold Nesbitt, and Moses Franks for the delivery of flour and meat to British troops stationed in Carlisle, Lancaster, Pittsburgh, and western garrisons in Pennsylvania between March 10, 1760, and November 17, 1760. Based on a contract dated December 20, 1759, and signed by James Crefset of the Comptroller's Office on April 9, 1761. The report comprises two full pages plus a docket. The document highlights the involvement of Moses Franks in supplying the British army during the French and Indian War.

An advertising trade token for the Continental Clothing Hall, located at 930 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The token was issued in 1876. The obverse features the business's name and address; the reverse depicts a Minuteman and the years 1776 and 1876.

A legal contract dated March 5, 1762, concerning a comptroller's report on provisions issued to British forces in North America between March 26 and December 18, 1761. The document details the involvement of Moses Franks and his syndicate in supplying the British army during the French and Indian War. It highlights the significant role of Moses Franks as a key supplier to the British troops in America.

Partly printed and partly handwritten court document from January 16, 1790, concerning a violation of the public peace by Moses Levey, a chocolate maker, and William Lowerie, a carpenter, in New York City. The document, signed by Alderman Isaac Stoutenburgh, details fines levied against Levey and Lowerie and orders them to maintain civil behavior. The document measures 8" x 12.875" and is in fine to very fine condition.

A jar-shaped crock with a full lip, bearing an impressed advertisement for A. Cohen, a dealer in china, glass, and crockery, located at 673 Fulton St. and 207 Court St., Brooklyn, New York. The crock is approximately 1 1/2" and dates to circa 1885. The impressed advertisement is considered rare.

Five-cent trade token issued by D. Eisner's Cigar Store and Billiard Parlor. The square token has a hole in the center. The token is dated circa 1900.

Issue of the *Daily Austin Republican* newspaper published in Austin, Texas on November 30, 1868. The newspaper includes numerous advertisements, some from Jewish merchants, and mentions individuals: C. Hornberger, Samuels, Hirsfeld, A. Biberstein, and Melasky.

Brass trade token for Danny Goodman's Tavern, located at 502 S. States Street. The token was issued by Pearlman, Goodman & Kosikov. While undated, it is surmised that the token dates to around 1900.

Civil War era store token for David Ekstein, Groceries and Provisions, Lansing, Michigan. The token features a Mercury head on the obverse and the text "Groceries and Provisions" on the reverse. Issued in 1863. Ekstein arrived in Lansing in 1855. Rarity #5 MI 560.2a.

Deed signed by Abraham De Peyster, Isaac De Peyster, Anne De Peyster, Pierre De Peyster, and Elizabeth De Peyster Hamilton. Witnessed by Hayman Levy, Samuel Seabury Jr., Jacob Walton, and William Sackett. Includes remains of five personal wax seals and an embossed New York IV Pence tax stamp. Describes property located on the East Side of Broadway, New York, between the house of the widow of John Minerson and the house of William Barker. Dated January 14, 1757.

This is a discount card from Rothenberg's, located at 14th & 6th Avenue in New York City. The card offers a discount for orders of $3.00 or more. The front of the card is simple and features only text stating the discount offer and the business's address. The back of the card is blank.

This is a trade directory published in 1888 by Dockham's, providing a comprehensive listing of businesses involved in textile manufacturing and dry goods across the United States. It is a valuable resource for researchers interested in the American textile industry and the participation of Jewish merchants within it during this period. The directory includes numerous entries, offering detailed information on various businesses, their locations, and their proprietors.

Early leather coin purse with a clasp. Inscribed "I. LEVY PROPRIETOR OF PHILADELPHIA CLOTHING HOUSE, WINFIELD, KANSAS." I. Levy was a founder of Cong. B'nai Jehudah in 1870. Circa 1890s. Found in Archives MS 56, Objects Box 2.

An earthenware crock with the markings "# 1/2 AND FREE HAND BLUE LEAF.............NAME AND 673; FULTON ST., BROOKLYN, NY" impressed into the crock. Handles are present. Attributed to A. Cohen. Circa 1885.

Earthenware whiskey jug inscribed 'This Jug Is Not Sold. Property of S. Jacobson; 978-980 Broadway, Buffalo, NY'. Undated; likely early 20th century based on style and context.

Trade token advertising the business of Edward Kanter, a grocer, produce dealer, and ships chandler in Detroit, Michigan. The token is described as showing an Indian head on the obverse and details of his business on the reverse. It's noted as being a rarity and the first Jewish banker in Detroit. The token dates to 1863.

This is a fully illustrated Fall 1888 catalogue from Ehrich Bros., a New York City department store. The catalogue showcases a wide variety of clothing for men, women, and boys. The store was known for its involvement in Jewish community affairs; it was founded by three brothers.

This is a fully illustrated spring 1884 catalogue from Ehrich Brothers', a department store located at Eighth Avenue and 24th Street in New York City. The catalogue showcases a wide variety of goods, including clothing, dry goods, and other items. The Ehrich Brothers were known for their involvement in Jewish communal affairs. This catalogue reflects the diverse merchandise and prominent role they played within the New York Jewish community.

This 1883 catalog from Eisner & Mendelson, located at 318 & 320 Race Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, advertises their selection of concentrated mother tinctures. The catalog lists the prices and likely descriptions of these imported herbal remedies. The business specialized in the import and sale of herbal tinctures.

An aqua-colored glass bottle with a doubled-collared mouth and a large iron pontil on the base. The bottle is embossed with "COHEN COOK & CO...229 WASHINGTON ST...NEW YORK." The bottle is bulbuous in shape. Circa 1865.

An envelope addressed to Adolph Guttmann in Berlin, Germany, postmarked June 10, 1893, and sent from L. Spiegelberg in Santa Fe, New Mexico. The envelope features printed corner cards indicating the addresses. The envelope likely contained commercial correspondence.

An envelope addressed to F. Mitchler, with advertising on the back, sent from Tillmann & Bendel, wholesale grocers and California wine merchants in San Francisco, California to Murphys, California on February 15, 1895. The envelope features elaborate decoration. Herman Bendel, of Tillmann & Bendel, is listed in the Jewish Year Book.

Envelope with advertising for Levy & Bompet, wholesale dealers in fancy goods and notions, New Orleans, Louisiana. The envelope is postmarked New Orleans, Louisiana, August 1, 1863, and addressed to Messrs. Henry Halfin in Victoria, Texas. The reverse side is also stamped 'Levy & Bompet, Aug 1, 1863, New Orleans'.

Envelope addressed to Ira Leo Bamberger at 291 Broadway, New York, New York, from Mayer, Strouse & Co. at 412 Broadway, New York, New York, dated May 29, 1884. The reverse side of the envelope features an advertisement for Lion Corsets.

Envelope addressed to Isaac Levy at 221 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The envelope shows an 1883 rubber stamp advertisement for Levy's business. The return address is partially visible, indicating it was mailed from Pottstown, Pennsylvania.

An envelope addressed to J. W. Brauch from Bernhard Bernstein, a "Fine Shirt Maker and Dealer in Gent's Furnishing Goods" located at 648 West Market Street, Louisville, Kentucky. The envelope is postmarked October 9, 1894, and also mentions St. Louis, Missouri.

An envelope addressed to L. & E. Emanuel at 725 Market Street, San Francisco, California, postmarked June 27, 1883. The return address is Bachman Bros., 10 and 12 Battery Street, San Francisco. The envelope mentions Herman S., Nathan S., David S., and Leopold S. It is suggested these individuals are associated with Bachman Brothers.

An envelope addressed to L.S. Levor with an advertisement for Klein Bros. & Hyman, located at 17 Sycamore Street and 588 Broadway in Cincinnati, Ohio. The envelope is postmarked February 22, 1890, and was sent to Attica, Indiana.

Envelope addressed to Schwabacher Bros. & Co. at 17 and 19 Battery Street, San Francisco, California. The envelope shows the return address of Hoffman & Co. in Walla Walla, Washington Territory. The envelope is postmarked 1875 and features the Wells, Fargo & Company logo. It is likely related to business correspondence between the firms.

Envelope addressed to Simon Cohn at his country store in Coffee Run, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, dated June 17, 1880. The envelope shows advertising and was sent by H.S. Walk from Greencastle, Pennsylvania.

This archival collection consists of two items: an envelope addressed to Isaac D. Sailer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, postmarked July 8, 1895, and a broadside from Sailer's business, dating from 1901. The envelope is from Levy, Horwitz & Lachenbruch, located at 92-96 Bleecker Street and 197-210 Mercer Street, New York, New York. The broadside's content is not specified but may pertain to Sailer's trade.

An envelope addressed to Guadalajara, Mexico from A. Eisenberg at 206 Kearny Street, San Francisco, California, ca. 1878. The envelope displays advertising.

An envelope addressed to C. H. Basedon. The envelope features the return address of Bamberger, Bloom & Co., a wholesale dry goods firm in Louisville, Kentucky. The envelope dates from circa 1870s. The firm was located in Louisville, Kentucky with ties to Tell City, Indiana.

Envelope from Blome & Dreifus, a Cincinnati, Ohio retail business. The envelope features an image of their storefront located at 1010 Race Street. Dated circa 1902.

An envelope addressed to Jos. Alsheler in Three Springs, Kentucky, postmarked April 12, 1864. The envelope features an advertisement for E. Bamberger & Co., wholesale dealers in staple and fancy dry goods, located at 524 Main Street, Louisville, Kentucky. A handwritten note on the envelope indicates that the area was occupied by the Yankees.

Green envelope with advertising for Ehrich & Co., department store located at 8th Ave. & 24th Street, New York, New York. Addressed to A. S. Daudridge in Shepherdstown, West Virginia. Dated January 1, 1890.

Envelope addressed to Hernsheim & Bro. at the La Belle Creole Cigar Factory in New Orleans, Louisiana, dated October 28, 1884, and sent by F. Tudore. The envelope features decorative seals of state.

Envelope addressed to William L. Tucker in Syracuse, New York, from I. Frank & Bros. in Cincinnati, Ohio, dated March 7, 1885. I. Frank & Bros. were also publishers of the Hebrew Almanac.

Envelope addressed to an unknown recipient from I. H. Goldsmith, a cigar manufacturer located at 1130 Washington Street in Boston, Massachusetts. The envelope is dated April 23, 1881, and includes an advertisement for Goldsmith's business. Goldsmith was active in Jewish affairs.

Advertising envelope from Moses Ulman's Sons, a business in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. The envelope, dated October 1, 1889, features an image of their storefront. It was addressed to S. H. & H. Chapman in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Envelope from Zweig Brothers, clothing merchants in Cleveland, Ohio, dated August 13, 1900. The envelope features an advertisement matching that on the enclosed invoice, depicting the store at 184-186 Bank Street. The envelope contains an invoice with an image of the store.

This archival item consists of a store envelope addressed to B. Loewenstein at H. Rosenthal's, 632 Pine Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and containing two handwritten letters dated April 8, 1877. The letters, written in German, are from Morris Strouse and H. Rosenthal, respectively, and appear to be a combination of personal and business correspondence. Each letter is neatly written on four pages of 5" x 7" paper. The envelope also contains an advertising insert (the nature of which is not specified). The letters were sent while Loewenstein was staying at Rosenthal's in Philadelphia, and were subsequently sent to him in Mora, New Mexico.

Envelope and advertising insert for Hernsheim & Bro., located at 9, 11, 13 Tehoupitoulas and 52, 54, 56 Common Streets, New Orleans, Louisiana. The envelope features imagery related to the World's Industrial & Cotton Expo on one side and a picture of the Creole Cigar Factory on the reverse. The insert is a bill, dated October 28, 1884.

An envelope featuring an advertisement for Kohn & Adler, a business located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The envelope is dated January 27, 1890. The envelope also mentions Pottstown, Pennsylvania.

An envelope postmarked November 27, 1863, addressed to John Maschauer in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The envelope features the letterhead of Dreyfuss Brothers, importers of fancy goods, located at 11 1/2 College Place, New Orleans, Louisiana. The envelope also contains a handwritten note mentioning the death of one of the Dreyfuss brothers, noting that three brothers of the firm had died and the fourth was not expected to live.

An envelope addressed to E. & S. Liberman, wholesale dealers in boots and shoes, at 472 Main Street, Louisville, Kentucky. The envelope features an all-over advertisement for Louisville, Kentucky, and is dated circa 1880. The envelope was mailed from Marion, Kentucky.

Envelope addressed to Heller, Rothschild & Lang, located on Broadway between 3rd and 4th Streets in New York, New York, dated June 24, 1895. The envelope features advertising.

An envelope addressed to Wrightsville Hardware Co., advertising Henry Rice & Son's store at 419 & 421 Camp Street, New Orleans, Louisiana. The envelope depicts a storefront illustration. Dated January 21, 1899.

Lithographed advertising envelope for Joseph B. Cohen, featuring an Art Deco-style angel holding a lamp. The envelope's address includes Westminster & Walnut Streets, Providence, Rhode Island, and is dated May 25, 1898.

Envelope from L. Dannenbaum's Son & Co., a Philadelphia clothing merchant, dated January 4, 1899. The envelope features an advertisement and is addressed to 806 and 808 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Green envelope with the Lazarus Bros. logo ("L/B in a belt") and address: 29 Lispenard St., New York. Dated January 23, 1889. The envelope shows advertising for the business.

Printed commercial envelope addressed to Jacob Strauss & Son at 53 Maiden Lane, New York, New York, from M. D. Rothschild at 41 & 43 Maiden Lane, New York, New York, dated December 2, 1893. The envelope features a pre-printed return address and a Columbia Exposition stamp.

Envelope featuring a lithograph advertisement for "American Offices...Mary T. Goldman; Goldman Building." The envelope is undated, but based on the style, it is likely from the early 20th century. It is addressed to an unknown recipient in St. Paul, Minnesota.

An envelope addressed to Amanda J. Larwill with an advertisement for Mordecai & Co. of Dallas, Texas. The envelope is circa 1885 and includes a postage stamp. The envelope was sent from Wooster, Ohio to Dallas, Texas.

An envelope addressed to E. Bangham in Ortonville, Michigan, advertising S. & M. Cohen's millinery business located at 165 Woodward Street, Detroit, Michigan. The envelope is undated, but the advertisement suggests a date around 1869.

An advertising envelope for Simon Kahn & Co., importers and commission merchants, with addresses in New York City (419 & 421 Broadway) and Alexandria, Virginia. The envelope is addressed to C. W. Adams. Dated circa 1870.

This archival collection contains three items: two envelopes and an advertisement. The first envelope is addressed to S. Rosenbaum & Son at 227 6th Street in Louisville, Kentucky, and postmarked December 17, 1883. The second envelope is addressed to Rosenbaum Brothers in Louisville, Kentucky and postmarked February 17, 1884. A separate advertisement for the American Cigar Company, featuring Philip Whitlock, is dated 1886. The envelopes show business relationships in Louisville, Kentucky and Derby, Indiana, and the advertisement provides insight into the tobacco industry of the time.

Brass Civil War store token issued by F. Mangold, located at 9 New York Street. The obverse reads "F. MANGOLD" and the reverse reads "9 NEW YORK ST M ..10 CENTS IN GOODS". Dated to 1863, this token is noted as rare (#7 SCH 9 NYSTM) and a similar token sold on eBay for $410.00 on January 4, 2003. Adolph Mangold, possibly related to F. Mangold, a Jewish man who was killed in the Civil War, is honored annually at the Jewish Civil War Memorial in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Civil War-era trade token advertising the Felix Dining Saloon, located at 256 Broadway, New York, New York. The token's obverse features an Indian head and the date 1863. The reverse indicates that the saloon was kosher (in Hebrew) and shows the address. Marx and Ederheimer owned several restaurants between 1861 and 1873; a saloon was at this address between 1864 and 1869.

This archival item consists of a letter and a receipt. The letter, dated September 18, 1872, is an autograph letter signed by Maurice Guggenheimer, a dry goods merchant in Lynchburg, Virginia. Written in dark ink, it concerns balmorals and shoes and was sent to Creasy & Brother. The letterhead shows the Guggenheimer & Co. stamp. The included receipt is part-printed and signed, issued by Guggenheimer & Co. to Creasy & Brother on October 18, 1872. The receipt indicates an address of 144 Main Street. Maurice Guggenheimer served in the Confederate Army during the Civil War, specifically in Company C, 2nd Virginia Cavalry. He is identified as a Jewish Confederate soldier.

Ledger sheet detailing the sales report of Tobias I. Tobias for E. Pollock & Co., care of N. Judah, on May 5, 1821, in Richmond, Virginia. The four-page ledger sheet measures 8" x 10".

Envelope with advertisement for Hirshberg, Hollander & Co., a Baltimore-based business established in 1845, located at 106, 108, & 110 W. Pratt Street. The record is dated September 18, 1897, and includes the names C. P. Wrightman and William Copswell.

Four-page ledger sheet detailing work done on a vessel, "Brigeteen," for John Waren, Captain. The account shows payments made by Moses Levy and William Vernon to Timothy Peckham, suggesting a business partnership between Vernon and Levy. Detailed entries across three pages, with the fourth page serving as a docket. The record was created in Newport, Rhode Island, on September 19, 1752.

Ledger sheet detailing an account statement from Zadig, Wollberg & Co. in San Francisco, California, dated January 15, 1892. The document lists numerous positions in mining stocks, including both short and long positions. It also mentions Albert Wollenberg, son of Siegmund Wollberg, and his marriage to Cornelia Oppenheim.

Receipt detailing expenses to supply the Brig Polly, shared equally between William Vernon and Moses Levy. The document suggests a partnership between Vernon and Levy, with each contributing 300 pounds. The Brig Polly was involved in the slave trade. This receipt was likely created in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on December 2, 1752.

A signed receipt for 10 shillings issued by Barnard Gratz to Jacob Barge on February 10, 1766. This page is from Jacob Barge's receipt book. The receipt is written in English and is geographically located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Receipt for $167.85 issued by S. M. Rosenbaum & Sons, located at 227 Sixth Street between Main and Market Streets in Louisville, Kentucky, on July 31, 1882. The receipt is enclosed in an envelope addressed to an unknown recipient in Richmond, Virginia. The record also includes a letter dated September 18, 1871.

A set of five trade cards advertising the business of Joshua Schnurman, located at 713 Hamilton Street in Allentown, Pennsylvania. Each card features a different floral illustration and the text "JOSHUA SCHNURMAN, 'New store, 713 HAMILTON STREET opposite the post office'...Allentown, Pa." The cards are estimated to date from around 1885.

Cardboard trade token for Fleer & Langenberg. The token is circular and indicates it is good for one dollar at the store. It is countersigned. The date is estimated based on the context of similar items to be around 1890.

Glass food oil bottle manufactured by I. Rokeach & Sons Inc. in Brooklyn, NY. The bottle features a molded Star of David and crown, along with the company's name and the inscription "OIL REFINERS". It is a two-part mold. Circa 1890.

Set of four trade cards advertising the One Price Cash Dry Goods Store in Portland, Oregon. The cards are undated, but circa 1885 based on stylistic elements. The cards feature illustrations of various merchandise and likely served as promotional materials for the store. The name of Charles S. Levy is associated with the store.

This is a four-page folding card price list catalogue from Frank Bros. & Co., a Philadelphia-based business, published in Spring 1886. The catalogue details the prices and descriptions of clothing and goods sold by the company. The catalogue's contents include details on men's and women's clothing, fabrics, and other related items.

Issue of Freeman's Journal, or, the North-American Intelligencer, a Philadelphia newspaper, published on March 27, 1782. This issue includes an advertisement for Jonas Phillips, a prominent Jewish merchant.

Postal card freight bill receipt from the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Company for the shipment of a roll of carpet. Sent from Watrous, New Mexico to Mora, New Mexico on September 16, 1888 to Lowenstein, Strause & Co., prominent Jewish merchants in New Mexico. The card features a Todsen Type 7 oval split ring date stamp in purple.

Newspaper advertisement from the *General Advertiser*, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 28, 1797. The advertisement mentions Patrick Rice, a Jewish clerk working for David Frank, and also contains an advertisement for rice.

A three-page financial record consisting of a notarized demand note in French (March 28, 1763) for 6300 livres, drawn on Louis Herbin and assigned by Gershon Levy to his Canadian associate Aaron Hart. The note includes a receipt for 200 pounds New York currency and a sworn testimony from Hart, recorded in English, affirming the transaction and noting his Jewish faith. This document exemplifies Jewish inter-family networking between Canada and New York during the Seven Years' War and the early involvement of Jews in the Canadian fur trade after the British conquest of New France.

Two-part molded light green glass bottle. The front is inscribed with 'J. HECHT...BROOKLYN' and the back with 'J...1861'. The bottle dates to approximately 1861 and was likely produced by or for J. Hecht in Brooklyn, New York.

Broadside announcing the retirement of Auerbach from the firm Auerbach & Goldberg and the formation of a new partnership, Goldberg & Poppe, at 410 Sacramento Street, San Francisco, California. The broadside notes that Goldberg & Poppe will assume all debts of the previous firm. An accompanying envelope contains an advertisement for Auerbach & Goldberg at 412 Sacramento Street, San Francisco.

Aluminum trade token for Gottlieb's Store. The token is marked with '5 CENTS'. While the token is undated, it is estimated to be from around 1910 based on the style and materials.

Grey stoneware pitcher with an applied handle. The name "COHEN, JACOB A." and location "SANDY CREEK, PENNSYLVANIA" are inscribed in blue. The object is undated but is likely from the late 19th or early 20th century, based on the style and the presence of advertising.

This four-page trade card pamphlet commemorates Gusky's grand opening in 1885. Each page features a beautifully embossed and colored print of a rose. The first page displays "Gusky's Grand Opening 1885" along with a seasonal greeting. The third page features "Gusky's Greetings 1885" and a New Year's wish. The pamphlet measures 4 inches by 6 inches. The card shows some minor wear, with a small chip on one corner and slight wear to the cloth silk edge; otherwise, the pamphlet is complete and intact. [J.M. Gusky (1845-1886) purchased S. Cohen's mercantile establishment in 1882 and renamed it Gusky's, considered Pittsburgh's first department store. After his death from pneumonia, his wife owned the business, managed by the De Wolf brothers. By 1888, sales exceeded two million dollars. Esther Gusky founded the J. M. Gusky Orphanage and Home in 1890, in memory of her husband.]

Paper coupon issued by H. Greenbaum in Havre de Grace, Maryland. This post-Civil War trade token functions as a 10-cent discount coupon. The coupon is dated circa 1890.

Advertising bank note for H. L. Lazarus & Co., a clothing bazaar located at 34 East Genesee Street (corner of Warren) and 44, 46, 48 Warren Street, Syracuse, New York. The $500 note depicts Washington, Lady Justice, and what appears to be an engraving of Henry Lazarus. While undated, the note is associated with 1855 based on biographical information about Henry L. Lazarus.

Silver-plated copper store token for H. Lazaress, issued in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1863. The token served as an advertisement for the business and likely functioned as a form of currency during the Civil War.

Trade token advertisement for H. Lazaress, a dealer in rags and metals, located at 26 15th Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. The token features an Indian Head Penny on the reverse and is dated 1863. The token is made of copper.

Silver-plated store token issued by H. Lowenstein, located at the Northwest corner of 9th and John Streets in Cincinnati, Ohio, during the Civil War in 1863. The token served as an advertisement for Lowenstein's business, likely within the food or animal industry.

This is a circa 1875 catalog from Hartz & Levy's Magical Bazaar, located at 1131 Broadway in New York City. The catalog lists a variety of magical tricks, scientific toys, and novelties. The firm was notable for being one of the first American magic shops and for its connection to the Hartz family, known for their contributions to Vaudeville and magic.

This is a profusely illustrated wholesale catalogue from Henry Cohen, a prominent Philadelphia merchant, published in 1859 by Henry B. Ashmead. The catalogue features a wide array of stationery items, along with a notable section dedicated to "games and amusements," including numerous engraved illustrations of chess pieces. The catalogue provides insights into the commercial activities of a leading Jewish merchant in 19th-century Philadelphia. Cohen's grandfather arrived in Philadelphia in the 1760s, and Henry himself immigrated from England in 1837; he died in 1879 and served as president of Mikveh Israel.

Metal store token issued by Henry Wolf, Trunk Manufacturer, located at 211 Jefferson Avenue, Detroit, Michigan. The token depicts a bust of a Native American wearing a headdress and surrounded by stars on the reverse. The token dates to the American Civil War period (circa 1863).

Cardboard sign advertising Hershel's King Size Corned Beef in New York City. Printed in blue and red, the sign reads: "IF YOU'RE NOT FAMISHED or STARVING YOU'LL NEVER FINISH OUR KING SIZE HERSHEL'S OF NEW YORK CORNED BEEF." The sign dates from 1950.

Twenty dollar bank note from the Bank of Washington in North Carolina, used for advertising. The note is signed 12/6/1853 and has a handwritten inscription on the back advertising Herzberg & Brother, Clothiers, located at No. 2 Market Space, Baltimore, Maryland. Philip Herzberg, mentioned in connection with this note, was a prominent figure in Baltimore in 1853, serving as chairman of the committee to form a temple and known for his active Jewish life.

Trade token advertising Hood & Levison, located at 228 N. Virginia St, Reno, Nevada. The token depicts the business name, "H & L," and the value, "12 1/2c." Dated circa 1885.

This four-page price list catalogue from I. Ulman & Sons, a Baltimore-based business, is dated circa 1885. It details the prices and descriptions of food products sold by the company and features a lithograph of their store at 310 Light Street. The catalogue provides a detailed inventory of groceries and provisions, likely targeting both retail customers and perhaps wholesale buyers.

This four-page catalogue from I. Ulman & Sons, located at 310 Light Street in Baltimore, Maryland, offers a detailed price list of their goods. A lithograph of the store is featured on the catalogue. The catalogue likely details the various food items sold by the company. The date is circa 1885 based on the information available.

Trade card invitation to a Baltimore Oriole celebration issued by Phillips Bros. & Co. in Baltimore, Maryland in 1882. The card features an illustration of a Baltimore Oriole. Entered into the Library of Congress in 1882.

This is an invitation from Hutzler Brothers, a Baltimore department store, to a three-day opening display of their winter and fall dress goods, held on September 21st, 22nd, and 23rd, 1891. The invitation features high-quality printing, showcasing the store's building on the cover and the event details inside.

Invoice from Krohn, Feiss & Co. of Cincinnati, Ohio, to R. C. Halliday of Dillon, Montana, dated March 30, 1896. The invoice displays the company's logo and address: 7 & 9 East Sixth Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. The invoice details are not fully legible but show charges and business transactions related to tobacco products, as evidenced by the subject tags.

Billhead invoice from Strauss, Goodman, Yondorf & Co. to J. H. McKnight & Co. for goods or services rendered. The invoice is dated May 1, 1885, and lists the business addresses of both companies: Strauss, Goodman, Yondorf & Co. at Monroe Street & Fifth Avenue in Chicago, Illinois, and J. H. McKnight & Co. in Fort Shaw, Montana. The document contains good graphic design and showcases the business name, "STRAUSS, GOODMAN, YONDORF & CO."

Issue of the Inyo Independent newspaper published in Independence, California on July 5, 1873. The newspaper contains numerous advertisements from Jewish merchants.

This die-cut Easter trade card, issued by Isaac Adler of Amsterdam, New York, in 1900, advertises new spring styles in clothing. The card features an Easter rabbit on an egg on one side and a family looking into a seashell on the other. The inside offers Easter greetings. The card also includes Adler's business address: 63 East Main Street.

A personal check jointly signed by Isaac Hahn and M. Opper, dated June 6, 1876. The check was printed by the National Bank Note Company and issued in Providence, Rhode Island. Additional information indicates an October 12, 1889 date related to this check and its connection to New York, New York.

This catalog from Isaac Kaufmann & Brother, manufacturers of toilet, odor, and jeweled cases, picture frames, and other goods, showcases their Fall 1882 offerings. The catalog includes detailed descriptions, illustrations, and prices of their products. The business operated at 84 Duane Street in New York City, with factories at 14 & 16 Vanderwater Street and 84 Duane Street. Oppenheimer & Schlesinger served as the printers for the catalog.

This is a price list pamphlet from J. B. Spelman & Sons, a New York City business, circa 1885. The pamphlet lists various items for sale, including fans, corsets, ribbons, needles, and whalebone for corsets, with their corresponding prices. The business address, 369 Broadway, is clearly stated on the pamphlet.

Civil War store token issued by J. B. Spitzer. The token indicates a value of "10 cents" and bears the inscription "55 Ohio Volunteer Infantry." The reverse depicts a shield with the word "Union." The token's design and inscription suggest its use during the Civil War. It is referenced in *U.S. Civil War store cards by Fuld*, page 584, nl.35a, with a rarity rating of r.8.

Civil War-era store token issued by J. B. Spitzer. The token's obverse displays "50 CENTS 55 OHIO VOLUNTEER INFANTRY." The reverse depicts Mercury. The token is dated to 1863. The name Spitzer is identified as Ashkenazi in genealogical sources.

Aluminum trade token issued by J. Moskovits, located at the corner of Locust and Sycamore Streets in Lancaster, Ohio. The token is valued at 5 cents and features an image of a buffalo. While undated, it is estimated to date from around 1910 based on stylistic features and context.

Advertising bank note for J. Rosenberg, successor to H. Kahn, located at 839 Ninth Avenue (SW corner of 55th Street), New York, New York. The note is designed to resemble a Confederate $10 bill and features an advertisement for ladies' and gents' furnishings on the reverse. While the note itself is dated February 17, 1864, the advertisement suggests a publication date around 1875.

This is a six-page (plus insert) catalog from the New York showroom of Jacob & Josef Kohn, the renowned Viennese bentwood furniture manufacturers. The catalog showcases a selection of their furniture with detailed descriptions, likely targeting upscale clientele in New York City. The catalog's small size (4.5" x 6.5") suggests it may have been intended for distribution or browsing in the store itself.

This leather-bound receipt book, owned by Jacob Banta, documents financial transactions in New York City between 1771 and September 1779, a period that includes the British occupation. The book contains at least twenty-nine receipts signed by Jewish brokers, including Barrak Hays, Jacob De Costa, Solomon Myers Cohen, A. Barrett, Hyman Myers, Philip Rhinelander, Moses Isaacs, Manuel Myer, Abraham De Rivera, and John Myers (?). A notable entry is a receipt dated October 1779 for a red cow, signed by 'Nat'l Swain, commander light dragoon'.

Brass seal belonging to Jacob Sanders & Sons, wholesale liquor and cigar dealers in Trinidad, Colorado. The seal features the business's name and location. The seal appears unused and was found with a photograph (referenced as item 22.81). Jacob Sanders & Sons were the founder and secretary of Congregation Aron. The seal is dated circa 1885.

This manuscript ledger, spanning from 1825 to 1847, documents the receipts of James A. Rich. The ledger contains numerous entries, with seven distinct signatures of purchasers recorded on individual sheets. The entries suggest business transactions, possibly indicating Rich's commercial activities in New York City during the period.

This is a Jewish almanac published in Amsterdam in 1818. It was designed as a pocket edition for merchants traveling the world. The almanac is printed in Dutch, with months, holidays, festivals, and Torah portions transliterated into Latin letters. It includes details about Dutch synagogues and rabbis; a chronicle of world history from creation (including the Spanish Expulsion, establishment of Jewish communities in England, Surinam, and Holland, and the translation of the Torah by Moses Mendelssohn); lists of princes and princesses of the House of Orange-Nassau; essays; and information about transportation. The almanac also contains an early mention of the Jewish community in Suriname, South America.

Five-cent advertising trade token issued by Joel Gutman & Co., located at 112-122 Neutaw Street, Baltimore, Maryland. The token dates from the post-Civil War era (circa 1890). This token is held by the Jewish Women's Archives.

Advertising trade token for Joseph Fischbein, a grocer, provisioner, and dry goods merchant located at 315 West Water Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. This token dates to 1863. A higher-quality duplicate of this token also exists in the collection.

Civil War-era store token for Joseph Fischbein, a grocer, provisioner, and dry goods merchant located at 315 Water Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The token's front advertises "Groceries, Provisions & Dry Goods," while the back lists "Joseph Fischbein Agt." and the address. The date is 1863.

This is a four-page catalog from Joseph Miller, a New York City metal goods merchant, published in 1900. The catalog, printed in both Yiddish and English, lists prices, types, and sizes of various metal goods sold by Miller at his shop located at 25 Canal Street, New York City.

This four-page catalog from Joseph Ullmann Furs, dated 1893, showcases the company's offerings. It includes a letter requesting quotations on furs for sale and an 1893 calendar. Established in 1854, Joseph Ullmann Furs had offices at 165 & 167 Mercer Street, New York City, and 353 Jackson Street, St. Paul, Minnesota.

A square, hole-punched 12 1/2 cent trade token issued by Julius Fried in Butte, Montana. The token dates from sometime between 1880 and 1900 and likely relates to the tobacco industry.

This is a fully illustrated Spring 1880 catalogue from Julius Saul & Son, a clothing retailer with stores in New York City, Troy, and Albany. The catalogue features boys' and men's clothing and includes an embossed bust of a girl in gold on the cover. The company's addresses are listed as 18 & 20 Astor Place, near Broadway and 8th Street in New York City.

This is a Spring 1886 catalogue from Julius Saul, a New York City-based clothing retailer with stores in New York City, Troy, and Albany. The catalogue features illustrations of boys' and men's clothing. The cover features an embossed bust of a girl in gold. Julius Saul was active in Jewish affairs; his daughter, Rose Saul, married Dr. Maurice Joseph Lewi.

This ledger documents the purchase and sale of leaf tobacco by K. Straus & Co. of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from January 1893 to February 12, 1894. The ledger includes detailed records of transactions with numerous clients, including many Jewish firms. It also lists purchases from Luis Marx Blum & Co. in Havana, Cuba, as well as various suppliers in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and New York. The ledger's dimensions are 14" x 8 1/4", and it contains approximately 50 pages (counting both sides). Its physical condition shows some wear, including roughness on the bottom front cover and a tear.

This is a wholesale price list catalogue from Kohn Brothers, a Chicago-based clothing wholesaler, published circa 1885. The catalogue details prices for summer clothing. The back cover features an illustration of the store and boasts that Kohn Brothers is the "Largest Clothing Wholesaler in America," established in Chicago in 1855. The catalogue likely includes details on various men's and women's summer clothing items.

Trade token for Kohn, Daron & Co. The front of the token reads "KOHN. DARON & CO." and the back reads "GOOD FOR ONE LOAD." This is considered the earliest known U.S. Jewish trade token. While undated, the token is dated to 1835 based on correspondence and records indicating the start of the Kohn, Daron & Co. partnership that year. In 1834, the business was listed as J. Kohn & Bordier, located at 28 Bienville Street. By 1838, it was listed as Kohn, Daron & Co. at the same address.

Brass sutler token issued by L. Goldheim, a sutler for the 1st Virginia Cavalry during the American Civil War. The obverse reads "L. GOLDHEIM 1ST VIRGINA CALV. .25", and the reverse depicts an eagle. This token served as small change for soldiers, addressing a shortage of small denominations during the war. The token is identified as RARITY #8 SCH VA A 25B in David Schenkman's work on Civil War sutler tokens and cardboard script.

Check issued by L. Woldenberg & Co. to W. Davis for an unspecified amount on June 1, 1888. The check references Cedarville and San Francisco, California. The check's design includes a ship vignette.

A broadside announcing the relocation of Lazard Frères & Co.'s dry goods store in San Francisco, California. The announcement details the new location at 525 & 527 Market Street and 22 & 24 Stevenson Street, between First and Second Streets. Published in San Francisco on February 10, 1869.

This is a tri-fold pamphlet advertisement from Kohn, Adler & Co., a Philadelphia-based firm, showcasing their leading styles of Leghorn hats for the year 1880. The pamphlet features illustrations of three different hat styles, likely targeting a fashionable clientele. The advertisement highlights the company's selection and quality in men's hats.

One-page ledger sheet (7.75" x 11.75") detailing general merchandise sales from Peter Cohen's store to Frances C. Dickinson in Bainbridge, Georgia, from July 1, 1830, to November 18, 1830. The ledger includes items such as combs, gin, spectacles, and cotton bagging.

Four-page manuscript ledger sheet detailing Accounts Current from September 26 to October 18, 1788, between Moses Michael Hays and John Coffin Jones. The document, signed "MMH" by Hays, includes details of trade with Amsterdam involving goods such as candles, fish, and whale oil. Mentions David S. Greenough. Created in Boston, Massachusetts.

Ledger sheet detailing the Dorsey account with Bernard & Michael Gratz & Co., primarily documenting land transactions. The entries span from November 4, 1783, to March 1785.

Ledger sheet detailing a financial account between Edward Pollock & Co. and David Judah & Co. for $1,732.99. The record is dated January 21, 1823, and originates from New York, New York.

Three-page handwritten ledger sheet (8" x 10") detailing spring purchases made by David Judah (DJ) in Richmond, Virginia, from Pollock & Co. in New York City. Dated December 22, 1822.

Four pages (out of an original forty-four) of a printed legal document on vellum, concerning a case between Solomon de Medina, Mosesson and Company, and Rene Hett and the Executors of Andrew Fresneau. The case centers around a shipment of tobacco seized in 1718 and the subsequent legal battles in the New York Court of Vice Admiralty and the High Court of Admiralty of Great Britain. The document, dated March 1727, details the legal proceedings and the involved parties. It appears to have been printed in New York by William Bradford in 1728.

This legal document from December 26, 1856, is a writ of attachment from the District Court, Sixth Judicial District, Sacramento County, California. Greenbaum & Brother brought the suit against J. Rosenbaum for $321.31. The document orders the Sheriff of Sacramento County to seize property belonging to Rosenbaum to satisfy the debt. The seized property is identified as "One Lot situated at Michigan Bar (formerly occupied and owned by M Birch) together with all the improvements thereunto Belonging." The document includes signatures from W.M. Taylor (Deputy Sheriff), W.S. White (Sheriff), E. Conklin (DC for C.H. Bradford Clerk), and Deputy Sheriff Jas. Boyer. A filing date of December 27, 1856, is also noted.

Two handwritten legal documents from New York City, dated August 28 and 29, 1834, and December 26, 1834, detail a suit brought by Benedict Joseph against the United States Government. The case involves the alleged undervaluation of imported goods—72 telescopes, 20 gross of steel pens, and one gross of imitation quills—purchased by Joseph's mother in London, England. The documents include affidavits, witness lists, and information about the transfer of the case to Judge Samuel R. Betts' chambers. The documents offer a glimpse into 19th-century legal practices and international trade, with a focus on a Jewish merchant family's transatlantic business dealings. One document is three pages long (two sheets, both sides written on), while the other is a single page.

This archival collection consists of three documents related to the arrest of Lazarus Ulman for peddling without a license in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania on Thanksgiving Day, November 27, 1862. The documents include a subpoena, an arrest warrant, and an indictment sheet. The subpoena also names Isaac Ulman. The documents are housed together in an original court jacket. Lazarus Ulman (ca. 1793-post 1860) was a Jewish merchant who immigrated to the United States before 1828 from Germany or Russia. His sons served in the Civil War, and his grandson changed his name to Douglas Fairbanks, a renowned Hollywood actor. The documents provide insight into 19th-century legal practices and the life of a Jewish merchant family in Pennsylvania.

This archival item consists of a letter and its accompanying envelope. The letter, dated from Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, was sent to Jenkins, Stuben in Wyoming, Pennsylvania, circa 1870s. The letterhead indicates that H. G. Lazarus was a watchmaker, successor to W. C. Freeman, in Pittston, Pennsylvania. The envelope is addressed to Jenkins, Stuben in Hyde Park, Pennsylvania. The letter and envelope provide insight into business correspondence and the clock and watch industry in 19th-century Pennsylvania.

This archival object consists of a letter and its accompanying envelope. The letter, dated July 23, 1887, was written by Jules Levy & Bros., importers of embroideries and laces located at 5 & 7 Sansome Street in San Francisco, California, to S. Marks & Co. in Roseburg, Oregon. The letter, written on Jules Levy & Bros.' letterhead, pertains to an order. The letterhead also lists the company's offices in New York City and Paris. The envelope further confirms the correspondence's sender and recipient, and its date.

This archival collection consists of a commercial letter and two envelopes from S. H. & H. Levin & Co., fish merchants located at Race Street Wharf in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter, dated July 14, 1875, is written on company letterhead. One envelope, associated with the letter, shows an 1876 Centennial illustration of the main exhibition building on its reverse. The second envelope is undated. The firm was established in 1850.

Letter book containing 290 letters of commercial correspondence, primarily between Tobias & Co. and David Judah, spanning from May 21, 1825, to September 10, 1830. The letters detail Jewish mercantile activities in Richmond, Virginia, and include information about David Judah's bankruptcy in 1827 and his subsequent move to Baltimore. The book also includes copies of letters written by David Judah to Tobias & Co., newspaper clippings on tariffs circa 1825, and correspondence with other Jewish merchants such as Levy & Solomon, Block & Co., J.B. Seixas, and Louis Gomez. The earliest commercial document from David Judah in the Tobias Archive is dated June 9, 1821. An advertisement for a Jewish-owned business in Richmond, featuring David Judah, Edward Pollack, and Tobias I. Tobias, is included from the *Richmond Enquirer* dated July 5, 1822. The book has red pasteboard covers and 168 pages. Acquired January 7, 2013.

Letter from A. & B. Moog in Hammondsport, New York, to the Urbana Wine Co. in Mobile, Alabama, dated November 24, 1882. The letter discusses business matters, possibly related to the wine trade. A lithograph of the Urbana Wine Co. store is mentioned.

A one-page, stampless letter written in German from A. Cahn in Grenada, Mississippi, to Jacobs Mayer & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on April 8, 1848. The letter discusses business matters and references a draft on Gans & Shoneman in Philadelphia. Similar correspondence can be found in files 20.512 and 20.517.

Two-page letter written in German from A. Cahn in Grenada, Mississippi, to Jacobs & Mayer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on January 8, 1849. Cahn requests that Jacobs & Mayer place a notice in New York and Philadelphia newspapers warning merchants against extending credit to M. Leoney (Marcus Levy), whose business has ceased to exist and whose goods have been seized by Cahn.

A one-half page commercial letter from A. Cahn to Jacobs & Mayer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated January 29, 1849. The letter discusses business matters, including the enclosure of $100 and reference to a previous $1000 payment. The letter was sent from Grenada, Mississippi, to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

A business letter dated February 12, 1825, from A. Solomons in Albany, New York, to T. I. Tobias. Solomons complains about a monetary draft on the Bank of Montreal that kept his money idle for over a month. The letter references Levy Solomons and his business at 346 North Market Street, Albany.

Letter written on June 13, 1865, on the letterhead of A. Strauss, Great Litho of Temple Hall, Star Clothing Store, Delaware, Ohio. The letter is addressed to the Singer Company and orders a sewing machine on an iron stand for $85.00. The letterhead features a lithograph of Temple Hall. This item is part of the Judaica Americana Collection.

Two-page letter written by Aaron B. Nones in Les Cayes, Haiti, to S. I. Tobias & Co. in New York City on March 12, 1819. The letter discusses sales of cologne water, lists prices of various commodities, requests references to Mr. Harbeck and colleagues, and notes the opportunities for business ventures in Haiti.

Two-page letter written by Aaron B. Nones in Les Cayes, Haiti, to S. I. Tobias & Co. in New York City on August 7, 1819. Nones reports on the sales of cologne water, lists prices of various commodities, and discusses his inability to sell silks due to French imports.

Autograph letter, double-signed by Aaron Lopez and John Hyer, dated circa 1770. Lopez instructs Hyer to sell "Jew beef tongues" in Kingston, Jamaica, and to purchase molasses. The letter also mentions Captain Wright and potential war with Spain. It reveals the extensive reach of Lopez's business network, including contacts in the Falkland Islands, West Indies, Madeira, Lisbon, Gibraltar, Cadiz, and Barbados.

A two-page letter dated June 13, 1768, from Aaron Lopez, Jacob Rodrigues Rivera, Haye Z. Polock, and Nathaniel Hathaway in Newport, Rhode Island, to Captain Nathaniel Hathaway, master of the brigantine The Hope. The letter provides instructions for the delivery of cargo to Captain Joseph Dean in Surinam and outlines alternative procedures if sufficient molasses cannot be procured. The letter also hints at the far-reaching commercial network of Aaron Lopez.

Four-page letter from Abraham Joseph in London, England, to T. I. Tobias in New York, New York, dated October 22, 1822. The letter contains community news, including the marriage of a young Montefiore to Sally Mocatto, and expresses relief that Tobias escaped the yellow fever epidemic in New York. Joseph also inquires about business opportunities with Tobias's brother Sam, who is working with Simpson-Jew in London.

A three and a half page letter from Abraham Joseph in London, England to Tobias I. Tobias in New York, New York, dated July 5, 1823. The letter discusses the impending arrival of Mikee Tobias (brother of Tobias I. Tobias) in New York City, the health of Sylvester Joseph in Holland, and encourages his settlement in America. It also includes business gossip and mentions the Rothschilds.

A single-page business letter written by Jewish merchant Abraham Minis in Savannah, Georgia on October 20, 1845, to I. T. Tobias, a New York merchant. Minis discusses slow business, anticipates increased activity, and requests Tobias's attention to consignments, specifically regarding the import of champagne.

This letter, dated November 9, 1846, was written by Abraham Minis in Savannah, Georgia, to T. I. Tobias in New York, New York. The letter discusses wine and Minis' refusal of special credit terms.

A business letter written by Abraham Minis in Savannah, Georgia on October 17, 1845, to T. J. Tobias in New York, New York. The letter discusses the sales of wine, including Port, Sherry, Brandy, and Madeira.

A stampless business letter dated February 13, 1845, from Abraham Tobias in Charleston, South Carolina, to T. I. Tobias in New York, New York. The letter discusses business matters, including a reference to a $500 check and mentions a delay in mail delivery. Abraham Tobias was a prominent Charleston merchant and civic leader.

A business letter from B. Levi Sons, located at 107-111 St. Joseph Street, Rochester, New York, dated July 19, 1900. The letterhead features a picture of a man in a skullcap and depicts a warehouse. The content of the letter pertains to business matters.

A business letter dated October 3, 1884, from B. Moog in Mobile, Alabama, to the Urbana Wine Co. in Hammondsport, New York. The letter features a lithographed letterhead depicting the Urbana Wine Co.'s store. The letterhead also indicates that B. Moog is the successor to A. & B. Moog.

Three-page letter (written on five sides), each page measuring 9" x 6", written on the advertising letterhead of The San Antonio Club, San Antonio, Texas, dated January 29, 1885. The letter details business matters concerning the contractual terms of a land deal from B. Oppenheimer and is addressed to N. A. Milton in Houston, Texas. Included is a cover from "B. Oppenheimer & Co." B. Oppenheimer & Co. was active in Jewish affairs.

A one-page letter written by Benjamin Dores Lazarus in Charleston, South Carolina, on November 1, 1847, to S. Hutchins & Co. in Providence, Rhode Island. Lazarus requests the collection of money owed to his brother, Michael Lazarus, and instructions for remittance.

A two-page letter dated February 10, 1811, from Benjamin Jacobs of New York City to William Meredith concerning a legal suit against the Union Insurance Company of Philadelphia. Jacobs, acting on behalf of his son-in-law, Gompert S. Gompert, details an insurance claim for a lost cargo of sugar and authorizes Meredith to draw on him for legal expenses.

A letter dated January 1, 1905, from Bernard Blau of the National Ladies Suit Co. in New York City to manufacturers, soliciting products for inclusion in his spring catalogue. The letter includes a lithograph of an "Auto Coat" and mentions his business address at 350 West 23rd Street.

A commercial letter written by Bernhard Mayer of New York City to W & B Douglass on June 11, 1862. The letter is printed on Mayer's letterhead, indicating his business as a manufacturer of varnishes and japans. The letterhead lists his address as 80 Beekman Street, New York City. Established in 1846, Mayer's firm is later listed with partners Siefred Mayer and Leopold Lowenstein in 1876.

Letter from Bloch Brothers in Clarksville, Tennessee, to Ebenezer C. Bailey in Boston, Massachusetts, dated April 6, 1874. The letter is written on Bloch Brothers' letterhead.

A half-sheet billhead/letterhead from the firm of Breslauer, Moses & Co., dated December 17, 1883. The letter was sent from Georgetown, South Carolina, and the recipient was Simons & Cappelman. The letterhead features an illustration.

A commercial letter dated February 16, 1884, from Browne & Manganaes to Eisemann Brothers in Las Vegas, New Mexico. The letter pertains to tallow and was sent from a branch in Fernando de Taos.

A two-page letter written by C. A. D'Araigo in Madrid, Spain, on June 28, 1839, to T. I. Tobias in New York City. The letter discusses business matters, personal health, and the progress of a school for young Hebrews.

A one-page letter (front and back) written by C. H. Meussdorffer in Portland, Oregon on August 18, 1876, to J. C. M. & Bro. in San Francisco, California. The letter primarily concerns business matters, including drafts and payments, with a brief mention of the writer enlarging his house.

Autograph letter signed (ALS) from C. H. Viel of East Phoenix to L. M. Jacobs & Co. of Tucson, Arizona Territory, dated June 15, 1879. The letter discusses the price of flour. Written on the letterhead of The Salt River Flouring Mill.

A 1 1/2 page letter written by Charles Tobias in Huddersfield, England, on May 17, 1841, to Henry Tobias in New York City. The letter details Charles's difficulties finding suitable goods for resale, his planned itinerary for sourcing goods, and updates on Sophie's improved health and stay at Rock Ferry.

A 2 1/2 page letter from Charles Tobias in Liverpool, England, to his brother Henry Tobias in New York, New York, dated February 6, 1839. The letter discusses family matters, business ventures, and the health of Rosalie. Charles also mentions his uncle, Asher Levy, and plans to contact Mr. Melhado. The letter includes an anecdote about a steamer captain ordering kosher meat for the Tobias brothers.

Commercial letter from Cohen, Mack & Co., located at 52 White Street, New York City, to F. Auerbach & Bro. in Salt Lake City, Utah, dated June 16, 1875. The letter is written on illustrated letterhead and discusses early Utah settlers who made fortunes in mining and started as storekeepers.

Commercial letter from Cowan & Co., a dry goods and notions business located at 36 & 37 Public Square in Nashville, Tennessee, to Robert Williams, dated September 7, 1882. The letter contains business-related content and indicates the company's involvement in Jewish affairs.

This archival item consists of a letter dated November 30, 1876, from D. Doppelmayer, a dealer in dry goods and general merchandise in Marshall, Texas, to the law firm Robertson & Herndon in Tyler, Texas. The letter includes a $100.00 retainer for a lawsuit. An accompanying envelope, postmarked in Marshall, Texas, is also included. The envelope is undated. The letter provides insight into business practices and legal proceedings in 19th-century Texas. Note that D. Doppelmayer was later President of Adath Israel Synagogue in Marshall, Texas when it was formed in 1887.

A commercial letter written on April 29, 1885, on the billhead of D. Newman & Son, located at 14 & 16 Market Street, Wilmington, North Carolina. The letter mentions David Newman in New York City and Martin Newman in Wilmington, North Carolina. The letter is addressed to the Eagle & Phenix Manufacturing Co. in Columbus, Georgia. Established in 1857.

One and one-half page letter written by David Cohen Labatt in New Orleans, Louisiana, on May 28, 1847, to Isaac Leeser. Labatt discusses the lack of sales for the *Occident* in New Orleans, citing apathy and a focus on money. He mentions Mr. Kursheedt. Labatt served as a Captain in the 5th Louisiana Infantry during the Civil War.

A one-page letter dated September 3, 1770, from Captain Daniel Cornell to Aaron Lopez in Newport, Rhode Island. Cornell describes the progress of his mercantile voyage to Quebec, Canada, mentioning difficulties with bad weather and necessary repairs to his ship's sails. The letter contains an indirect comment possibly alluding to a slave shipment ('will strive as fast as possible considering our Interest'). A postscript requests updates on his wife's and Mr. Gardner's son's well-being.

A one-page letter written by David Cardoza Levy in Charleston, South Carolina to Tobias I. Tobias in New York City on September 4, 1840. Levy requests Tobias forward a letter to Bordeaux, France, and discusses the business of selling port wine, gin, and champagne. He also expresses condolences on the death of Tobias's daughter-in-law.

A one-page, stampless business letter written by David Hart to George W. Johnson & Co. on April 19, 1836. The letter details a sales account. Hart's letter was sent care of Judah Touro. In 1845, Hart was listed among the 100 wealthiest citizens of New York City. The letter was sent from New Orleans, Louisiana to New York, New York.

A one-page business letter written by David Hart to George W. Johnson & Co. in New Orleans, Louisiana, on January 1, 1835. The letter was sent care of Judah Touro. In 1845, Hart was listed among the 100 wealthiest citizens of New York City.

A half-page business letter written on December 27, 1825, from David Judah & Co. in Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York, New York. The letter expresses dissatisfaction with a previous order, noting a discrepancy in the color of goods received.

Three-page business letter from David Judah & Co. in Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York, New York, dated March 29, 1824. The letter details sales, prices, and mentions an inquiry from Mr. Gomez.

A one-page letter dated December 13, 1830, from David Judah and Zalma Rehine in Baltimore, Maryland to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Judah discusses closing his castor oil business and requests Leeser to inform Solomon Levy. Rehine's note mentions unfavorable business dealings with Mr. Jacobs and sends greetings to the Pixiotto family. The letter offers insight into Jewish commercial activities and challenges in the early 19th century. Additional notes discuss the context of this letter within a larger collection of correspondence between Leeser and Judah and Rehine, highlighting a significant gap in their communication and suggesting family connections. The description also includes information about Zalma Rehine's role in the Baltimore Jewish community and a reference to an advertisement from the Richmond Enquirer (July 5, 1822) featuring a Jewish-owned business.

A commercial letter written by David Judah to E. Pollock & Co. on March 30, 1823, in Richmond, Virginia. The letter pertains to commerce between the two associates. The letter was sent from Richmond, Virginia to New York, New York.

This archival item is a letter written by David Judah to Edward Pollock on March 11, 1823, in Richmond, Virginia. The letter pertains to commerce and reflects the close business relationship between Judah and Pollock. The letter was sent without a stamp. David Judah was an auctioneer who dealt in slaves. An advertisement for a Jewish-owned business in Richmond, featuring David Judah, Edward Pollock, and Tobias L. Tobias, appeared in the Richmond Enquirer on July 5, 1822.

A one-page letter dated November 30, 1821, from David Judah in Richmond, Virginia, to Edward Pollock in New York City. The letter discusses business matters, including slow trade, a pending shipment of goods, and the anticipated arrival of a ship named 'The Leader'.

Two-page letter written by David Judah in Richmond, Virginia to Isaac Leeser in Baltimore, Maryland on January 17, 1826. Judah discusses business commissions, a trip down the James River to Norfolk, and travel plans to Philadelphia. The letter provides details of Judah's activities and social interactions, offering insights into daily life in the early 19th century.

A one-page, stampless business letter from David Judah in Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York City, dated April 22, 1824. The letter discusses sales, finances, and the ill health of both the writer and recipient.

A one-page, stampless business letter written by David Judah in Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York, New York on January 20, 1825. The letter discusses the shipment of tobacco and mentions a fur transaction involving Judah's uncle, Zelma Rehine. The letter provides insights into the business dealings of David Judah, a prominent Richmond merchant and early mentor to Isaac Leeser. It also alludes to the involvement of Marx & Son and W. B. & Co. in business activities related to Judah and Tobias.

A one-page business letter written by David Judah in Richmond, Virginia, to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York, New York, on October 27, 1825. The letter discusses the shipment of tea and stout and requests that Tobias & Co. cease business dealings with a certain Jones, deemed too difficult.

A one-page, stampless business letter written by David Judah in Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York, New York on October 4, 1824. The letter discusses sales and funds. David Judah & Co., licensed as auctioneers on November 11, 1822, consisted of Judah, T. I. Tobias, and Edward Pollock. While information on David Judah is limited, sources indicate he was a leading member of the Richmond Synagogue and a merchant. He is also noted as an auctioneer who dealt in slaves. His last known letter in this collection dates to April 12, 1849.

A two-and-a-quarter page, stampless business letter written by David Judah in Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York City on September 3, 1823. The letter details sales, prices, and suggests the company has overcome financial difficulties. It mentions Mr. Abraham Sexias of New York City.

A three-quarter page letter written by David Judah of Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias in New York City, dated December 7, 1826. The letter discusses business matters and a planned visit.

Two-page business letter from David Judah in Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias in New York City, dated January 27, 1824. The letter discusses business sales and includes personal details about family, supper, and drink. The letter shows damage.

A one-page letter written by David Judah of D. J. & Co. in Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias of T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York City, dated May 4, 1826. The letter discusses the financial difficulties faced by the writer during the Panic of 1826.

Two-page business letter from David Judah in Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias in New York City, dated October 1, 1824. The letter discusses business sales, personal matters, and includes a prayer request.

A one-and-a-half-page stampless business letter written by David Judah of D. J. & Co. in Richmond, Virginia, to T. I. Tobias of T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York, New York, on October 28, 1825. The letter details the successful sale of various merchandise.

This archival item consists of a single, stampless letter dated November 15, 1825, written by David Judah of Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias. The letter discusses blankets, woolens, and other mercantile items, suggesting a business relationship between the two individuals. Judah mentions his poor health, detailing symptoms of gout, headaches, and fever. Accompanying metadata references additional letters in the collection from David Judah to Reverend Isaac Leeser. Also included is information about a July 5, 1822, advertisement in the *Richmond Enquirer* for a Jewish-owned business including David Judah, Edward Pollack, and Tobias L. Tobias. David Judah is noted as an auctioneer who dealt in slaves, referencing Bertram Korn's *Jews and Negro Slavery 1789-1865*.

A two-page letter written by David Judah in Richmond, Virginia, to Tobias I. Tobias in New York City on December 16, 1823. The letter details business matters, including the state of the business climate, the availability of Irish whiskey, and difficulties fulfilling customer orders.

A business letter from E. Ikelheimer & Co. in Selma, Alabama, to E. C. Bailey in Boston, Massachusetts, dated April 5, 1881. The letterhead displays the company's address as No. 8 Broad St., Selma, Alabama, and mentions the company's founding in 1844.

A stampless commercial letter written by E. J. Etting & Brothers of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on April 16, 1845, to an individual or business in Bridgewater, Massachusetts. The letter pertains to monies owed. E. J. Etting & Brothers were involved in iron rolling and nail manufacturing, and Mrs. E. J. Etting was listed among the initial subscribers to *The Occident* in 1843.

A business letter dated November 27, 1884, from E. W. Terry to M. Levy & Sons, commission merchants and cotton factors in New Orleans, Louisiana. The letter discusses cotton prices and is written on Levy & Sons' letterhead. A second image shows the reverse of the letter.

A one-page letter, approximately 7-1/2" x 9-3/4", dated October 8, 1848, from E. Waitzfelder & Co. in Milledgeville, Georgia to Jacob Mayer & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter details a complaint about a shortage of goods in a recent shipment and requests a credit adjustment.

This letter, dated September 20, 1875, was written by Ebenezer C. Bailey to Mayer Brothers in Demopolis, Alabama. The letter discusses the transmittal of a bill. Mayer Brothers were early Jewish merchants in Demopolis.

Letter from Ed. Ikelheimer & Co. in Selma, Alabama, to the Eagle & Phenix Manufacturing Co. in Columbus, Georgia, dated March 31, 1887. The letterhead features a large eagle logo with the text "founded 1844". The letter also mentions Nathan Kahn.

A business letter from Ed. Ikelheimer & Co. in Selma, Alabama, to the Eagle & Phenix Manufacturing Co. in Columbus, Georgia, dated March 31, 1887. The letterhead features a large eagle logo with "founded 1844". The letter also mentions Nathan Kahn.

A commercial letter dated November 22, 1886, from Ed. Ikelheimer & Co. in Selma, Alabama, to the Eagle & Phenix Manufacturing Co. in Columbus, Georgia. The letterhead features a large eagle logo with the inscription "founded 1844".

A one-page stampless letter dated January 10, 1844, from Elias P. Levy, writing on behalf of his partner Henry Cohen, to Henry Jessop in New York City. The letter concerns a bill for pens and expresses dissatisfaction with Jessop charging interest. The letter includes a red Philadelphia postmark and a handwritten '12-1/2' postage rate. The letter provides insight into the business practices of Henry Cohen & Co., a Philadelphia stationery firm.

A typed letter dated January 31, 1884, from Elsas, May & Co. in Atlanta, Georgia, to the Eagle & Phenix Manufacturing Co. in Columbus, Georgia. The letter addresses accusations of unfair pricing practices, and includes a list of the company's offices, including one in New York City at 43 Elm Street. The letterhead features a lithograph of the Southern Bag Manufactory.

A business letter dated November 13, 1883, from F. Silberman & Bros. in Chicago, Illinois to the Farr Alpaca Company. The letter is written on F. Silberman & Bros. letterhead and discusses business matters, likely related to the textile or animal industry given the recipient.

A letter dated April 20, 1854, from Francis Frank Mandelbaum and P. H. Bruckman, partners in a Sacramento cigar shop, to Adolph Sutro, a tobacco trader in San Francisco (and future mayor). The letter expresses dissatisfaction with Sutro's delayed correspondence and includes a detailed order for various tobacco products, matches, and pipes.

Commercial letter on a billhead from G.B. Lichtenberg, a tobacco merchant, to J.W. Loomis. The letter, dated August 5, 1872, features a lithograph of Lichtenberg's factory/office building (dated 1865) located at 189 Pearl Street, New York City. The letter also lists additional addresses: 64, 66 & 68 Congress Street, Detroit, Michigan.

A commercial letter dated July 18, 1879, from Guggenheimer & Co., wholesale grocers located at 22 Commerce Street, Baltimore, Maryland, to T. R. Hall in Poolesville, Maryland. The letter, which is partially printed, concerns the topic of tobacco.

A one-half page commercial letter, written in English, from H. Fuhrman & Co. in Delphi, Indiana to Jacobs Mayer & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on May 18, 1848. The letter discusses business matters, including a draft for $1000 to James Speas at Tweedy & Coulter in New York. It is part of a series of correspondence between Jewish merchants and Jacobs & Mayer (located at 215 1/2 Market Street, Philadelphia).

A stampless commercial letter written by H. Tobias to C. Tobias on July 18, 1842, concerning business affairs. The letter was sent from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to New York, New York. The letter is part of the 'Arc.MS.56, Volume A, Page 19' collection.

A letter dated January 2, 1884, from H. Wollenberg & Bros., general merchandise dealers in Canyonville, Oregon, to an unidentified recipient. The letter discusses an order for goods for the writer's ill wife, Julia.

Letter and envelope detailing commodity prices, written on Haas Brothers' letterhead. Dated April 19, 1882. The letter, written on both sides of the letterhead, is addressed to S. Marks & Co. in Roseburg, Oregon. The accompanying envelope is an advertising cover mailed from San Francisco to Oregon via the steamship *State of California*. The letter provides insight into the operations of Haas Brothers, a prominent San Francisco grocery firm, and business conditions of the time. Additional biographical information on William Haas, a key figure in the Haas Brothers firm, is included.

A letter dated February 5, 1884, from Henry Cohn & Co. in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to Thos. Yeates in Scipio, Utah. The letterhead features illustrations of a train, sheep, and a cow, and advertises the company's business in hides, wool, and pelts. The letter mentions a warehouse at 1st East and an uptown office at Main Street, with F. Auerbach Bros. also mentioned.

Commercial letter from Henry Levy & Son, importers of fancy goods located at 122 & 124 Duane Street, New York, New York, to A. W. Eckel in Charleston, South Carolina, dated February 1, 1878. The letter contains commercial content.

A business letter dated January 26, 1885, from Henry Solomon & Son, a Savannah, Georgia mercantile firm, to the New Urbana Wine Co. The letter, written on Henry Solomon & Son's stationery (173 & 175 Bay Street, Savannah, Georgia), concerns the receipt of monies.

A business letter dated April 26, 1884, from Henry Solomon & Son, located at 173 & 175 Bay Street, Savannah, Georgia, to the Urbana Wine Co. in Hammondsport, New York. The letter discusses business matters between the two companies.

A letter dated January 1, 1762, from Henry Solomon in London, England, to his cousin Michael Gratz in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Solomon reports on the status of lottery tickets purchased for himself and Gratz, providing details about their participation in the English lottery. A copy of a lottery ticket is included to explain the lottery's workings. This letter offers insights into transatlantic business communication among Jewish merchants.

A two-page, stampless letter written by Henry Tobias in Liverpool, England to Charles Tobias in New York, New York, dated May 21, 1838. The letter discusses Henry's positive relationship with their Uncle Asher and his instructions regarding the sale of goods until his arrival in New York.

A three-page letter written by Henry Tobias in Liverpool, England, on November 16, 1839, to his brother Charles Tobias in New York City. The letter discusses business matters, family news, and the financial hardships faced by the Tobias family in the context of the Panic of 1837. Henry also requests Charles to obtain a copy of his Ketubah from Mr. Goldenburg and Mr. Moses.

A business letter written by Henry Tobias in Liverpool, England to M. I. Tobias & Co. in New York, New York, on December 4, 1843. The letter pertains to business matters, reflecting the commercial activities of the Tobias family, known for their involvement in the clock and watch industry.

A two-page letter from Henry Tobias in Liverpool, England, to his father, T. I. Tobias, in New York, New York, dated November 29, 1836. The letter discusses business matters, including commissions, credit limitations, and the upcoming publication of a new edition of Yontif Books. A short note, dated November 30, 1836, is added on a third page, mentioning poor business conditions in London.

A two-page business letter written by Henry Tobias in Liverpool, England to Thomas Peck on March 31, 1837. The letter is a copy from a letter book.

A one-page business letter written by Henry Tobias in Liverpool, England, to W. W. Battye in Huddersfield, England, on March 31, 1837. This is a letterbook copy.

Two-page letter dated July 9, 1846, from Herman Cohen in New Orleans, Louisiana, to Hellman & Cohen at 51 Dauphin Street, Mobile, Alabama. The letter discusses business matters, including outstanding debts and cash sales, with some details written in code. The letter also contains a personal postscript discussing Cohen's bathing habits. The letter includes references to several other Jewish merchants.

A letter dated November 30, 1881, from Hirsch, Feibleman & Co., wholesale grocers and importers of fine wines and liquors in New Orleans, Louisiana, to the Pleasant Valley Wine Company in Urbana, New York. The letter features large, colored printed lettering on the letterhead.

Two-page letter written by Horace E. Baldwin in New York City to Charles Tobias in New Orleans on January 22, 1851. The letter details Baldwin & Co.'s continued poor financial state, Baldwin's commitment to fulfilling his obligations, and mentions the fire at the Hotel St. Charles. Baldwin was a partner in Taylor, Baldwin, and Co. in Newark, New Jersey, before relocating to New Orleans in 1842 and remaining there until at least 1853.

A one-page letter written by Hyman Levy in Kingston, Jamaica, to Tobias I. Tobias in New York City on November 4, 1824. Levy expresses gratitude for the hospitality shown to his friend Costello by Tobias and his brother. He also provides a family update from Jamaica and mentions Asher Levy.

A two-page, stampless letter written by I. A. Melhado to Henry Tobias in London, England, on February 22, 1846. The letter expresses regret at Henry and Augusta's impending return to America due to Henry's health, and mentions U.S. bank bonds left by Melhado's aunt.

A letter written by I. S. Cohen in Charleston, South Carolina, to T. I. Tobias in New York, New York, on May 12, 1848. The letter discusses Cohen's business dealings, noting that business is bad and that he is now also selling wine. Cohen mentions his position as a director of the South Western Railroad Bank.

A one and a quarter page letter written on May 24, 1817, from Isaac Cohen in Savannah, Georgia, to George W. Lynch, a merchant in New York City. Cohen discusses business conditions in Savannah, including prices for various commodities such as rum, cotton, rice, flour, corn, tobacco, sugar, coffee, molasses, and tea. The letter includes a black Savannah, Georgia postmark and red manuscript 25c postage rate.

This two-page letter, dated November 8, 1815, from Isaac Cohen in Savannah, Georgia, to Moses Brown in Newburyport, Massachusetts, discusses the rice and cotton trade. It includes an unlisted broadside announcing Cohen's entry into the commission business on October 27, 1815, and lists prices for rum, sugar, molasses, and treasury notes. The letter is signed "Isaac Cohen & Co." and bears a 37 1/2 cent war-rate stamp on the envelope.

A one-and-a-half-page stampless letter written in German from Isaac Mayer to Lazarus Mayer, care of Jacobs & Mayer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated March 22, 1848, the letter discusses business matters, specifically mentioning spools and steel. Related correspondence includes items 20.512, 20.518, and others detailing communications among Jewish merchants and Jacobs & Mayer. A later notation on the letter suggests a date of March 29, 1849.

Letter from Israel Hecht, a Jewish merchant, notary public, and real estate agent in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated October 14, 1892. The letterhead includes his address and business information. The letter is addressed to Byerly Hart, Esq. regarding property at 407 N. Third Street and 435 Chestnut Street.

A handwritten letter in Yiddish, dated February 9, 1884, from J. H. Kantrowitz, a dealer in Hebrew books at 31 East Broadway, New York City, to his daughter Chana Shifra Martus. The letter discusses the purchase of a Sefer Torah from Europe for Passover.

Business letter dated October 10, 1871, from J. Lowman & Brother, located at the northeast corner of Pearl and Race Streets in Cincinnati, Ohio, to J. S. & E. Wright & Co. in New York, New York. The letter pertains to business dealings between the two companies.

A letter written on J. P. Lossl General Merchandise & Dry Goods letterhead in Pioneer, Montana, on May 19, 1895, addressed to A. M. Holter in Helena, Montana. The letter's content is not fully described. The letterhead mentions that Lossl moved his store to Wisdom, Montana after Pioneer declined.

Letter from J. Pollock & Co., wholesale dry goods merchants, located at Nos. 6 & 8 South Water Street in Mobile, Alabama, dated May 14, 1883. The letterhead features a vignette of an office building with horse-drawn wagons. J. Pollock was president of Sha'arai Shomayim Synagogue.

Handwritten letter from J. Silberman in Apollo, Pennsylvania to L. Meyers & Co., likely in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated December 6, 1852, the letter encloses a payment of $271.80 for goods received and instructs that the goods be sent to A. Fink in Pittsburgh for forwarding to Silberman. This suggests Silberman may have operated a store or peddled goods in Apollo.

A letter written by J. Switzer on November 13, 1884, from Helena, Montana. The letter mentions Switzer's involvement in the wholesale liquor business and a lithograph depicting a storefront. Switzer, who arrived in Helena in 1877, was a successful businessman with investments in various mining and commercial ventures in Montana.

Autograph letter signed by Jacob I. Cohen to Elie Beatty, dated August 21, 1820. Written from Baltimore, Maryland, the letter discusses the transmittal of a check and notes the failure of the Central Bank of Georgetown & Washington. The letter is franked "p paid JIC Jr."

Two-page letter from Jacob Rodriguez Rivera, a Sephardic Jewish merchant and slave trader in Newport, Rhode Island, to Captain Nathaniel Briggs. The letter, dated September 13 and October 14, 1785, discusses the slave trade, including details about recent slave voyages, pricing, and the sale of slaves in South Carolina. The letter was sent via Captain DeWolf of the brig Enterprise, and is a copy of an earlier letter sent via Captain Duncan of the brig Peggy. The letter reveals details about the operations and profitability of the transatlantic slave trade.

Handwritten letter from Major James Gibbon, a Revolutionary War officer and customs collector in Richmond, Virginia, to Moses Myers, a prominent Jewish merchant in Norfolk, Virginia, dated February 15, 1834. Gibbon requests Myers' assistance in overseeing the outfitting of his grandson, J.B. Carter, a young seaman, before he embarks on a voyage.

Commercial letter from James S. Howard in Jacksonville, Oregon to S. Marks & Co. in Roseburg, Oregon, dated November 11, 1878. The letter discusses business matters.

A two-part letter dated June 30, 1788, from Captain John Clarks to Michael Gratz in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The first part lists items and prices purchased from Gratz. The second part, in Gratz's hand, discusses the value of their land investment, considering factors like immigration, the recent Indian treaty, and westward expansion. Gratz suggests selling the land in England. This letter provides insights into 18th-century land investment strategies.

A one and a half page letter dated June 5, 1789, from Capt. John Clarks to Michael Gratz of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Clarks orders items from Gratz against the harvest, notes his inability to dispose of land, and writes from Fair View. Gratz's hand on the back dockets the amount owed on June 30, 1789.

A letter dated July 6, 1852, from John Wagner to Mordecai & Co. in Charleston, South Carolina. The letter, which is a broadside with a cover from the M.C. Mordecai Co., discusses coal for their steamship Isabel bound for Cuba. The broadside also lists the signatures of agents of Mordecai & Co., including Moses Cohen Mordecai, J.R. Mordecai, Isaac Eger Hertz, and J.A. Enslow.

Business letter dated July 5, 1884, from Joseph Libmann & Co. in New York, New York, to Crane & Co. in Dalton, Massachusetts. The letter, written on elaborate letterhead, discusses a paper order. Crane & Co. made notes on the letter indicating the order was filled.

A letter written by Julius Lipman on April 16, 1883, to John H. Riker and Robert Drolder in New York City, New York, concerning a property search at 206 Broadway. The letter provides insight into real estate transactions and business dealings in late 19th-century New York.

Commercial letter dated February 26, 1875, from Kalisky & Goldbarth, a general merchandise firm in Camden, South Carolina, to T. Moultrie Mordecai, a lawyer in Charleston, South Carolina. The letter concerns a debt and requests an extension of two weeks.

A business letter from Kohn & Leberman in New York, New York, to Moses A. Dropsie in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated May 3, 1870. The letter discusses business matters, possibly related to the clothing trade or finance.

A business letter written on the letterhead of L. Cohn & Co., General Merchandise, Mining Supplies, Lumber, Posts, Hay, Grain & Etc., in Magalia, California, dated January 8, 1892. The letter's content is not specified.

Commercial letter from L. Frank & Sons, hide, fur, pelt, tallow, rag, and metal dealers in Zanesville, Ohio, to J. Machetauz & Bro. in Matamoras, Ohio, dated November 6, 1886. The letter is printed on illustrated letterhead featuring a lithograph of a warehouse. The letter's content pertains to business matters.

A letter written by L. Gershel to Louis Gross on January 2, 1868, concerning a claim against an estate. The letter is written on stationery from "Office of Rosenfield, Gershel & Bro., Wholesale Dealers in Havana and Domestic Segars," located at 86 Maiden Lane, New York City. The letter was sent from New York City to Troy, New York.

A half-sheet letter from Levy & Katzman, located at 122 Duane Street, New York City, to Simons & Cappelman in Charleston, South Carolina, dated January 7, 1887. The letter pertains to ladies' and gentlemen's hand-sewn boots.

A commercial letter dated February 9, 1885, from Levy, Loeb, Scheuer & Co. in New Orleans, Louisiana, requesting cloth from the Eagle & Phenix Manufacturing Co. in Columbia, Georgia. The letter is written on Levy, Loeb, Scheuer & Co.'s letterhead, indicating their business address as 82 Canal Street, New Orleans.

Envelope and advertising insert for Lippman Brothers of Savannah, Georgia, dated January 26, 1896. The insert advertises "P.P.P. (Prickly Ash, Poke Root and Potassium)", a blood purifier. The envelope features the Lippman Block address in Savannah.

A single-page commercial letter dated January 27, 1857, from M. B. Isaacs in Barbados to Messrs. McGilvery & Co. in Portland, Maine. The letter discusses market prices and the availability of various goods, including lumber and fish. It's signed by M.B. Isaacs, with a notation that it was written by his clerk, John T. Potter.

A business letter from M. B. Ochs & Sons, dated September 9, 1891, sent from their New York City office at 58 Walker Street. The letter and envelope feature a full lithograph. The letter is a short business communication.

Broadside letter from M. Greenbaum & Co. to their creditors, dated July 4, 1874, announcing their inability to reach an agreement and informing them of pending lawsuits. The letter reflects the economic climate of the Panic of 1873 and its aftermath. The letter was sent from Chicago, Illinois, and concerns business dealings in both Chicago and Warren, Ohio.

A commercial letter written by M. Hellman and Co. of Omaha, Nebraska, to W. A. Carter in Fort Bridger, Wyoming, on October 29, 1877. The letter is printed on the company's letterhead, which features their address and a vignette of their store. The letter is part of a larger collection of Judaica Americana.

A commercial letter written by M. Levy of M. Levy Confectioneries, Fruits, Bakery, and Manufactory in Aberdeen, Mississippi, to Bungauer & Weil on March 21, 1877. The letter expresses complaint about the non-receipt of goods. The letter is handwritten and signed.

A one-page business letter from M. Sabel & Sons, wool dealers located at 116 East Market Street, Louisville, Kentucky, to the Eagle & Phenix Manufacturing Co. in Columbus, Georgia. Dated May 5, 1883. The letter measures 6" x 9".

A handwritten business letter dated May 25, 1885, from Maas & Bro. (Jake and Solomon Maas) in Cochran, Georgia, to [Campbell & Vansyckie]. The letter reflects the business activities of Maas & Bro., who later founded the prominent Maas Brothers department store in Tampa, Florida. The letter is in poor condition.

A handwritten business letter dated May 16, 1885, from Maas & Bro. (Jacob and Solomon Maas) in Cochran, Georgia, to [Campbell & Vansyckie] in Macon, Georgia. The letter provides insights into the operations of a general store in rural Georgia during the late 19th century. The letter is part of a larger collection documenting the early business activities of the Maas family, who later founded the prominent Maas Brothers department store chain in Tampa, Florida.

Handwritten business letter dated May 19, 1885, from Maas & Bro. (Jake and Solomon Maas) in Cochran, Georgia, to [Campbell & Vansyckie] in Macon, Georgia. The letter is in poor condition. The Maas brothers, Jacob and Solomon, were early Jewish merchants who later founded the prominent Maas Brothers department store in Tampa, Florida.

A letter written on the letterhead of Maas & Bro. in Cochran, Georgia, dated September 17, 1878, addressed to [Carhart and Curd]. The letter pertains to business matters. Abe and Isaac Maas, who later founded the prominent Maas Brothers department store in Tampa, Florida, started their retail careers in Cochran, Georgia with their brothers, Jacob and Sol.

Letter written on the letterhead of Maas & Bro. in Cochran, Georgia, dated June 8, 1878, addressed to [Carhart and Curd] in Macon, Georgia. The letter discusses business matters. Abe and Isaac Maas, who started their retail career in Cochran, Georgia, with their brothers Jacob and Sol, later founded the prominent Maas Brothers department store in Tampa, Florida.

A letter written on the letterhead of Maas & Bro., a general store in Cochran, Georgia, dated November 4, 1878. The letterhead features a lithograph of the store without the brothers' names. The letter was sent to [Carhart and Curd] in Macon, Georgia. Abe and Isaac Maas, who later founded the Maas Brothers department store chain in Tampa, Florida, started their retail careers in Cochran, Georgia, with their brothers Jacob and Sol.

A letter written on the letterhead of Maas & Bro. (Jake and Solomon Maas), dated January 29, 1877. The letterhead indicates a Macon store, though the letter's salutation and content reference Cochran, Georgia. This correspondence provides insight into the early business operations of the Maas brothers, who later founded the prominent Maas Brothers department store in Tampa, Florida.

A business letter written on the letterhead of Maas & Brother, a retail firm in Cochran, Georgia, dated July 15, 1877. The letter was sent to [Carhart and Curd] in Macon, Georgia. The letter reflects the business activities of Maas & Brother, offering insights into the retail trade in 19th-century Georgia.

Commercial letter from Mendel, Rosenberger & Co. in Cincinnati, Ohio, to G. Gunby Jordan in Columbus, Georgia, dated July 17, 1884. The letter pertains to financial matters.

A commercial letter dated November 21, 1848, sent from Messick & Towne to Hendricks & Brothers in New York, New York. The letter discusses the copper trade, highlighting Hendricks & Brothers' role as a major copper importer in the USA and a significant supplier to the U.S. Navy and Paul Revere. The letter is stampless and originates from an arsenal in Philadelphia.

A letter written by Michael Lazarus of Charleston, South Carolina, to Shubael Hutchins in Providence, Rhode Island, on May 7, 1845. Written from Savannah, Georgia, the letter discusses a shipment of damaged cotton, Lazarus's involvement in cotton presses, and the use of steamers on the Savannah River. The letter includes details about cotton prices and the challenges faced by planters due to drought.

A letter written by Michael Nesbet to T. I. Tobias on August 27, 1835, from New York City. The letter contains both personal and business matters, and references Nesbet's involvement in the Philadelphia firm of Cohen & Nesbet. This is one of three letters exchanged between the two men in August 1835.

Autograph letter signed by Michael Nesbit to T. I. Tobias. Written in New York City on August 13, 1835. The letter contains both personal and business matters. Nesbit was a partner in the Philadelphia firm of Cohen & Nesbit. This is one of three letters written in the same month.

Autograph letter signed by Michael Nisbet to T. I. Tobias, written in New York City on August 28, 1835. The letter discusses both personal and business matters. Nisbet was a partner in the Philadelphia firm of Cohen & Nisbet. This is one of three letters exchanged between the correspondents in August 1835. Nisbet was active in Jewish affairs.

A two-page letter dated December 3, 1843, from Michael Samuel in Colchester, England, to his cousin, Michael Samuel, in Chatham, New Brunswick. The letter discusses family matters, business dealings, and the death of Simcha. The letter displays various postal markings.

Four-page letter written by Mike Tobias in Liverpool, England to his brother, T. I. Tobias, in New York City on March 29, 1822. The letter discusses financial matters, including a dispute over the duty on a gold watch and other monetary transactions between the brothers. It also mentions the difficulties faced by Abraham Joseph.

A letter written by Moses Gans to H. Blakely & Son in Erie, Pennsylvania on February 25, 1882. The letter pertains to household furniture and reflects Gans's involvement in Jewish affairs. The letter is written in English.

A business letter written by Moses Michael Hays in Boston, Massachusetts on March 19, 1787. The recipient of the letter is unknown.

A one-page letter written by Moses Michael Hays in New York City to Michael Gratz in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on December 12, 1768. Hays discusses the dispatch of a vessel to Georgia, plans to remit bills of credit, and complains about the irregular postal service. The letter includes a New York postmark and bishop's mark on the verso.

A single-page letter written by Moses Myer in Norfolk, Virginia, to Robert Patton in Fredericksburg, Virginia, on January 3, 1799. Myer recommends a captain and his ship to Patton. The letter highlights Myer's prominent status as one of the wealthiest men of his time in Norfolk.

A one-page letter, approximately 6-1/4" x 7-3/4", dated November 5, 1843, from Mrs. B. Levy in Watertown, New York, to Henry Tobias in New York City. The letter, which has a "WATERTOWN/N.Y." cds postmark and manuscript "18-3/4" rate, discusses a debt owed to Tobias by Mrs. Levy's husband, who was temporarily out of town. The letter's reverse features a note written in German.

Three-page letter from N. Hart in London, England to T. I. Tobias in New York, New York, dated November 10, 1820. The letter contains gossip and business news, including details of a lawsuit, bankruptcy, and family updates.

A business letter dated January 10, 1887, from Oberndorf & Allman in Selma, Alabama, to the Eagle & Phenix Manufacturing Co. in Columbus, Georgia. The letter discusses business matters and includes addresses for both companies: 1000 & 1002 Broad St., Selma, Alabama for Oberndorf & Allman.

A commercial letter written by Philip H. Ertheiler to I. Hamburger & Co. on July 23, 1877, concerning a note payable. The letter is written on a letterhead and mentions a business address at 259 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

A three-quarter page letter (5" x 8") written by R. Jackson in Geneva, Switzerland to Tobias I. Tobias in New York City on September 2, 1860. The letter concerns business matters involving George E. Stone, although specifics are not detailed.

A commercial letter dated May 24, 1890, from Rosenheim, Levis & Co., located at 523 & 525 Washington Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri, to an unspecified recipient in Aurora, Missouri. The letterhead features a crown watermark and the company logo.

A business letter dated March 29, 1884, from Rosenthal Bros., wholesale clothiers located at 70 Canal Street in New Orleans, Louisiana, to the Eagle & Phenix Manufacturing Co. in Columbus, Georgia. The letter includes banking instructions.

A one and three-quarters page stampless letter dated February 7, 1850, from Ruben & Katz in Lancaster, Ohio, to George Chrysler in Lockport, New York. The letter details a list of purchased merchandise and appears to be written to an attorney to seek recovery.

A letter dated March 17, 1881, from S. Aronhime & Company, proprietors of the Star Saloon, Bar, Billiard & Dining Rooms in Charlottesville, Virginia. The letterhead also lists L. Lazarus. The letter was addressed to the Urbana Wine Company in Hammondsport, New York. The letter measures 5 3/4"w x 9"h.

Commercial letter from S. Ashim & Bro., general merchandise dealers in Eureka, Nevada, to George Kingsley in Red Bluff, California, dated October 8, 1875. The letter details an order for merchandise.

A letter written on May 11, 1869, from S. Hernsheim at 75 Gravier St., New Orleans, Louisiana, to W. A. Menger at the Menger Hotel in San Antonio, Texas. The letterhead features an eagle. The letter is associated with the tobacco industry and S. Hernsheim Cigars.

A commercial letter dated February 10, 1875, from S. Leebes & Co. in San Francisco, California to W. A. Carter in Fort Bridger, Wyoming Territory. The letter mentions sending specimens of Chinese coins. S. Leebes & Co. also had a store in Salt Lake City.

A two-page manuscript letter from S. Marks & Co. in Roseburg, Oregon, to R. Jacobs, agent for the Oregon City Manufacturing Co. in Oregon City, Oregon, dated February 17, 1871. The letter discusses the terms of a wool purchasing agreement, including commission rates, payment methods, and quantity stipulations. The letter showcases the commercial activities of Jewish merchants in Oregon during the 19th century.

Commercial letter from S. Rosenbaum & Sons, a Louisville, Kentucky mercantile firm, to Radger & Cunningham, dated July 31, 1882. The letter is on the letterhead of S. Rosenbaum & Sons, located at 227 Sixth Street between Main and Market Streets in Louisville.

A lithographed letter and envelope from S. W. Rosenstock & Co., located at the southeast corner of Sansome and Bush Streets in San Francisco, California, circa 1885. The letter discusses business matters, specifically requesting payment for notes and mentioning the construction of a new facility. The letter also mentions a business partner, Marion Leventritt, who was involved in shoe manufacturing and a founding member of The International Society for the Colonization of Russian Jews.

A two-page commercial letter dated April 19, 1845, from the firm Sachs & Brother in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Henry Tobias in New York, New York. The letter discusses a delayed shipment of cloths, the impact on sales due to the late arrival, and the current state of the clothing market in Cincinnati, noting that goods are plentiful and selling at low rates. The letter is addressed to Tobias and includes a postal surcharge.

A letter written by Sam Selliger to an unidentified recipient, John..., on June 10, 1890, from Winona, Mississippi. The letter expresses dissatisfaction with being asked to sell a property for a low commission. It is written on Selliger Brothers letterhead.

A business letter dated November 3, 1887, from Sam'l Feld & Co., Wholesale Grocers in Vicksburg, Mississippi, requesting payment for freight on goods shipped to Greenwood, Mississippi, via the steamer Ike Bonham. A handwritten note at the bottom reads, "The mail is not broke."

A letter written by Samuel Westheimer of St. Joseph, Missouri, to the Urbana Wine Company in Hammondsport, New York, on November 23, 1885. The letter is written on illustrated letterhead and mentions that no business is transacted on Saturdays. The letterhead features a graphic and the company's name.

A one-page letter from Schmidt & Werner in New Orleans, Louisiana, to Charles Tobias in New York City, dated May 30, 1838. The letter includes three pasted-in newspaper notices announcing the death of M. J. Tobias and the subsequent takeover of his business by his sons, F. M. and G. W. Tobias, with Henry & Chas. Tobias named as their agents in New York City. The cost of each newspaper notice is noted.

A business letter dated February 14, 1891, sent from Simon & Kohn in New Orleans, Louisiana to J. Z. Hearst in Richmond, Alabama. The letter, written in English, is accompanied by an envelope. The letterhead features a corner address for Simon & Kohn at the corner of Magazine and Canal Street in New Orleans, and the envelope shows a good quality lithograph.

A business letter dated March 20, 1872, written by Simon Cohn of Coffee Run, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, on the letterhead of J. M. Hedding & Co., a general merchandise business. The letter's content is unknown.

Commercial letter written by Simon Lewy, successor to S. Waxelbaum, of Eufaula, Alabama, to Alfred I. Young in Columbus, Georgia, on December 8, 1886. The letter is on Lewy's letterhead, advertising his business at 175 Broad Street, Eufaula, Alabama.

A letter dated February 2, 1885, written by Sol Mehrbach of Sol Mehrbach Stables in New York City (152 & 154 East 24th Street) to Edward Lowe. The letter discusses the sale of horses and mentions Isidor Mehrbach. The letter is written on small letterhead.

A letter written by Solomon Billitz on March 20, 1879, to Heidenheimer Bros. in Galveston, Texas. The letter, written on the letterhead of H. Schifer & Co., a Houston, Texas scrap dealer, discusses a land sale involving rice and sugar and questions the legality of the transaction. D. Rosenthal is listed as the manager of H. Schifer & Co.

A commercial letter written by Solomon Gans of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to J. S. & C. Wright & Co. of New York, New York, dated October 4, 1871. The letter pertains to Gans's wholesale clothing business located at 409 Market Street, Philadelphia.

A commercial letter written by Solomon Gans of Gans Wholesale Clothing Warehouse in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to J. S. & E. Wright & Co. on October 10, 1871. The letter, written on Gans's letterhead, showcases business communication practices of the time and provides insights into the clothing trade in 19th-century Philadelphia.

A letter written by Solomon Hart Marks to Barnard Gratz on May 16, 1796, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses unspecified business issues, suggesting potential difficulties or failures in a venture. The letter is part of the Gratz Collection and the Nathan Family Archive.

A letter dated June 4, 1847, from Solomon L. Jacobs in New Orleans, Louisiana, to Jacobs, Mayer & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter is written in German and features a "NEW ORLEANS/La." postmark and a "10" rate handstamp. The letter is folded and unstamped.

A letter written by Solomon Moses in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Henonely & Brothers in New York, New York on May 5, 1843. The letter discusses business matters related to copper and mentions the death of Harmon Hendricks. Solomon Moses' involvement in Jewish affairs and his family connections are also alluded to.

A business letter written by the Spiesberger Brothers, located at 406 Main Street, Keokuk, Iowa, on August 19, 1889. The letter's recipient and contents are unknown, though the subject may relate to their clothing business. The letter mentions Meyer Spiesberger's role as president of Keokuk's first building for a synagogue.

A commercial letter dated September 30, 1871, from Stettauers & Wineman, a large dry goods dealer in Chicago, Illinois, to J. S. & E. Wright & Co. in New York, New York. The letter, written eight days before the Great Chicago Fire, includes a check (not present in the collection) for $392.54.

Commercial letter from Strauss & Isaacs in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Jacobs, Myer & Co. in Louisville, Kentucky, dated March 16, 1848. The letter discusses business matters between the two firms.

A commercial letter, likely written by Tobias I. Tobias to David Judah, discussing business affairs involving Edward Pollock & Co., David Judah & Co., and T. I. Tobias & Co. The letter was written from an unknown location, likely New York, to Richmond, Virginia, on April 1, 1823.

A two-page letter from T. I. Tobias in New York, New York to John Lamb in London, England, dated December 5, 1825. The letter discusses the sending of goods to a house in Richmond.

Commercial letter written by T. R. Hall to Guggenheimer & Co., wholesale grocers, on July 26, 1879. The letter, written on Guggenheimer & Co. letterhead, discusses tobacco and originates from Poolesville, Maryland, with the recipient in Baltimore, Maryland.

A half-page letter dated January 27, 1829, from the Farmers Bank of Virginia in Richmond to Tobias I. Tobias in New York City. The letter addresses an inquiry about the debt owed by David Judah & Co. to the bank, indicating that the debt is small and being paid off. This correspondence is the last in the Tobias Collection referencing David Judah, whose firm dissolved in 1828, after which he moved to Baltimore.

Letter written by Theodore A. Meyer from Newberry, South Carolina, to Zadig Levy on December 7, 1848, responding to a complaint about an order of knives that Levy claimed he never received. The letter was sent from Newberry, South Carolina to New York, New York.

Two-page letter from Thomas Jefferson Tobias in Charleston, South Carolina to T. I. Tobias in New York City, dated August 11, 1851. The letter discusses a wine order, including cask specifications, and congratulates T. I. Tobias on a new grandchild. Family news and affections are also included. Thomas Jefferson Tobias (1830-1878) was married to a member of the Hendricks family, a family with connections to the Cohens and Levys of Charleston, who were also involved in the wine trade.

One-page letter written by Thomas Jefferson Tobias in Charleston, South Carolina, to T. I. Tobias in New York City on September 11, 1850. The letter discusses overdue payments, wine shipments, and mentions Mrs. Lazarus and the recent arrival of "the boy".

A one-page stampless letter written by Tobias I. Tobias in New York City to David Judah in Richmond, Virginia on April 16, 1823. The letter discusses ordinary business matters.

A one-half page, stampless letter written by Tobias I. Tobias in New York City to David Judah in Richmond, Virginia on March 24, 1823. The letter pertains to ordinary business matters.

A one-page, stampless business letter written by Tobias I. Tobias in New York City to David Judah in Richmond, Virginia on April 9, 1823. The letter discusses ordinary business matters.

A letter dated March 27, 1823, from Tobias I. Tobias to David Judah concerning a business matter. The letter was written in New York, and mentions Richmond, Virginia.

A two-and-a-half page letter from Tobias I. Tobias in New York City to his brother, Mike Tobias (likely in England), dated January 24 and February 1, 1836. The letter discusses business matters, specifically the high prices of French brandy due to the possibility of war and suggests purchasing Pope Brandy instead. A later portion discusses clover seed purchases by Cohen in Baltimore for Rothschild and advises on selling due to oversupply.

A commercial letter addressed to Max Meyer & Co., a cigar manufacturer and retailer of firearms, ammunition, and other goods, located at 171 Farnham Street, corner of 11th Street, Omaha, Nebraska. The letter is dated December 8, 1873.

A letter written by W.M. Weinstein on his letterhead from Philipsburg, Montana to A.M. Holter in Helena, Montana, dated April 2, 1891. The letter discusses business matters, as suggested by the letterhead which identifies Weinstein as a merchant.

A commercial letter dated October 14, 1871, from Weil & Cahn, wholesale dry goods merchants located at 9 & 11 South Street, St. Joseph, Missouri, to J. S. & C. Wright & Co. The letter notes that no business was transacted on Saturday.

Commercial letter from Weinreb & Alpiner, cigar manufacturers located at 123 West Madison Street, Chicago, Illinois, to M. C. Clark in Momence, Illinois, dated September 28, 1872. The letter measures approximately 8" x 10".

A one-quarter page commercial letter sent from Whitwell Bond & Co. in Boston, Massachusetts to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York City on February 21, 1825. The letter forwards a remittance draft from David Judah & Co.

A letter dated June 17, 1752, from William Vernon in Newport, Rhode Island to Captain Cozzens. Vernon requests 313 pounds and mentions Moses Levy as involved in the transaction. The letter provides insight into the business dealings of prominent figures in 18th-century Newport and the role of Moses Levy, a prominent Jewish merchant.

A letter dated June 19, 1878, from the tobacco merchants Wise & Bendheim, located at 121 Bowery, New York City, to Dickson & White. The letter concerns a bank deposit and mentions the firm's predecessors, M. M. Welzhofer.

A letter of recommendation written by Cyrus Mantz of Frederick, Maryland, on May 27, 1850, to Jacob I. Cohen, Jr., president of the Baltimore Fire Insurance Company, concerning David Schlasinger, a Jewish merchant residing in Frederick. Mantz attests to Schlasinger's character and business standing.

This archival collection consists of a letter, two envelopes, and an advertising insert from S. F. Myers & Co., a New York-based company. The letter, dated February 29, 1888, was sent to Henry Haggy in West Virginia. One envelope, postmarked February 29, 1888, shows the return address of S. F. Myers & Co. in New York. The other envelope is undated. The advertising insert features an image of the company's trademark and its address at 48 & 50 Maiden Lane, New York, New York. The materials suggest a business correspondence between S. F. Myers & Co. and Henry Haggy.

This archival item consists of a letter, envelope, and receipt. The letter, dated September 24, 1886, was sent from Fleischner, Mayer & Co. in Portland, Oregon to S. Marks & Co. in Roseburg, Oregon. The letterhead indicates that Fleischner, Mayer & Co. also had offices at 3618 Broadway, NYC (A. Schleusel). The Oregon and California Railroad receipt is dated September 25, 1886. The addresses of Fleischner, Mayer & Co. are listed as 25-27 Front Street and 24-26 First Street, Portland, Oregon.

Three letters, dated June 28, 1841, concerning the sale of wines and champagnes at auction in New York and Philadelphia. The correspondence involves noted Jewish merchants Joseph Moss and E. S. Moss, and is addressed to T. I. Tobias. The letters discuss shipments, sales, and issues with the quality of the wines and champagnes.

Trade token advertising Levy & Duncan, clothiers in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. Dated 1863. The front of the token depicts Mercury; the back advertises Levy & Duncan and includes the likely address or a coded reference: 'WISC. 620 I .2a R.9...'

Copper Civil War-era store token issued by Levy & Duncan, clothing dealers in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. The obverse reads "LEVY & DUNCAN DEALERS IN CLOTHING, OSHKOSH, WIS." The reverse depicts a flying eagle and the date 1864. The token is listed as Fuld 6201.6A and is noted as a rarity (#9).

Octagonal brass trade token issued by Levy & Mayer Merchandise Co. of King City, Missouri. The obverse reads "LEVY & MAYER MERC. CO., KING CITY, MO." and the reverse reads "GOOD FOR 1 CENT IN MERCHANDISE." Dated to 1875, post-Civil War.

This is a children's book, likely a giveaway item, published around 1890 by Levy Brothers & Co. of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It features Christmas stories and includes an advertisement for Levy Bros. & Co. on the back cover. The book cover is stamped with "Compliments of Levy Brothers & Co....211 to 217 N. Eighth Street, Philadelphia."

Advertising bank note for Lewisson's Clothing Bazaar, located at 23 South Main Street, Providence, Rhode Island. The note features imagery of a sailor with a US flag and an Indian maiden with a US shield. While the note itself is undated, an advertisement matching this note appeared in the 1852 Providence City Tax Book. References to this advertisement also appear in Rhode Island Jewish Historical Notes, American Tercentenary Issue, pages 122 & 123 (1840).

License issued to Jacob Shimmel in Pioneer, Montana on August 23, 1869, valid for three months. The document requires further research to determine the exact nature of the license.

United States Internal Revenue Tobacco License issued in Salt Lake City, Utah to Moss Woolf for the manufacture of cigars. Dated May 1, 1876. This license is part of a collection of 77 such licenses.

License issued to Davis Levy on November 15, 1854, in Marysville, Yuba County, California, permitting him to sell "Goods, Wares and Merchandise" at Foster's Bar for three months. The license is signed by John A. Paxton. This license is part of a larger collection of materials related to Davis Levy, including legal documents from the Supreme Court of California cases involving accusations of fraud against him and his brother, Bernard Levy.

This document is a United States Internal Revenue Tobacco License issued in Salt Lake City, Utah on April 29, 1876, to David Levy for the manufacture of cigars. The license covers the period 1876-1877.

License issued to Marx Cohan (Cohen) to peddle goods and merchandise with one horse and wagon in Hillsboro, Highland County, Ohio, on November 10, 1856. The license cost $5.00 and was valid for three months. This document is one of a pair; the other (item 18-389 in the collection) is a nearly identical license issued to Myer Eisenberg on the same day.

License issued to Myer Eisenberg on November 10, 1856, in Hillsboro, Highland County, Ohio, permitting him to peddle goods and merchandise with a two-horse wagon for three months. The license fee was $7.00. This document is part of a larger collection of business records and licenses. A similar license was issued the same day to Marx Cohen.

Broadside listing licensed peddlers in New York City, New York, dated February 1, 1843. The list includes numerous Jewish names and specifies the mode of travel for each peddler (on foot, one horse, or two horses). The broadside is printed on both sides.

Broadside listing peddlers licensed to sell foreign goods in New York State, endorsed by Horatio Ballard, Secretary of State, May 10, 1863. Includes the names of several Jewish merchants: Goldman, Jacob; Lipman, Marcus; Ullman, Jacob; and Mack, Joseph. Measures approximately 5.25" x 10.50".

A broadside listing licensed peddlers in New York City on May 10, 1875. The list specifies the mode of travel for each peddler (on foot, one horse, or two horses). Named peddlers include Jacob Cohen, Adolphe Mayer, and A.J. Weingandt.

Stock certificate for 100 shares of Lit Brothers, dated December 9, 1905. The certificate is signed by Samuel Lit and Jacob Lit. The back of the certificate shows it was assigned by both Samuel and Jacob Lit and Julia Goldsmith (or Smith?).

Stock certificate for 100 shares of Lit Brothers, signed by Samuel Lit and Jacob Lit. Issued on July 26, 1926 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Lithograph depicting Isaac D'Young's fancy store in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This print is from a book which may represent the earliest known use of lithography in the United States. The image shows the earliest known visual representation of a Jewish-owned store in the USA. Date of creation is unknown, but it is presumed to be before 1820 based on information available from the donor.

Promissory note for $700, issued by Lopez & Dexter on February 1, 1811, payable to Thomas Dennis in 60 days. The note references the Newport Bank and is inscribed 'Son of Abraham'.

Civil War era store token issued by Louis Strauss & Co., located in Elmira, New York. The token features an 1863 Indian Head Penny on the front and 'Dry Goods No. 3 Union Block' on the back. Issued in 1863.

Trade token advertising the business of M. Dryfoos, a merchant tailor and ready-made clothing seller in Fremont, Ohio. The token's reverse side features the phrase "Quick Sales and Small Profits" and an image of a headless man. The obverse displays "Merchant Tailor & Ready Mades" and the location. Though undated, it is likely from the Civil War era (circa 1863) given its style and context.

This is a dance program from February 22, 1884, for the M.P.C. (likely an abbreviation for a social club or organization) in Miami, Ohio. The program was printed by Joe M. Frank, a local merchant. The program lists the order of dances, music, and potentially other events scheduled for the evening. It provides a glimpse into social life in Miami, Ohio during the late 19th century.

Manuscript receipt issued to Isaac Elizer in Newport, Rhode Island on December 1, 1786. The receipt mentions Elizer's past as a slave trader, his naturalization in New York City in 1763, his partnership with Samuel Moses, and his wife, Richa Isaacs. It also notes his impoverished death.

Manuscript receipt issued by Jacob Rod. Rivera & Co. to Christopher Champlin on October 20, 1784, in Newport, Rhode Island. The receipt documents a financial transaction. Jacob Rodriguez Rivera (1717-1789) was president of Touro Synagogue in 1760 and controlled a spermaceti oil cartel.

A glass medicine bottle from the business of J. B. Cohen, located at 132 East Gay Street in West Chester, Pennsylvania. The bottle is circa 1885.

Billhead from the Menken Brothers, a dry goods and clothing business established in Memphis, Tennessee in 1862. The billhead, dated March 19, 1874, lists their address as 261 & 263 Main Street, Memphis, Tennessee.

Merchant's license issued to I. C. Levy in Lincoln, Montana on July 22, 1869, valid for three months. The license is a single-page document.

A clear glass whiskey bottle with a ribbed upper section. The bottle is molded with the advertisement "MEYER KLEIN WHOLESALE LIQUOR DEALER OMAHA, NEB." Circa 1890s.

A broadside advertisement for Meyer's department store in Boston, Massachusetts. The broadside features a graphic depiction of the store located at the corner of Broad and Foushee Streets. It includes the store's slogan, "Meyer's...Everything for Everybody." The broadside likely dates from around 1890, based on the information provided in the description of the item. The dimensions of the broadside are approximately 5" x 6".

Miniature crock advertising Louis Wittenberg's Wein-Sent. Packed by Phila. Pickling Co. Undated. Found in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Miniature ceramic jug featuring a stenciled advertisement: "Compliments of Max Sussman Columbus, Ohio. We don't keep our best whiskey but we sell it." Likely produced or distributed by Max Sussman in Columbus, Ohio, circa 1910.

Miniature whiskey jug produced by H. & J. H. Isaacs in Greenfield, Massachusetts. The exact date of manufacture is unknown, but based on stylistic evidence, it is estimated to be around 1910.

Miniature whiskey jug advertising Gerson & Seligman's 1884 rye whiskey. The words "LITTLE BROWN JUG 1884 RYE..GERSON & SELIGMAN..MONTGOMERY, AL." are scratched into the surface. The object dates to circa 1890s.

Miniature whiskey jug from Harry Altman's business in Wellsburg, West Virginia. The jug is undated, but the style suggests it may date from around the early 20th century.

Four-page copy of the minutes from two shareholder meetings of the Illinois and Wabash Land Company, held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 30, 1809, and March 5, 1810. The minutes detail the company's affairs before Congress and the appointment of an agent to represent the company in Washington, D.C. Simon Gratz is listed as present and later appointed chairman. The document also lists other prominent shareholders, including members of the Gratz and Franks families.

Green glass molded bottle with the inscription "ABM. WOLF..21ST WARD..PHILA." Dating to circa 1855, it provides a material example of 19th-century Philadelphia commerce and potentially reflects the business activities of Abraham Wolf in the 21st ward of Philadelphia.

Early molded soda bottle featuring a Star of David and a seltzer bottle motif. "BENJ. SKVERSKY..BOTTLER" and "BS" are molded into the bottle. Manufactured in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1885.

Molded glass soda bottle with the inscription "CURWITZ & FRIEDLENDER..76 LUDLOW ST.; N.Y." Circa 1885. Found in New York, New York, United States.

Advertising bank note for Moss & Brother, located at 12 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The note features imagery of Liberty and an eagle. The note is dated to circa the 1870s.

Advertising bank note for Moss & Brother, located at 12 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The note features imagery of Liberty and an eagle. The note is dated to circa the 1870s.

A printed broadside announcing the relocation of I. L. Falk & Co., Wholesale Clothiers, to a new address at 455 & 457 Broadway, between Howard and Grand Streets, New York City. The broadside, dated January 21, 1881, features a lithograph of the store's storefront. Printed on one side of a single sheet, folded.

Newspaper issue from April 8, 1809, published in New York, New York. The four-page issue contains a detailed account of a fire that occurred in Richmond, Virginia, at the shop of Solomon Marks, a Jewish merchant.

This catalogue, published circa 1885 by Newman and Levinson of San Francisco, California, serves as both a price list for dry goods and a comprehensive guide to knitting. Printed by S.W. Raveley, it contains illustrations and instructions for various knitting projects. The catalogue reflects the business practices of a Jewish-owned dry goods store in late 19th-century San Francisco.

Stock transfer sheet for the Northern Liberties Gas Works, the first gas works in the United States. Dated March 1, 1845, this single-sheet transfer document shows the transfer of stock to Julia Moss, wife of Joseph Moss, son of early Philadelphia Jewish ship owner and merchant, Samuel David Moss.

A one-page oblong 8vo. note payable, dated February 1, 1774, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Brigadier General William Thompson orders payment of ten pounds to prominent Jewish merchants Bernard and Michael Gratz for surveying two thousand acres of land on the waters of Saltlick Creek. Addressed to Jacob Morgan, future colonel of the Philadelphia militia and superintendent of commissioners purchasing provisions.

Note payable for 110 pounds sterling, discounted to 88 pounds sterling, issued by Cohen & Isaacs of Richmond, Virginia to Robert Morris on October 25, 1787. The note is docketed on the reverse in Yiddish. Accompanied by a later engraving of Robert Morris.

A note payable signed by Naphtali Hart, factoring a note from William Vernon of London, dated April 2, 1743, with a related transaction from January 23, 1745, between William Vernon and Naphtali and Samuel Hart. This financial record reflects early transatlantic commercial activity and indicates high interest rates in the period. The document originates from Newport, Rhode Island.

Broadside notice to creditors from the District Court regarding a second meeting for Greenbaum & Co. on November 12, 1874, in Chicago, Illinois. The notice mentions Michael Greenbaum and Jacob Livingston. This document relates to the Panic of 1873.

Copper store token issued by O. Morgenstern in Richmond, Virginia, during the Civil War (circa 1863). The token features a star on the front and the number 5 surrounded by a wreath on the reverse. It functioned as an advertisement for Morgenstern's business.

Civil War-era store token issued by Oppenheimer & Metzger, jewelers and watch material dealers located at 104 Lake Street, Chicago, Illinois. The token features a business card design with a wreath on the reverse. Issued during the Civil War when metallic coins were scarce, such tokens served as a temporary medium of exchange. Congress passed an act in 1864 prohibiting the private issuance of money due to the irresponsible nature of these tokens.

Manuscript order from Elizabeth Randolph, wife of Governor Randolph, to Messrs. Cohen & Isaacs for 25 pounds of sugar and 6 yards of plain gauze. Dated January 11, 1787, Richmond, Virginia. The document provides insight into the commercial activities of Cohen & Isaacs, prominent Jewish merchants in Richmond.

Manuscript order dated January 11, 1787, from Elizabeth Randolph, wife of Virginia Governor Edmund Randolph, to Messrs. Cohen & Isaacs, a mercantile firm in Richmond, Virginia. The order details the purchase of half a bushel of alum salt, twelve pounds of sugar, and two pounds of salts. The reverse side possibly contains Hebrew docket markings. This document offers insight into the daily life of a prominent colonial family and the operations of a Jewish mercantile business in 18th-century Virginia.

Advertising bank note for P. Aronson, Tailor, located at 49 Montgomery Street, San Francisco, California. This $3 bank note, referencing the US Bank Note Act of May 10th, 1860, entitles the bearer to a 25-cent discount on orders of $4 or more for pants, $14 or more for suits, and $15 or more for overcoats. The note is dated circa 1875.

A pawn ticket issued by the Girard Licensed Loan Office in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on April 12, 1872, to Jacob Myers for a plaid dress. The ticket, printed and filled in by hand, indicates a loan amount of $3 and is missing its revenue stamp. The ticket includes the address of the loan office: 1200 North Second Street, Cor. Cadwalder, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

A pawn ticket issued by the Girard Licensed Loan Office on March 13, 1871, to Jacob Myers for a small dress suit. The ticket includes a 5-cent revenue stamp and indicates a loan amount of $4. The ticket is printed and includes handwritten details.

Receipt for a pawnbroker's license issued to S. Silverman in Great Falls, Montana on January 15, 1894. The receipt indicates a cost of $30 for a three-month period. The document is a legal record.

A pawnbrokers' license issued in Baltimore, Maryland on May 10, 1855, to Solomon Engelmeyer, David Oppenheimer, and Moses Pollock. The license is signed by the three pawnbrokers as well as the city's ex-officio mayor and city council.

Peddler's license issued to Jacob Weil on November 27, 1854, in Marysville, Yuba County, California, authorizing him to peddle in the State of California for one month for a fee of $10.00. This license may be the earliest extant document of this pioneer Jewish merchant.

Peddler's license issued to Joseph Ginsberg in Rocker, Montana Territory on September 16, 1867, authorizing him to operate as a peddler for three months. The license notes Ginsberg's membership in King Solomon's Masonic Lodge No. 9 in Montana. Ginsberg died on June 2, 1900.

Peddler's license issued to Jacob Jacobs to peddle goods and wares in Marysville, California on November 15, 1854. The license is signed by John A. Paxton, County Treasurer. Printed on blue paper, measuring 4 1/8" x 6 1/8". Three punch holes at the left side from an old filing system.

Issue of the Pennsylvania Packet and Daily Advertiser newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 17, 1789. This issue contains advertisements, including one for an auction, and mentions Jonas Phillips and Myer Hart.

Issue of the Pennsylvania Packet and Daily Advertiser newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on June 13, 1789. This issue contains an advertisement by Jonas Phillips, a prominent Jewish merchant active in both Jewish and general public affairs, and President of Mikveh Israel.

This leather-bound receipt book, spanning July 22, 1776, to December 29, 1784, belonged to Philadelphia merchant Peter Gallagher. It documents transactions with nine Jewish merchants, including 34 individual entries with signatures and some dates. Notably, entries from Jewish merchants ceased one month before the British occupation of Philadelphia (September 11, 1777 – June 28, 1778) and resumed three weeks after their departure. Several of the merchants listed served in the Continental Army.

Cabinet card photograph depicting the A. M. Levy Clothing Store and a Denver & Rio Grande Railroad ticket office in Denver, Colorado. The photograph shows the clothing store's exterior, including signage advertising a markdown on summer goods, and displays of coats and jackets. Horse-drawn carriages and a gas streetlight are also visible. The date is inferred from an advertisement in the *Rocky Mountain News*, October 1, 1884, which lists A. M. Levy as an advertiser.

Photograph depicting Jacob Sanders and his two sons in front of their store in Trinidad, Colorado, circa 1885. The store features Anheuser-Busch and Indianapolis Brewing Co. signage. The photograph is mounted on board and accompanied by a brass seal.

Undated photograph depicting Jacob Speidel and his wife posing in front of their store. Several advertisements are visible on a fence in the background, including one for the Criterion Theatre.

Black and white photograph depicting the Wiener family posed in front of their store in South Whitley, Indiana, circa 1890. This is one of a group of four photographs.

Newspaper published in Walpole, New Hampshire on January 21, 1806. This folio-sized issue (4 pages) features a prominent letter from General William Eaton, commander of American forces during the Barbary Wars, to the United States Committee on Claims. The letter concerns David Valenzin, a Jewish merchant from Venice, Italy, who was captured by American forces. Valenzin's goods were confiscated and sold, leading to his suicide before restitution could be made. The newspaper includes an analysis following the letter.

A stoneware port wine jug, bearing the name "Salzman & Siegelman" and likely used in their business. The jug is undated but likely dates to the 1890s, based on stylistic features and the context of the business's operation in Brooklyn, New York.

A port wine jug with the inscription 'Salzman & Siegelman' from Brooklyn, New York. The jug dates to circa 1890s.

Postcard depicting the interior of Chas. Goldstein Co., a furrier shop in Juneau, Alaska. The photograph shows the shop's interior, likely showcasing furs. The postcard dates from 1920.

Unused postcard depicting the storefront of Harry Marx's clothing store in New York City, New York. The image includes three men, a woman, and a child. Undated, circa 1885.

Postcard from the Paris office of Kohn, Adler & Co. announcing the shipment of pattern bonnets and novelties to their Philadelphia house for an opening on September 6, 1887. The postcard mentions the shipment of 'Pattern Bonnets and Novelties' to their Philadelphia House.

Manuscript power of attorney signed by Simon Levi, executed in Carbonear, Newfoundland on October 25, 1853. The two-page document, sealed with wax, grants authority to dispose of property on Levi's behalf. This document offers insight into the presence of early Jewish merchants in Newfoundland.

A printed circular in the form of a letter announcing the opening of Strauss, Sachs & Co. at 355 & 357 Broadway in New York, New York. Issued on February 1, 1891. The circular is a broadside.

Printed broadside letter from C. A. Miltenberger & Co. in New Orleans, Louisiana, dated November 2, 1885, announcing the discontinuation of coal barge lists. The letter suggests a connection to the Pittsburgh Coal Company and highlights the business activities of Jewish merchants in the fuel trade.

This leather-bound private ledger, spanning the years 1880-1891, meticulously documents the business and personal transactions of R. Sidenberg. Entries detail dealings with individuals in New York, investments in California gold mining stock and various railroad companies, and even personal expenses like birthday gifts. The ledger, with over 300 pages of detailed accounts, reveals a significant net worth of $1,049,937.25 by 1890 and includes numerous transactions with other individuals identified as 'Sidenbergs'.

Four-page program for a production of "The Mikado" at the West Brighton Beach Casino on August 2, 1886. The program features advertisements from Jewish merchants in the Lower East Side, Brooklyn, and New York City. The back page contains a Bloomingdale Brothers advertisement announcing a sale at their 3rd and 56th Street location prior to moving to their new location at 59th and 3rd Avenue.

Printed promissory note dated December 23, 1772, in which Archibald Mercer loans Michael Gratz nine hundred and fifty-seven pounds and eight pence. The note is signed by Michael Gratz, Levy Andrew Levy, and Judah Philip. The verso details payments made on the loan. The note is from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with additional notations referencing New York, New York.

Manuscript promissory note for $50 in gold coin, signed by P. A. Lamping, a prominent Downieville banker, and payable to A. Cohn & Co. Dated June 29, 1870, in Downieville, California. The note specifies a 1% monthly interest rate and includes a clause stating the note is due upon sale of Lamping's Primrose Quartz Mine. Three two-cent Internal Revenue stamps are affixed to the note. The Bancroft Library at UC Berkeley holds a collection of A. Cohn & Co. receipts (1866-1877).

This document is a receipt for a promissory note. Moses Myers, a prominent Jewish merchant-shipper, issued a note payable to E. Dulith & Wachsmuth of Philadelphia for $5000, payable in 60 days. The receipt is dated November 25, 1794, and was written in Norfolk, Virginia. The document is entirely in Myers' hand.

Post-Civil War trade token advertising R. Rothschild's Sons, makers of saloon fixtures and billiard tables in Cincinnati, Ohio. The token is redeemable for 5 cents at H. J. Seeymeyer's. The imagery on the token includes a billiard table. The date is circa 1870.

Receipt documenting the sale of a chest of Bokea tea from Isaac Moses to Samuel Gilford on January 27, 1794, in New York, New York. The receipt may be in the hand of Isaac Moses.

Receipt documenting a transaction for clothing from Robert Famariss to H. Tobias in New York City on August 5, 1841. The receipt measures 4" x 8".

A receipt documenting the rental of a coach from A. Hagan to Mr. Tobias in New York City on October 26, 1841. The receipt measures 7" x 3".

Two-page receipt signed by Aaron Lopez and Zachariah Polock for the payment of three months of a Congregational Subscription. This receipt completes the payment of £25 for the entire year. Newport, Rhode Island, August 24, 1757.

Receipt signed by Abraham Hart for Jacob Hart & Co. of Easton, Pennsylvania, acknowledging payment of $7.50 from John Ewing for a barrel of superfine flour on January 22, 1810. Jacob and Abraham Hart were sons of Michael Hart, an early Jewish settler in Easton.

A receipt documenting the sale of furniture from John Horspool to Mr. Tobias in New York City on March 30, 1838. The receipt measures 7" x 3".

Receipt documenting the sale of various pieces of furniture from Louis Belloni to Henry Tobias in New York City on October 22, 1842. The receipt measures 8" x 8.5".

A six-pound receipt for a load of hay, signed by Richard Randolph III in Curls Neck, Virginia on October 24, 1785. The transaction was made through "Mr. Isaacs, merchant, Richmond."

A page from Captain Joseph Cozzens' receipt book documenting a payment of 74 pounds to Moses Lopez on December 13, 1753, in Newport, Rhode Island. The payment was made on behalf of Aaron Lopez. The receipt is signed by Moses Lopez.

Manuscript receipt dated April 16, 1785, documenting a payment made by Samuel Wallis to Moses Cohen for textiles and other goods. The receipt provides details of the transaction, including the quantities and types of merchandise. This document offers insights into the commercial activities of Moses Cohen, a Jewish financial broker and shopkeeper in colonial Philadelphia, and Samuel Wallis, a prominent figure involved in land speculation, commerce, and espionage.

Receipt signed by Jonas Phillips acknowledging payment of 4.2 pounds from John Ellick on October 12, 1774. This sheet is from a payment book kept by John Ellick, and records payments made to creditors. The receipt is dated November 7, 1774, and indicates the payment was made in New York City.

Handwritten receipt acknowledging payment in full of $175 for an iron chest sold to Mr. Wright. The receipt, dated November 29, 1813, was written and signed by Israel Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

A signed receipt dated August 24, 1769, from Aaron Lopez for 15 boxes of spermaceti candles sold to William Vernon. The receipt is associated with the prominent Newport, Rhode Island merchant Aaron Lopez and the Vernon brothers, significant figures in the colonial-era slave trade.

Receipt for five boxes of spermaceti candles, issued by Jacob Rodriguez Rivera to Thomas Vernon in Newport, Rhode Island on February 26, 1759. The receipt details a commercial transaction between two individuals in 18th-century Newport.

Printed receipt for a subscription to the *New-York Journal of Commerce*, issued to H. Tobias & Co. at 158 Pearl Street, New York City, on January 18, 1841. This receipt is part of a larger collection of financial records.

Receipt for the purchase of Hanover duck for 154 pounds sterling, dated September 1, 1732. Signed by Moses Levy of Rhode Island. Moses Levy (1704-1792), a prominent merchant and trader, was one of several Ashkenazi Jewish families in Newport at that time. He owned the Touro Street Mansion, willed the property to Moses Seixas in 1792, and was an original benefactor of Touro Synagogue. He was the grandfather of Gershom Mendez Seixas. This receipt was exhibited in the opening exhibit of the National Museum of American Jewish History (NMAJH) in 2010.

Signed receipt from Moses Levy acknowledging receipt of a consignment of wine and rum aboard the ship Molly, totaling 1040 pounds sterling. The receipt is dated August 23, 1745, in Newport, Rhode Island. The ship Molly was owned by the Vernon brothers and was involved in the transatlantic slave trade.

Receipt for wine from Isaac Gomez, a pioneer Jewish merchant in the Hudson Valley, New York, to Conrad Elmendorf, proprietor of a famous inn and tavern in Kingston, NY. Dated April 21, 1757. The receipt measures 2 3/4" x 5 1/2". The inn referenced in the receipt still stands and played a significant role in the Revolutionary War in New York.

A receipt issued on May 11, 1825, in New York City by Casper Meier to T. I. Tobias & Co. for goods purchased. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

Receipt for items purchased by T. I. Tobias & Co. from D. Brooks in New York City on October 31, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5". It is part of a larger collection of financial records acquired on January 7, 2013.

Receipt documenting items purchased by T. I. Tobias & Co. from David Brooks & Son in New York City on April 13, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt from Engelbrecht & Levy, a tobacco and cigar warehouse located at 312 & 314 Front Street in San Francisco, California. The receipt is dated October 22, 1874, and measures 3 1/2" x 8 1/2". It was issued to T. P. Crawall and Co.

A receipt issued by F. Auerbach & Bro., a general store established in 1864, to the Scipio Co-operative Mercantile Institution in Salt Lake City, Utah on March 21, 1885. The receipt's graphic design features the store's name and establishment date.

A receipt issued on May 14, 1887, by Guggenheimer & Co., wholesale grocers, to J. K. Covington & Bro. in Baltimore, Maryland. The receipt features decorative printing by Guggenheimer & Weil Stationers.

A receipt issued by Haggerty & Austin to Tobias I. Tobias on December 13, 1824, in New York City, for the purchase of 180 button hooks and eyes for $23.52. Haggerty & Austin is listed in the 1813 New York City Directory.

Receipt documenting a purchase made by T. J. Tobias & Co. from Hicks, Lawrence & Co. in New York City on November 9, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt issued by J. Jonas & Co., fancy grocers located at 93 Washington Street, Chicago, Illinois, to Milton Weston on May 12, 1883. The receipt is printed on J. Jonas & Co. letterhead.

A financial receipt issued on July 25, 1759, in Newport, Rhode Island, from Jacob Rodriguez Rivera to William Vernon. The receipt documents a financial transaction between the two individuals. Jacob Rodriguez Rivera was president of the Touro Synagogue in 1760 and was the father-in-law of Aaron Lopez. He also controlled a spermaceti oil cartel.

A receipt issued by L. H. Hershfield & Bro. for $40.00 in currency on January 31, 1881, in Helena, Montana Territory. The receipt indicates payment was received by L. H. Hershfield as treasurer.

A commercial receipt documenting a transaction between L. P. Hone & Co. and T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York City on March 16, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt issued by L. Sinsheimer, located at 544 Broadway, New York, New York, to Phillip J. Walsh on January 3, 1884. The receipt mentions ASD and Lowenstein.

Receipt signed by Solomon Levy acknowledging receipt of three pounds from Martha Washington (Lady Washington) in full payment for 20 lbs of cotton. Dated June 17, 1790, New York, New York. This is potentially the only known commercial document between a Jewish merchant and the first family of the United States.

Handwritten receipt from Levy Solomons for "2lbs Snuff & Doz Small papers," issued to Jacob S. Glen in Albany, New York on November 23, 1822. The receipt is in the form of a stampless letter. Related documents may be found in items 18.244 & 18.245 and a letter to Tobias in collection 20.541.

Receipt for volumes 1, 2, and 3 (unspecified) from M. H. Cardozo to Henry Tobias for the amount of $ in New York City, New York, dated February 9, 1841. The receipt measures 4.25" x 8".

Receipt issued on September 19, 1882, by M. Oppenheimer & Co. (successors to Kaufman, Oppenheimer & Co.), manufacturers of clothing and jobbers of piece goods and tailor's trimmings in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Joseph Kammerer. The receipt is part of the Kaufman, Oppenheimer & Co. archive, which documents the evolution of this influential Jewish manufacturing and wholesale clothing firm from the late 1870s through 1902. The company's address is listed as 233 Liberty Street, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Receipt issued by M. Oppenheimer & Co. (successors to Kaufman, Oppenheimer & Co.), manufacturers of clothing and jobbers of piece goods and tailor's trimmings, located at 233 Liberty Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on June 25, 1882. The receipt is part of the Kaufman, Oppenheimer & Co. archive, which documents the evolution of this Jewish manufacturing and wholesale clothing firm from the late 1870s through 1902.

Pre-printed postcard receipt from M. Rothschild & Co. to G. W. Weinstein. The receipt is dated June 27, 1874, and was issued in Cincinnati, Ohio.

A receipt issued by Montmollin & Moses of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on September 26, 1815, to Mrs. Thomas for the purchase of one plate warmer. The receipt provides evidence of commercial activity within the Philadelphia Jewish community.

A signed receipt from T. I. Tobias & Co. to Solomon H. Jackson, a Jewish printer, for bills of lading. Dated May 18, 1825, New York City. Measures 7" x 6".

A receipt issued by Taylor & Baldwin & Co. to Charles Tobias on February 2, 1841, in New York City, for a coat and old gold. The receipt measures 8" x 5.5".

Receipt issued by Walter Thorp to T. I. Tobias & Co. for goods or services rendered on April 15, 1825 in New York City, New York. The receipt measures 8" x 4.5".

Receipt signed by William Lewis on April 20, 1773, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, acknowledging the receipt of 15 pounds from Michael Gratz as partial payment on a bond owed to Nicholas Waln. The receipt includes an early 1800s engraving of William Lewis.

Neatly penned 3" x 7" receipt issued to Moses Levy, circa 1750. The receipt is a financial record detailing a transaction. The exact details of the transaction are not specified in the available metadata.

Receipt signed by Isaac Polock of Newport, Rhode Island, dated July 6, 1756. Polock was one of the founders of the Tuoro Synagogue.

Receipt for 342 pounds and seven shillings, signed by Joshua Isaacs on behalf of Napthali and Isaac Hart. Dated August 20, 1766, in Newport, Rhode Island. The receipt mentions William and Samuel Vernon and William Goddard.

Receipt signed by Myer Polock of Newport, Rhode Island, dated March 1, 1770. The receipt is part of a larger financial record and names Thomas Vernon and John Nichols. Myer Polock was one of the founders of the Touro Synagogue.

Receipt issued to Charles V. Rosenberg for cloth on April 17, 1887, in Ellinger, Texas. The receipt is partially printed and signed by William R. Pollard. Rosenberg was one of the first three residents of Ellinger in 1880.

A receipt issued by Guggenheimer & Co. on April 19, 1873, in Lynchburg, Virginia. The receipt details a transaction with Grasey & Bro., indicating a sale of wholesale dry goods. The receipt is from 144 Main Street, Lynchburg, Virginia and is signed by Max, Jr. and Maurice Guggenheimer.

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Cohen & Nisbet in New York City on April 15, 1825. The receipt measures 7.5" x 3". It is part of a larger collection of financial records.

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Cohen & Nisbet in New York City on May 12, 1825. The receipt measures 7.5" x 5".

This document is a receipt for goods purchased by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Thomas H. Leggett & Co. in New York City on May 5, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

Printed receipt documenting payment by T. I. Tobias & Co. to the New-York Daily Advertiser for advertisements published between March 11, 1825 and May 3, 1825. The advertisements announced the firm's "Removal," likely indicating a change of business location. The receipt measures 7.25" x 2".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from P. M. Wetmore in New York City on May 6, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 4.5".

Receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Randolph & Withers on April 18, 1825 in New York City. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Randolph & Withers in New York City on May 12, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Randolph & Withers on October 17, 1825 in New York City. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from T. Bell in New York City on May 2, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 2".

Receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Thomas H. Leggett & Co. in New York, New York on October 18, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from William Hutchinson in New York, New York on April 14, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 4.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from William Hutchinson in New York City on November 10, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 4.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. J. Tobias & Co. from George Phelps in New York City on November 29, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 2.5". It is part of a larger collection of financial records related to Jewish merchants.

This pamphlet contains the supplementary report of the Committee of Claims regarding the petition of David Valenzin, a German merchant, whose property was seized by the American squadron in the Mediterranean. The report details the events surrounding the seizure of the Imperial polacca Paulina, Valenzin's arrest, and the subsequent legal proceedings. The document includes correspondence and documents related to Valenzin's case, in which he claimed oppressive conduct by American commandants. The report was read and ordered to be referred to a committee of the whole house on Monday, February 1, 1804. Additional pages detail the further history of the case, including Valenzin's petition to Congress for compensation after the court ruled in his favor, his subsequent suicide, and the posthumous return of some funds to a family member by the U.S. Consul in Egypt. Published in Washington, D.C. in 1804. Not found in Rosenbach or Singerman collections.

Issue of the Richmond Enquirer newspaper from Richmond, Virginia, dated July 5, 1822. This issue contains an advertisement for a Jewish-owned business and reports on a fire that damaged several businesses in the city, including the hatter's shop of Mr. Solomon Marks.

This is a complete mail-order catalog from Rosenham Bros., a New York City-based business, offering a wide variety of whiskey, wine, brandy, and other spirits. The catalog includes prices, an order form, and a calendar. The catalog likely dates to around 1891, based on the date provided in the metadata. This catalog provides insight into the business practices of Jewish merchants in late 19th-century New York and the types of alcoholic beverages available at the time.

Royal Warrant signed by King George III authorizing the transfer of £500 Capital India Stock from Samuel Fan Moses Mendes Da Costa of Amsterdam to A.D. Teisceira for investment in the British West Indies. The document, dated November 18, 1800, is signed by George III at the Court of St. James's, London, and countersigned by the Home Secretary, William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland. It references legislation from 1792-1798 designed to protect British economic interests during the Napoleonic Wars by preventing the enrichment of foreign governments. The document is one page, written and printed on laid watermarked cream paper with an embossed seal, and measures 7.875" x 11.375".

Trade token issued by S. Abraham Co., Inc. of Raceland, Louisiana. The token is inscribed 'S. ABRAHAM CO.' on the front and 'GOOD FOR 5 CENTS IN MERCHANDISE' on the reverse. While undated, the token is estimated to be from around 1900.

Company store currency note for 10 cents issued by S. Cohen & Co. in Boston, Massachusetts in 1863. The note features a lithograph of a Civil War officer and was printed by L. Prang.

Company store currency note for 25 cents issued by S. Cohen & Co. in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1863. The note features a lithograph of a Civil War officer and was printed by L. Prang.

Ten-cent company store currency note issued by S. Cohen & Co. in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1863. The note features a lithograph of a Civil War officer and was printed by L. Prang.

Copper trade token advertising S. Lasurs, a dealer in rags and metals, located at 26 15th Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. The token features an Indian Head Penny on the reverse. Dated 1863. The name may be a misspelling of Lazaruss.

A printed advertisement for S. Levitoff's clothing store in Altoona, Pennsylvania. The advertisement includes a picture of the store and a price list. The date of publication is unknown, but based on stylistic elements, it is likely to be from the early 20th century.

Check drawn on S. S. Bloom & Co., dated April 1, 1869, in Shelby, Ohio. The check features a graphic design incorporating Bloom's building and advertises their services: "General Agency and Collection Office...Military Claims Collected; and Pensions Procured."

Autograph document (unsigned) from Aaron Lopez, spanning two pages (7 1/2 x 12 inches). Written in Newport, Rhode Island on August 20, 1766, this letter provides sailing orders to Captain Nathaniel Briggs of the brig Sally. The orders detail the sale of the ship's cargo, instructions for managing the proceeds, and explicit directions to acquire and sell slaves in Africa, the West Indies, and Jamaica. The letter also alludes to Lopez's extensive network of contacts across various locations, including the Falkland Islands, the West Indies, Madeira, Lisbon, Gibraltar, Cadiz, and Barbados.

Trade token advertising Sam Goldstein's business in Reno, Nevada. The token is marked 'GF 12 1/2c' and dates to circa 1885. It is a post-Civil War token.

Check drawn on the Merchants National Bank of Helena, Montana on May 1, 1883, payable to Sando Bros. The check is signed by Aaron Hershfield, cashier. The Hershfield brothers, Aaron and Lewis, were prominent bankers in Montana. Lewis Hershfield was a particularly successful businessman in the American West, establishing a bank in Virginia City, Montana before moving it to Helena.

This leather-bound receipt book (4" x 6"), owned by Sebastian Zimmerman, contains 35 pages filled with receipts written in English. Each receipt is signed. While the book was found in York, PA, it includes numerous references to Philadelphia and contains many signatures of Philadelphia Jewish merchants and brokers. Notable names include agents of Montmollin and Moses, and Solomon Moses (who married Rachel Gratz in 1806 and partnered with Frederick Montmollin from 1811-1818 in the "Auction and Commission Line," a prominent Philadelphia business). Other signatures include Jacob Levy, Jacob Mayer, Thomas Abrams, and Michael Asch (a Polish Jew in Philadelphia).

A 1 1/2 page, undated letter written September 26, 1847 from Solomon Apfel in Haysville, Kentucky to Emory Low & Co. in Louisville, Kentucky, concerning business problems and delayed payments. The letter offers insight into the business practices of a Jewish immigrant merchant in the 19th century. The letter was mailed from Stephensburg, Kentucky on September 30, 1847.

Set of four comical trade cards for Mayer's, located at 490 & 492 Grand Street, New York, New York. The cards are black and white and feature advertisements on the back. The cards are part of a larger collection of trade cards and are dated circa 1885.

Set of four trade cards issued by M. Liebmann in Deadwood, South Dakota, circa 1885. The cards depict scenes with flowers and fairies. The cards are part of a larger collection of trade cards.

Set of three identical trade cards issued by P. Ostheim & Son. Each card features an illustration of a girl with a snowball and is triangular in shape. The cards display the address 1102.1104 Germantown Ave., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The cards are undated, but are circa 1885 based on other contextual information. The cards are part of a larger collection of trade cards.

Sharecropping note payable issued by J. Abraham & Bro. in Montgomery, Alabama on March 28, 1871. This document, dating from the Reconstruction era, details cash and supply advances to three individuals, likely formerly enslaved people, who marked their agreement with an "X" and had their names subsequently added and witnessed. The note was witnessed by J. Levy.

A broadside announcing a sheriff's sale of the stock, goodwill, and fixtures of Israel Hyman's gents' furnishing, dry goods, and trimming store. Issued by the Sheriff's Office, Philadelphia, on January 24, 1876, the sale was scheduled for January 31, 1876, at 330 North Second Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

A government slave shipment form dated June 19, 1860, documenting the transportation of four enslaved individuals from Savannah, Georgia, to New York, New York, aboard the ship Augusta. The form certifies that the enslaved individuals were not imported after 1808 and details their owners, Abraham Minis, M. I. Cohen, and I. A. Winkler, all Jewish merchants. The document measures 18.5" x 13.75" unfolded. It includes details about each enslaved person, including their sex, age, height, and description.

Shipping document detailing the shipment of goods from Newport, Rhode Island to Tenerife, Canary Islands aboard the sloop Charlotte on July 7, 1769. The document notes the fractional ownership of the voyage among John Andrews, Aaron Lopez, and Solomon Townsend. The cargo included spermaceti candles, flour, corn, stoves, and beeswax. Zebediah Story served as the ship's master. The document's left corner is missing, and it shows slight browning at the edges.

Shipping record documenting goods shipped by R. & I. Phillips, Jewish merchants of Philadelphia, to Baltimore, Maryland on March 13, 1827. The record is signed by Samuel Etting, who is noted as having been wounded in the War of 1812 and as the first president of Baltimore's Congregation Beth Israel.

Printed and filled-out shipping record from Kaufman Bros. & Bondy, Jewish merchants of New York City, detailing the shipment of goods from Liverpool, England to Edinburgh, Scotland, arriving in the United States on November 6, 1862. The document indicates the port of entry and lists the goods shipped.

Shipping record documenting the transport of five cases of silks from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to New York, New York on November 14, 1857, by L. I. Levy & Co. The verso notes that the goods were transported by railroad. The record also includes a note referencing the company's later financial recovery after suspending operations in 1857.

Four-page shipping manifest detailing goods shipped by Moses Myers from Norfolk, Virginia to Boston, Massachusetts on March 24, 1796. The manifest includes 250 hogsheads of tobacco and 17 enslaved people, with a total value of 5066 pounds sterling. The document is signed by Moses Myers.

Bill of lading for a shipment of copper and sugar from Lucea, Jamaica, to D. A. Wetzlar & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Shipped by Nunes Bros. of Montego Bay, Jamaica. Dated April 18-22, 1862. Measures 11" x 17".

Shipping record documenting the shipment of goods from J. Kohn & Bordier in New Orleans, Louisiana to Samuel Moss & Sons in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 20, 1832. The record is signed by an agent for Samuel Moss & Sons and includes the firm's "M" mark. The document suggests a commercial relationship between Jewish merchants in New Orleans and Philadelphia.

Shipping manifest detailing the inland transport of goods from New York City to Philadelphia via New Jersey, arriving December 30, 1806. The manifest includes an oath sworn by Joseph Gratz as collector, attesting to the accuracy of the listed goods. The document is dated December 31, 1806, but refers to the goods' departure from New York on July 20, 1806.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of wine from T. I. Tobias in New York, New York to Jacob Levy in New Orleans, Louisiana on January 23, 1835. Printed by Solomon H. Jackson at 163 Chatham Street, New York.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of wine from T. I. Tobias in Petersburg, Virginia, to New York, New York. Printed by Solomon H. Jackson at 163 Chatham Street, New York, New York, October 17, 1835.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of wine from T. I. Tobias in Richmond, Virginia to New York, New York on September 13, 1839. Printed by Solomon H. Jackson at 23 Mercer Street, New York.

Shipping record documenting the receipt of merchandise by T. I. Tobias in New York from a family member in Liverpool, England, on April 15, 1835. The record indicates a shipment of cloth. T.I. Tobias was from a well-known Jewish merchant family.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of wine from T. I. Tobias in New York to Jas. I. Poole in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on June 17, 1835. Printed by Solomon H. Jackson at 163 Chatham Street, Philadelphia.

A silver soup spoon engraved with flowers. The spoon is marked with "S. Hyman & Co." The style suggests a Victorian era origin, though the maker's mark may indicate an earlier date. The spoon's physical characteristics appear to predate the Victorian era stylistic engraving.

A silver spoon with the hallmark "H.B. MYER." The exact date of manufacture is unknown, but likely dates from around 1850 based on stylistic analysis of similar items. This object is part of a larger Judaica Americana collection.

Silver teaspoon marked on the back with "S. Hyman - Coin" and "WWW" in a shield. The handle is engraved with "SS". A Henry Hyman advertised in Steven's Kentucky Herald in 1797 (Lexington, Kentucky). The Hyman family worked in Lexington, Kentucky, and Virginia. There is also an S. Hyman & Co. that appears in Chicago records. Circa 1855.

A set of two silver teaspoons hallmarked "D. Cohen." Circa 1840. The mark is attributed to David Cohen, a New York City watchmaker active from 1826-1831. He is believed to have been a retailer of silver rather than a maker. The spoons may match a similar set of soup spoons (object ID 1-167). While silversmiths named Levy operated in Missouri during the same period, there is no record linking them to this mark. The objects are part of the Judaica Americana collection.

Printed receipt for the sale of an enslaved person named Lucie. The receipt, dated November 8, 1864, was issued by Solomon Cohen, a slave dealer in Augusta, Georgia. The buyer was Deighen & Baker. The receipt states that six thousand dollars were paid in full for the purchase of the enslaved person. Solomon Cohen's business address is listed as Ellis Street, Augusta, GA. This document is noted as rare and is referenced in Bertram Korn's *Jews & Negro Slavery in the Old South*, page 45. A similar document sold at auction for $9,585.

This pamphlet, likely produced around 1876 (suggested by its connection to the Centennial), showcases the Philadelphia Star Braid Works, owned by brothers S.B. and M. Fleisher. The cover features a lithograph depicting a southeast view from Fairmont Basin, with the Fleisher factory prominently displayed. The pamphlet's content consists of numerous testimonials from customers attesting to the quality of the company's "Star" thread, specifically targeting Baltimore and Philadelphia markets.

This 1876 catalogue from Starr & Marcus, located at 22 John Street in New York City, details the items they displayed at the International Exhibition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The catalogue showcases their collection of precious stones and jewelry, likely including descriptions and prices of various pieces. The catalogue offers insight into the business practices and offerings of a prominent Jewish merchant firm in the late 19th century.

Stereoscopic photograph depicting the storefront of Levy & Coblentz in Los Angeles, California. The image appears to be from circa 1870, showing a street scene with the store prominently featured. The photograph is part of an American series of stereoscopic views.

Stereoscopic photograph depicting the storefront of Z. Rosman's New York Clothing House in New York, New York. The image also shows a dentist's office, M.A. Carman, on the second floor at 205 Main St., Canandaigua, New York. The photograph is undated, but circa 1890.

Stereoscopic trade card advertising Goldsmith & Co., located at 336 & 368 Broadway, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, opposite the Newhall House. The card features a storefront view and a full advertisement on the reverse. Undated, circa 1880.

Stereoscopic view card depicting L. M. Cohen's store at 238 Bowery, New York, New York. The reverse of the card displays an advertisement for the store, listing various items sold, including albums, jewelry, toilet sets, satchels, bird cages, dolls, toys, wagons, and musical instruments. The date of the photograph is unknown, but it is likely from around 1875.

A broadside advertisement for Stern & Mandelbaum, wholesale and retail dealers in embroideries, lace kid gloves, small wares, hosiery, corsets, etc., located at 372 & 376 Main Street, corner of Temple, Hartford, Connecticut. The broadside, printed in 1875, features woodcut illustrations of gloves, hosiery, and corsets.

Grey stoneware crock with an applied handle. The name "COHEN, JACOB A." and "SANDY CREEK, PENNSYLVANIA" are inscribed in blue. The crock is marked with a number "3". Undated.

This is a July 1890 issue of *Styles and Fashions*, a monthly periodical published in Baltimore, Maryland, for the hat trade. Published by Brighman Hopkins & Co., the periodical features styles and fashions relevant to the hat industry. The pamphlet is associated with Isaac Friedenwald, a member of a prominent Baltimore Jewish family involved in business and commerce.

Supplementary report of the Committee of Claims to the United States House of Representatives regarding the petition of David Valenzin. The report details the seizure of Valenzin's property by the American squadron in the Mediterranean and his subsequent legal case. Published in Washington, D.C. in 1804.

Legal document confirming the boundaries of property sold by Louis Rose in 1861 in Old Town San Diego, California. The document, dated February 11, 1864, includes a reference to a house owned by Isaac Goldman and details of Rose's butcher shop. Prepared by Lorenzo Soto.

This 8-page catalogue from Wechsler, Abraham & Co., a New York City department store, is presented in magazine format. It advertises a wide range of dry goods and other department store items. Published in December 1877, the catalogue lists the store's addresses at 297-299 Fulton Street and 266-268 Washington Street in New York City. The catalogue reflects the fashion and consumer goods available in a late 19th-century American department store.

This 1859 pamphlet, published by Henry Levy, is a combination of advertising and information about New York City. It contains 12 pages of advertisements for Levy's business, which imported and sold foreign and domestic fancy goods, and 32 pages of information and illustrations about New York City, serving as a guide for merchants and visitors alike.

This 1879 directory lists members of The Public Exchange, a New York City-based organization that functioned as a precursor to modern-day Green Stamps. The directory includes over 60 pages of members, categorized by address and trade. Members paid an annual fee of $1.00, receiving coupons worth 4 cents for every dollar spent at participating businesses. Accumulated coupons could be exchanged for bonds. The directory contains numerous listings of Jewish merchants and features a full-page advertisement from Ehrichs’ Department Store on the back cover.

This is a report from Boston, dated May 28, 1770, published in *The Weekly Magazine* on July 16, 1770. The report details a meeting where a letter from Newport, Rhode Island was read. The letter discussed a meeting of mostly Jewish merchants who were importing goods from England and the English Indies, thereby not supporting the effort against the duties. Pages 121 and 122 of the magazine are relevant.

This archival collection contains three letters exchanged between brothers Manuel Brandão Pantoja and André Aguilar Pantoja between circa 1648 and 1650. The letters detail aspects of the sugar trade in Bahia, Brazil, during a period of conflict with Dutch forces. They provide insights into the operation of sugar plantations (engenhos), the individuals involved in the trade, and the presence of Jewish merchants who had fled the Inquisition. The collection also includes an eighteenth-century archive of seven genealogical documents on the Gouvea, Brandão, and Pantoja families, along with a typescript transcription of the three letters (approximately 50 pages). The original letters are manuscripts on paper, comprising 22 leaves. The materials are unbound and preserved in a modern archival folder. Folio (32.2 x 33.1 cm.), modern gray archival folding case. Occasional minor staining is present. The final page of the third letter has a repaired loss affecting several words. There is some weakness along folds in parts of the genealogical material.

Three playing cards from the same deck, one being the Ace with a full advertisement. The cards are from JNo J. Levy of 177 & 179 Grand Street, New York. Circa late 1850s-early 1860s. John J. Levy was a partner of Huestis for a brief time. In 1854, Lewis I. Cohen retired, leaving the card manufactory to his son and nephew, who formed Lawrence and Cohen. In 1871, Lawrence and Cohen formed the New York Consolidated Card Company with Samuel Hart and Isaac Levy of Samuel Hart & Co., Philadelphia, and John J. Levy.

A set of three trade cards issued by H. & D. Cohen, located at 123 N. Eighth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The cards depict children in comical scenes. The cards are undated, but the style suggests a date of circa 1885.

A set of three trade cards advertising H. & D. Cohen, located at 123 N. Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The cards feature floral designs. The cards are undated but are estimated to date from circa 1885 based on the style of the cards and other related materials in the collection. The cards are part of the collection Arc.MS.56, Volumes 33, Pages 11 and 14.

Tin match holder advertising the junk and hide business of Hyman Viener in Charles Town, West Virginia. The match holder is painted with gold lettering and reads, "SELL YOUR JUNK AND HIDES TO HYMAN VIENER." Circa 1890s.

Tin match holder advertising the Marx Bros. One Price Department Store in Pawnee, Oklahoma. The holder is painted with gold lettering and designed to hang over a stove. Circa 1890s.

The Tobias Archive comprises over 750 pages of business and personal correspondence, receipts, manifests, invoices, and legal documents spanning from 1816 to 1886. It documents the mercantile activities and family life of the Tobias family, a prominent branch of the New York Sephardic elite. The collection includes 278 individual letters and documents on 426 leaves, three copybooks containing 365 letters on 234 leaves, and approximately 50 pages of additional uncataloged materials. The materials provide insights into 19th-century business practices, family relationships, and social life within the New York Sephardic community. Geographic locations referenced include Liverpool, England; New York, New York; New Orleans, Louisiana; and various Caribbean locales. The archive has a detailed finding aid.

A trade card advertising six businesses in Salem, Ohio, circa 1885. The businesses advertised are the Boston Store, H. C. Hawley's Book Store, Cohen & Brumberg's Clothing House, J. P. Stewart & Co., Lease & Bro., and M. L. Bates "The Shoe Man".

A trade card and raffle ticket issued by William Loeb in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, circa 1885. The front features a handwritten raffle ticket (#235) for a chance to win a doll. The back lists rules for a drawing on February 1, 1881, and includes an address: 26 & 28 North Queen Street. The card's design is similar to another card associated with Bamberger & Loeb.

The front of this trade card for A. & J. Wiener, clothiers in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, features a bird with a rose in its beak. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. & J. Wiener, clothing merchants in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a girl standing on a rooftop waving a flag. She is dressed in a long white dress with an orange sash and appears to be waving a red and white flag. The background of the card depicts a city street scene with houses and trees. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. & M. Stern, clothiers located on Broadway in Fargo, Dakota Territory. The front of the card features a whimsical illustration of a cat dressed in men's clothing. The cat is sitting on a small stool, wearing a top hat, bowtie, and tuxedo jacket. The cat appears to be looking at the viewer with a sly expression. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Adelmann, a cigar manufacturer located at 625 Eighth Avenue in New York City. The card features a caricature of an Irish porter, a common sight in New York at the time. The front of the card is printed in black and white, while the back is blank. The card is part of a collection of Judaica Americana and may represent an example of a Jewish-owned business in New York City during the late 19th century.

This trade card advertises A. Adelmann, a tobacco dealer located at 625 Eighth Avenue, New York. The front of the card depicts children attending school, with desks and a blackboard. The illustration is in a lively, detailed style. The back of the card contains the full advertisement for Adelmann's business.

This trade card advertises A. Adler's dry goods and clothing store located at 43 West King Street in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a woman trying on a shoe while a man stands behind a counter. Text on the card advertises suits, cloaks, dry goods, and notions. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card, printed on early glossy stock, advertises A. Adler, a dry goods merchant located at 26 West King Street in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features the business name and address in a simple, formal typeface. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Baumgarten, a clothier in East Saginaw, Michigan. The front of the card features a whimsical illustration of a boy sailing in a boot-shaped boat, with a lighthouse and other ships in the background. The design is rendered in blue, with the sea and sky blending together. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Benesch's Installment House, located at 109 South Broadway, between Gough and Bank Streets, Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card depicts a woman wearing a hat. The back of the card contains a full advertisement. [The card was printed by Leon Meyers & Co., which merged with Pictorial Printing in 1885.]

This trade card advertises A. Birnbaum & Son, Fashionable Clothiers, located at 144 Springfield Avenue, Newark, New Jersey. The card features an illustration of a young girl, possibly named Rosie, dressed in a fashionable outfit. She stands against a background with a floral design. The card is 3 by 4 3/8 inches in size. The front of the card features a red border with a gold and white floral design. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Block, a dry goods merchant in Keyport, New Jersey. The front of the card depicts a sailboat with a family on board, enjoying a peaceful day at sea. The illustration showcases a family on a sailboat against a background of water.

This trade card for A. Blum, located at 49 Broadway and 105 New Church Street, New York City, features a red border and a white background. On the front of the card, the business name appears at the top, and the two addresses are listed below. The card also lists 'Importer' and 'Wholesale & Retail', which suggests that A. Blum was involved in wholesale and retail food sales and imported goods. The back of the card is blank.

The front of this trade card for A. Bottstein, a jeweler, is a simple design with an elaborate rose against a black background. Below the rose is the address, 285 6th Avenue, New York. The back of the card is a full advertisement.

This trade card advertises A. C. Einstein & Bro., printers and jobbers. The front of the card features a playful illustration of two kittens. The back of the card has a comical image of a grasshopper bumping into a man. The back of the card also includes a detailed description of the business's services and location, including the address, 2707 Morgan Street.

This trade card advertises A. Cahn's drugstore located at 209 Bleecker Street, corner of Cottage Place, New York. The front of the card features a humorous illustration of a man seemingly in an accident. He is surrounded by household items and debris in a comical scene. The text on the card reads, 'A Mere Accident.' The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Clifford & Co., a poultry dealer located at 205 Commercial Street, Boston. The front of the card features a large, colorful lithograph of a chicken. Text on the card states that farmers should bring their chickens to the company for various Jewish holidays and lists the dates of these holidays. The back of the card is blank. The first card in this record has text written in an ornate script, while the second card, which is a duplicate, has more block lettering. Both cards are in English.

This trade card advertises A. Cohen, an importer and dealer in china, glass, crockery, lamps, oil, and other goods. The card features a die-cut of a horseshoe with an owl sitting on it. The front of the card lists two addresses for the business: 673 Fulton Street and 201 Court Street, both in New York City. The back of the card is blank. [The collection also includes two crocks with the business's advertisement impressed on them.]

This trade card advertises the business of A. D. Gittelson, jobbers of Russian and Turkish cigarettes and tobacco. Gittelson also sold teas, coffees, and spices. The card provides two addresses for the business: 384 Perry Street and 588 Woodland Avenue. The card also includes the phone number C.3080.R. The card is printed in black ink on white paper. There are no images on the card, which appears to be a simple text-based trade card.

This trade card advertises the jewelry business of A. Feldenheimer in Portland, Oregon. The front of the card depicts a woman having a gold necklace placed on her by Cupid. The background includes a red curtain. The back of the card provides more detailed information about the business, including a pocket watch advertisement.

This trade card advertises A. Frankenfield, a clothing merchant located at 397 Main Street in Hartford, Connecticut. The front of the card features an illustration of a young girl looking at flowers on a plant. The background depicts a decorative, ornate, and possibly antique-style frame. The card is printed in shades of brown and blue. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Friedlander & Co., importers and manufacturers of cloaks, suits, and mantles. The front of the card showcases an elaborate, colorful graphic featuring stylized, Art Nouveau-inspired illustrations of women in various elegant garments. The illustrations are arranged around a central text panel that prominently displays the business name and slogan. The back of the card contains a lithograph image of a factory. It lists the business addresses in Boston and New York City as well as factory locations in Berlin, Germany, and Paris, France.

This trade card advertises A. G. Jacobs, a boot and shoe dealer located in Orcutt's Block on Main Street, Rockville, Connecticut. The front of the card features a comical illustration of children inside a cobbler's shop. Two children are standing inside the shop, a young boy to the right, wearing a red coat, and a young girl on the left, with long hair, wearing a blue dress. The girl is holding her hand to her mouth as if she's laughing. A third child, also a young girl, is seated on the left looking down at a pair of boots. The scene depicts various tools and materials for making and repairing shoes. The back of the card is blank.

The front of this trade card advertises A. Goldberg's Clothing Store, located at 264 Spring Avenue, Newark, New Jersey. The front of the card features a woman standing in a grassy field with a fence and a tree in the background. The card's back features a full advertisement.

This trade card advertises A. Goldschmidt & Co., a boot and shoe maker located at the corner of Congress Street and Church Plaza in Tucson, Arizona. The front of the card features an illustration of two well-dressed men. The back of the card includes a full advertisement, promoting a selection of custom boots and shoes.

This trade card advertises A. Heineman, a clothier located at 140 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a simple design with a young boy looking at a snail on the front. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card for A. Herman, a clothier, is circular in shape and features a humorous image of eggs in shoes. The card also includes the address 738.7TH. ST. N. W. The card features a round illustration of a pair of black boots with eggs in the shoes. The card is printed in black and white. The back is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Hirsh's business located at 6 & 8 North Queen Street in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a delicate illustration of white and yellow flowers on a branch. The background is a light cream or beige color. The back of the card includes a full advertisement. The card is printed in black ink on white paper.

This trade card advertises A. Hirsh, a dress goods merchant located at 6 & 8 Queen Street in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a charming illustration of children in bed. The children are in an Art Deco-inspired setting and the card has a ''Merry Christmas'' message in the upper left corner. The card has a red border. The back of the card features the full advertisement for the store. The card is part of a collection of trade cards donated by a Judaica Americana collector to the University of Pennsylvania Library.

This trade card advertises A. Hirsh, a dress goods and trimmings merchant located at 6 and 8 North Queen Street in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a child dressed in a simple gown, dancing. The back of the card contains a more detailed advertisement for the business.

The front of this trade card for A. Hirsh, located at 6 & 8 North Queen Street in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, features a floral design with a large violet motif. The back of the card includes a full advertisement for clearance sales.

This trade card for A. Hirsh, located at 48 North Queen Street in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, features a young girl wearing a decorative dress. The back of the card provides a full advertisement for A. Hirsh's business. The card is printed in black and white.

This trade card advertises the jewelry business of A. Hirsh. The front of the card features a portrait of a colonial man in a black jacket and white ruffled shirt. The card also includes the address of the business: 6 & 8 Queen Street. The back of the card is fully covered with additional advertising information about the business.

This trade card advertises A. Hirsh, New York Millinery, located at 6 & 8 Queen Street in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a lithograph of Minnie Hauck, a popular opera singer of the late 19th century. The card is decorated with ornate lettering and design details, which include flower motifs, a ribbon, and a crown. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Hirsh, a millinery shop located at 6 & 8 North Queen Street in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a vase of roses, symbolizing the beauty and elegance offered by the shop. The back of the card contains a full advertisement for A. Hirsh's millinery business.

This trade card advertises A. Hirsh's New York Bazaar, located at 6 and 8 North Queen Street in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a basket of pansies, likely symbolizing the floral motifs or patterns found in the store's wares. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Hirshberg, a tailor located in Richmond, Virginia. The front of the card features a caricature of a Black woman who appears frazzled after a day at the beach. She is wearing a dress and a straw hat. The back of the card lists Harry Hirshberg as the salesman and the business address as 1547 Main Street. The card is approximately 4.5 inches by 2.75 inches.

This trade card advertises A. Hyman & Co. as dealers in Phelps, Dodge & Palmer Shoes. The front of the card features an illustration of a woman caring for four children. On the back, there is an advertisement for the National Brand. [The card likely dates to around 1885.]

This trade card advertises A. J. Goldman, a dry goods merchant located at 8 King Street, Troy, New York. The front of the card features an image of Cupid. The back of the card includes a full advertisement for the store. [A. J. Goldman closed his dry goods store in 1885 due to a sheriff's order.]

This trade card advertises A. J. Jacobs & Co., a shoe store located at 1001 Broadway, Oakland, California. The front of the card features an illustration of a brown and white dog resting on a beach with its paw on a log. The dog is looking towards the right, The text, 'Ladies and Gents Fine Shoes' is on the card in a red banner. The background is a beach scene with sand and water. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. J. Steinfeld, a clothier located at 214 & 216 Ontario Street, Cleveland, Ohio. The front of the card features a comical illustration of a cat standing in a shower. The cat appears to be surprised or confused, and it is wearing a large hat. The cat's expression is exaggerated, and it has a small, pointed tail. The shower is made of pipes and has a nozzle that is pointing towards the cat. The card has a dark green border with white lettering. The back of the card contains a full advertisement for the store. [The card was exhibited at the Library of Congress in Cincinnati in 2005.]

This trade card advertises the business of A. J. Weidener, a furnisher located at 36 South Second Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a lithographic illustration of a stone archway with crashing waves in the background. The colors are predominantly shades of blue, green, and white. The card has a red border.

This trade card, which is likely from the 1880s, advertises the clothing business of A. J. Wertheim in Middleburgh, New York. The front of the card features a cartoon-like illustration of a Black man holding a cane. This image is likely intended to be humorous or satirical, but it is important to note that it employs racist stereotypes and reflects the prevailing racial prejudices of the time. The back of the card contains a full advertisement for the business. The card has a brown border.

This trade card advertises A. J. Wertheim's clothing store located at 76 South Pearl Street in Albany, New York. The front of the card features an illustration of a couple in a London scene. The illustration depicts a view of St. Paul's Cathedral, with houses and a bridge in the background. The back of the card displays a full advertisement for A. J. Wertheim. It notes the store's location and the business's specialty, which is clothing.

This trade card advertises A. Jacobs & Co., a clothing store located at 15th & Larimer Streets in Denver, Colorado. The front of the card features a single, red rose with a small stem. The background is a soft, cream color with a border. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card for A. Jessel, a ladies' dress and dry goods store in Columbia, Pennsylvania, features a young girl dressed in floral-patterned clothing. The girl stands in a pose reminiscent of Victorian-era fashion plates. She is depicted in the center of the card, with text above her and below, likely indicating the name of the business and address. The back of the card is blank. [Based on the card's style and the date range of the collection, it's likely that A. Jessel was a Jewish merchant running a successful dry goods store in Columbia, Pennsylvania.]

This trade card advertises A. Jonas & Bros., a clothing and house furnishings retailer located at 873.875 Broadway, S.W. corner of 8th St., San Francisco, California. The front of the card features an illustration of a young girl holding a large envelope, sealed with a flower. The back of the card provides further details about the company, including its multiple locations in California: San Francisco, Santa Cruz, San Bernardino, and Oakland. The card lists the business as manufacturers and importers.

This trade card for A. Jonas & Bros. features three children sitting on a bench. The card advertises the company's location as 873.875 Broadway Street, southwest corner of 8th Street. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Kahn's Cheap Store, located at 275 & 277 Larrabee Street, corner of Rees Street, Chicago, Illinois. The front of the card features an illustration of a cat and a spider. The back of the card contains additional details about the store and its offerings. The card advertises that the store is selling out at cost price.

This trade card advertises A. Kahn's Cheap Store in Chicago, Illinois. The front of the card features a woman in a long, flowing dress. She is likely the proprietor, or a representative, of the business. The back of the card is filled with advertising text for the store. The text indicates that the store is located at the corner of 275 and 277 Larrabee Street and Rees Street, or in the 5 Points area of Chicago.

This trade card advertises A. Kahn's Meat Market located at 37 First Avenue, near 2nd Street, New York. The front of the card features a cherub holding a weapon on a stick fence in a carrot patch. A building with a large archway can be seen in the distance. The card has a red border. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Kaufman's Double Combination Store located at 1241 & 1243 11th Street in Washington, D.C. The front of the card features an illustration of a man in colonial garb, possibly a merchant, standing next to a cat. The illustration appears to be a caricature of the man. The back of the card provides more details about the business. The card is bordered in a blue, gray, and white pattern.

This trade card advertises A. Kuhn's General Store in Colfax, Washington. The front of the card features an illustration of a girl with a sled. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises the clothing business, A. L. Exstein & Co. The card is decorated with a floral motif of roses. [The business was located at 5 Yates Block, Syracuse, New York and the company was a donor to the Jewish Relief Fund.] The front and back of the trade card appear to be the same. The back of the card is not blank.

This is a miniature Victorian-era trade card for A. L. Frankenthal, a dealer in pocket books and leather articles located at 3 Temple Street in Boston, Massachusetts. The front of the card features an ornate design, and a dark and decorative background. The card is small, measuring 1 3/4 inches by 1 1/8 inches. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card for A. L. Isaac's, a grocery store located at the corner of 28th Street and 8th Avenue in New York City, features a prominent red rose design. The image likely represents the store's name and the quality of its products. The card is likely from around 1885 and is printed in English. The back of the card is blank.

This fan-shaped trade card advertises A. Leavens & Co., a dry goods store located at 45 Market Street in Lynn, Massachusetts. The front of the card features a portrait of a young woman with a dark, braided bun. The card is printed in black ink and features a decorative floral border. The reverse side of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Levy & Sons, a general store located at the corner of Main and First Streets in Woodland, California. The front of the card features a humorous illustration of a pig being chased by a dog. The background depicts a wooden fence and a field. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Levy Lion Clothing Stores, located at 1307 Eleventh Ave., Altoona, PA and 248 North Second Street, Philadelphia, PA. The card features a giraffe and the phrase 'Lion Clothing Stores.' The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Lippmann & Co., a dry goods store located at 903 Broadway, between 8th and 9th Streets, in Oakland, California. The front of the card depicts a bustling scene of people entering the store. The illustration is done in black sepia tones on a cream background. The back of the card provides a full advertisement for the store, featuring a list of items sold, including clothes, bed linens, and more.

This trade card for A. Loewenthal, a clothier located at 805 South Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, features a snow scene. The card is printed in black and white. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Lowenstein, a clothier in Trenton, New Jersey. The front of the card features a man holding his hat on. The image is set against a backdrop of Taylor Opera House. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises the clothing store of A. Lowenstein, located at 17 South Greene Street, Trenton, New Jersey. The front of the card depicts a boy holding a net and a basket. The back of the card features a full advertisement. The card is printed in black and white on a cream-colored paper. The front of the card has a slightly faded appearance, likely due to age.

This trade card advertises A. Lowenstein, a clothier located at 17 South Greene Street in Trenton, New Jersey. The front of the card features a stylized bird with a red head. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. M. Markstone & Bro., boot and shoe dealers in Hoosick Falls, New York. The card features a comical silhouette image. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Mahrenholz, a clothier located at 523 Broadway, New York. The front of the card features a caricature of a Black man giving a speech, which is a common stereotype that reflects anti-Black racism. The back of the card is not visible in the image provided. This card is likely from the early 1890s, based on the style of the illustration. The second card, which appears to advertise 'The Broadway’ displays a man in a top hat and another with a walking stick.

This trade card advertises A. Menkhoff's Candy Depot, located at 513 Eighth Avenue between 35th and 36th Streets in New York City. The front of the card features a simple illustration of a young boy reaching into a box of candy while his mother leads him away. The illustration appears to be based on a black-and-white drawing or engraving, creating a somewhat whimsical feel. The image is framed by a simple border, and the text is clear and easily legible. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Nathans, a clothing and furnishings store located at the Southeast corner of Seventh and South Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of a young boy playing with a dog. The back of the card has a full advertisement for A. Nathans' store.

This trade card advertises A. Nathans, a ladies' and children's clothing store located at the southeast corner of Seventh and South Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a young girl feeding birds in a garden setting. The birds are perched on a branch of a tree, and the girl is holding a small bag of seeds. The background includes trees and greenery. The back of the card contains an advertisement for the store, providing more details about the services offered.

This trade card, printed on a pale pink cardstock, advertises A. New & Co., a clothier located at 737 Broadway, New York. The front of the card is printed in black with a simple design; the card lists the products sold, including bicycle suits and golf suits, and the name of the store. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Oppenhimer, a wholesale jobber in clothing and furnishing goods, located at 1401, corner of Main and Fourteenth Streets, Richmond, Virginia. The card features a simple design, with the business name and address printed in bold, sans-serif font. It is a single-sided card and the back is blank. The card is printed in black ink on white cardstock.

This trade card advertises A. Ostheim & Bro., a clothing and tailoring business located at 510 Market Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of children fishing with a net in a river. The card is surrounded by a red border and has a red and blue logo. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Pakscher Boot & Shoe Store located at 248 & 294 1/2 Grand Street, New York, New York. The card is printed on glossy stock. The card's front is the only side visible in the record. [The card is likely from 1880, when Charles Zornow owned a boot and shoe store at 248 Grand Street.]

This trade card advertises A. Perlowski, a clothing dealer located at 404 Grove Street, Jersey City, New Jersey. The front of the card depicts a family on a mountainside with a picturesque view. The address and business name are printed in large, bold letters. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Polack, a clothier at 1316 Farnam Street, Omaha, Nebraska. The card features a snowy scene with roses in the foreground. The card is printed in green and black. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Rosenblatt, a clothier located at 304 & 306 North Second Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of Cupid with arrows and wings. The illustration is set against a green and white striped background with a thin, brown border. The back of the card provides more detailed information about the business.

This trade card advertises the clothing store of A. Rosenblatt, located at 304 & 306 North Second Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a child playing a drum, standing in front of a banner with a star of David. The card is surrounded by a decorative border. The back of the card includes a full advertisement for A. Rosenblatt's clothing store.

This trade card advertises A. Saks & Co. It features two boys dressed in clown costumes. The boys are wearing bright red and sepia-toned clothing with a gold background. The card appears to be a single-sided card.

This trade card advertises A. Saks & Co., a clothing store located at 1013 Main Street in Richmond, Virginia. The front of the card features a comical illustration of a child wearing an oversized man's shirt. The back of the card features a detailed schedule of fireworks displays on October 31st and November 3rd. The back also includes an inscription mentioning that the card was on display at the Library of Congress exhibit in Cincinnati during 2005.

This trade card advertises A. Saks & Co., described as 'The Leading Clothiers' and located at 316 Seventh Street, Washington D.C. The card features a detailed, stylized image of the company's storefront. It is printed in black and white, with the store name and address centered and printed in a bold, sans-serif typeface. The card is bordered in a simple, geometric pattern. The back is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Schwartz & Son, dry goods merchants located at 133 Canal Street, New Orleans, Louisiana. The card is shaped like a bell and features a floral design on the front. The back of the card has an advertisement. The advertisement states that A. Schwartz & Son is an agent for Paris manufacturers. The back of the card is also decorated with an illustration of a farm scene.

This trade card advertises A. Shuman & Co. located at 440 Washington Street. The front of the card features a illustration of a race off Fort Independence in Boston Harbor. Several sailboats are depicted, along with larger ships in the distance. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Shuman & Co., a boys' retail department located at 440 Washington Street, corner of Summer Street, in Boston. The card features a brightly colored pheasant with a long tail. The back of the card includes more information about the business.

This trade card advertises A. Shuman & Co., a clothing retailer located at 440 Washington Street, Boston, Massachusetts. The front of the card depicts a scene of a moonlit regatta taking place off Long Island Light in Boston Harbor. The back of the card features an advertisement for a boys' sailor suit priced at $2.00. [A. Shuman & Co. was a prominent clothing manufacturer and retailer in 19th-century Boston.]

This trade card advertises A. Shuman & Co., clothiers located at 440 Washington Street, Boston, Massachusetts. The front of the card features a dapper young boy wearing a suit and stylish shoes. He is carrying a cane and appears to be walking down a street. The colors on the card are muted, giving the card a classic and sophisticated feel. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Shuman & Co., a clothing store located at 440 Washington Street, Boston, Massachusetts. The front of the card features a night scene of a sea view. A family consisting of a couple and two children are positioned in a circle. The back of the card provides rules for measurement for garments.

This trade card for A. Shuman & Co. features a musk ox on the front, with two boys, very well-dressed in a similar fashion, at the top of the card. One boy is facing front, and the other is facing back. The back of the card is blank. A. Shuman & Co. was located at 449 Washington Street, corner of Summer, in Boston, Massachusetts.

This trade card advertises A. Shuman & Co., a clothing store located at 440 Washington Street, Boston. The front of the card features an illustration of a ship inside a green and sepia horseshoe. A painting appears below the horseshoe. The back of the card contains a full advertisement.

This trade card advertises A. Shuman & Co., clothiers, located at the corner of Washington and Summer Streets in Boston, Massachusetts. The front of the card features two gentlemen on a shore, showcasing a selection of spring wardrobe items. The back of the card provides more detailed information about the business, including mail order options.

This trade card advertises A. Shuman & Co., a clothing manufacturer and retailer located at 440 Washington Street in Boston, Massachusetts. The front of the card depicts a mother and two children standing on a beach by the ocean. The scene includes a seashell, a rope, and a bucket. Text at the top of the card indicates that the store sells patented suits. [A. Shuman & Co. was considered the wealthiest clothing manufacturer and retailer in 19th century Boston.] The back of the card features an illustration of General Gates on the steps of the Province House.

This trade card advertises A. Shuman & Co., a clothier located at 440 Washington Street, Boston, Massachusetts. The front of the card depicts an illustration of a man wearing a suit. The card has a red border with a decorative design. The back of the card provides instructions for self-measuring for clothes.

This trade card advertises A. Shuman & Co., clothiers located at 440 Washington Street, Boston, Massachusetts. The front of the card features an illustration of a boy wearing a Hammersmith outfit. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises the mail order department of A. Shuman & Co., a clothing retailer located at the corner of Washington and Summer Streets in Boston, Massachusetts. The front of the card depicts a boy bundled in a fur-trimmed coat, standing in a snowstorm, as an advertisement for the company's “Latest Fashions for Fall and Winter 1889-90.” The text at the bottom of the card reads: “The Wealthiest Clothing Mfg. & Retailer in 19th Century Boston.” The back of the card provides a diagram for self-measurement of a gentleman’s coat for mail order purposes.

This trade card advertises A. Shuman & Co., a clothing store located at the corner of Washington and Summer Streets in Boston, Massachusetts. The front of the card features an illustration of four well-dressed boys. Each is wearing a different style of clothing, showcasing the variety of boys' clothing available at A. Shuman & Co.. The back of the card features a full advertisement for the store's mail order department, indicating that the business offered goods to customers across a wider geographic area. The date, 1899, appears at the top of the card.

This trade card advertises the mail order department of A. Shuman & Co. located at Washington and Summer Streets in Boston. The front features a decorative illustration of women in spring clothing. They are posed behind a border of floral patterns and are dressed in grey and sepia colors. The back of the card provides details about the mail order department.

This trade card, one of a set of five, advertises A. Shuman and Company, a clothing retailer located at 440 Washington Street, Boston, Massachusetts. The front of the card features a beautifully illustrated king penguin. The back of the card is a full advertisement displaying two outfits. Each card in this set features a different animal on the front, and the back of each card shows a different selection of outfits.

This is one of a set of five trade cards advertising A. Shuman and Company, a clothing retailer located at 440 Washington Street, Boston, Massachusetts. This card features a beautifully rendered illustration of a red squirrel on the front. The back of the card includes a full advertisement showcasing two different outfits. The illustration on each card in the set depicts a different animal. [A. Shuman and Company were known for their high-quality clothing and haberdashery, and their trade cards were a popular way to advertise to potential customers. The company was likely founded by A. Shuman, but details about the company's history are limited].

This trade card, number 4 of a set of 5 bird/animal cards, advertises A. Shuman and Company, clothiers located at 440 Washington Street, Boston, Massachusetts. The front features a beautifully rendered illustration of a loon. The verso showcases a full advertisement for the business, displaying two different outfits. Each card in the set likely depicted a different outfit on the verso.

This trade card advertises A. Shwartz & Son, a store selling ladies' and children's suits and underwear located at 133 Canal Street in New Orleans, Louisiana. The card is designed with a bell-shaped design, and the front of the card includes the announcement that the store is an agent for foreign manufacturers in Paris. The back of the card is blank.

This embossed trade card advertises A. Siegel Gas Fixture Co., located at 219 North Broadway in St. Louis, Missouri. The front of the card features a prominent red rose in the center, surrounded by a decorative frame. The company's name and address are displayed prominently, along with a detailed advertisement for chandeliers, clocks, and gas machines. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises the A. Siegel Gas Fixture Co. located at 219 North Broadway, St. Louis, Missouri. The card features an illustration of flowers arranged in a vase and in a basket. The card is framed by a decorative border in the shape of a vine. The back of the card includes an advertisement for the A. Siegel Gas Fixture Co. [The card is not dated but circa 1885. A. Siegel was a Jewish merchant who operated a gas fixture company in St. Louis, Missouri.]

This trade card advertises A. Siegel Gas Fixture Co. located at 219 N. Broadway, St. Louis, Missouri. The card depicts a pastoral scene featuring a man riding in a horse-drawn wagon. In the foreground, gas fixtures, bronzes, and hanging lamps are prominently displayed. The front of the card is illustrated, while the back is blank.

This trade card advertises the A. Siegel Gas Fixture Co. located at 219 North Broadway in St. Louis, Missouri. The front of the card shows two children in winter clothes standing in front of a horseshoe-shaped gate. A dog is standing next to them. The card has a red border. The back is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Siegel Gas Fixture Co., located at 219 N. Broadway, formerly 5th Street. The front of the card features two well-dressed girls in a garden setting. The illustration is stylized and the girls' features are slightly exaggerated, giving it a charming and slightly whimsical feel. They are dressed in contrasting outfits, one in a white dress with a red sash and a red hat, the other in a dark dress with a white collar and a white hat. The background appears to be a garden with trees, flowers, and foliage, all rendered in a soft, muted color palette. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Siegel Gas Fixture Co., located at 219 N. Broadway, formerly 5th Street. [The company specialized in gas and coal fixtures, including hanging lamps, bronzes, clocks, and other items.] The front of the card features a profile illustration of a young man holding a bow and arrow. He appears to be preparing to shoot, with his concentration focused on the target. This suggests the company's high quality and precise craftsmanship. The back of the card has a full advertisement.

This trade card advertises A. Simon, a clothing merchant located at 98 Washington Street in Hoboken, New Jersey. The card features an illustration of a child wearing a rose hat. The text on the card also indicates that this card was displayed at the Library of Congress Exhibit in Cincinnati, Ohio in 2005. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Stern, a dry goods merchant located at 7th Street N.W., Washington, D.C. The front of the card is a die-cut fan shape with a design of grapes and vines. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. V. Polack's Jewelry Store, located at 27 West Washington Street in Hagerstown, Maryland. The front of the card features a decorative sprig of flowers, while the back includes a full advertisement for the store.

This trade card for A. Weitzenkorn & Sons advertises children's clothing. The front of the card features a charming illustration of a boy and a girl at the seashore. They appear to be playing by the water's edge, with the girl carrying a bucket and the boy holding a shovel. The background features a blue sky with puffy clouds, and the ocean. The back of the card contains the business's full advertisement, offering an assortment of children's clothing.

This trade card advertises A. Wimpfheimer & Bro., importers of dry and fancy goods, located at 12 Central Building, Great Falls, New Hampshire. The card features a simple design with the business name and address prominently displayed. The back of the card is blank. [The company was active in Jewish affairs.]

This trade card advertises A. Wurtenberg and Co., a dry goods store located in Fort Edward, New York. The front of the card features a large red rose with a smaller scene behind it. The card is likely from the late 19th Century. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Wurtenberg and Co., a dry goods and house furnishing store in Fort Edward, New York. The front of the card features a yellow rose with a scene behind it. [The store was a member of the Jewish Publication Society, a non-profit organization that aimed to promote Jewish literature and culture.] The card's back is not visible.

This trade card for A. Wurtenberg and Co., located in Fort Edward, New York, features a large white rose with a scene in the background. The card appears to be printed on heavy stock paper. The rose is centered on the card and occupies much of the front. The background scene is visible behind the rose.

This trade card advertises a new store owned by A. Wurtenberg in Glens Falls, New York. The front of the card features a child wearing a white head covering. The back of the card is blank. [It is noted that Wurtenberg is a member of the Jewish Publication Society (JPS).]

This trade card advertises Abe Levy & Co., a clothing store located at 1457 Third Avenue near 82nd Street, New York. The front of the card features a young girl wearing a blue hat and a matching sash. She holds a kitten. The background is a simple illustration of a wall with a single door. The back of the card contains a full advertisement. The card has a light blue border.

This large, vintage trade card advertises Abe Steinberg & Bro., clothiers and gentlemen's furnishers, located at 184 & 186 Kansas Avenue, Topeka, Kansas. The card features a die-cut image of a girl and a dog. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Abe Weil, a clothier located at 114 North 9th Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card depicts a young woman wearing a light-colored dress and a large hat. She sits with a book open on her lap, and appears to be reading poetry. She is surrounded by daisies. The front of the card features a dark green background and the name of the business in white lettering. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Abr'm Jacobs, a tailor located at 315 Columbia Street in South Brooklyn, New York. The front of the card features a design of seashells and is printed in black ink. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Abram & Bro., clothiers located at 7 John Street, Hoosick Falls, New York. The front of the card features a scene of two men sitting on a bench, one sewing pants. A man with a top hat and a cane stands nearby. The illustration includes trunks, valises, and rubber goods. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Abramson & Drechsler, located at 34 West 14th Street in New York City. The card features a gray tiger cat with no ribbon. The image takes up the majority of the card, with text at the bottom describing the business's offerings. The text states that they sell yarn, crewls, silks, woolens, and other goods. The back of the card has not been digitized.

This trade card advertises the firm of Abramson & Drechsler, located at 34 West 14th Street, New York City. The card features a black cat with a red ribbon. It is listed as selling yarn, crewels, silks, woolens, and other related items.

This trade card advertises Abramson & Drechsler, clothing merchants located at 34 West 14th Street. The front of the card depicts children in winter clothing gathered around a pond, a boat is in the background. The illustration includes a tree with snow on the branches. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Abramson & Drechsler, dealers in yarns, crewels, silks, woolens, and other materials, located at 34 West 14th Street in New York City. The card features a white cat with a red ribbon, a popular motif for textile and craft-related businesses. The front of the card is in color. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Abramson & Drechsler, manufacturers of upholstery goods, located at 34 West 14th Street in New York City. The front of the card features a colorful illustration of three children sitting amongst a flock of geese, surrounded by a decorative floral border. The children are wearing elaborate clothing with bright colors and patterns. The image suggests a theme of leisure and family. The reverse of the card is blank.

This small trade card, measuring approximately 2.5 by 4 inches, advertises Acker & Sons, a dry goods merchant located on Main Street in Morenci, Michigan. The front of the card is primarily a stock card for W. Rosenthal, Mfg. in Baltimore.

This trade card advertises Adolf Adelmann, a tobacco dealer located at 625 Eigth Street, New York City. The front of the card features an illustration of children playing with a cat and mouse. The cat is perched on top of a barrel, and the mouse is trying to escape its clutches. The children are dressed in colorful clothing, and the scene is set against a background of buildings. The back of the card provides more detailed information about the business.

This trade card advertises Adolph F. Levy, a clothier located on First Street in San Jose, California. The card is printed in red and sepia on white paper. The card depicts a pair of feet resting under a beach umbrella on the sand. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Adolph Heller, a manufacturer of ladies' and children's clothing located at 21 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia. The front of the card features a single red rose with a green stem and leaves on a plain background. The back of the card provides more detailed information about the business.

This trade card advertises Adolph Nachman, a furniture dealer located at 71 West Baltimore Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The card features an image of a building with a large storefront window. [Adolph Nachman Sommer was buried in the Hebrew Cemetery in Texas in 1987. He was born in 1902. The card's text indicates that the furniture store is located directly across the street from the Dime Museum, which may have been an entertainment venue.] The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Aishberg's Shoe Store, located at 879 Main Street in Hartford, Connecticut. The front of the card features an illustration of a young boy carrying a girl across a stream. The illustration is framed by a decorative border. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Aishberg's Shoe Store, located at 379 Main Street in Hartford, Connecticut. The front of the card features an attractive woman. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Alfred Aarons, a clothier located at 322 River Street, Troy, New York. The front of the card depicts a hand holding a rose, symbolizing the quality and beauty of Aarons's clothing. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Alfred H. Aarons, a clothier located at 320 River Street, Troy, New York. The front of the card features a simple illustration of a sailboat in a pond. It appears to be a still scene, perhaps during a calm summer day. The card has a red border. The back of the card contains more detailed information about the business.

This trade card advertises Alfred Wolff & Co., a dry goods store located at 349 Larimer Street in Denver, Colorado. The front of the card features a comical illustration of a man wearing a hat and coat. The back of the card provides more detailed information about the business.

This trade card advertises the Allegheny Central Store. The front of the card features an illustration of a woman dressed in traditional Japanese clothing. She is depicted standing with one hand on her hip, with a kimono and obi. Her hair is styled in a traditional bun. The image has a black border. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Alois Kohn & Co., jewelers located at 16 Maiden Lane, near Broadway, New York. The card is printed in black ink with a simple design, showcasing their business name and address. The business was established in 1850 and had a telephone number, 1402 Cortlandt. This card features the address and business information on the front, with a blank verso.

This trade card advertises Altman & Co., clothiers located at the corner of Seneca and Ellicott Streets in Buffalo, New York. The front of the card depicts a child holding a Japanese umbrella. The back of the card contains a full advertisement for the business. The image on the front of the card appears to be part of a stereotypical representation of Japanese culture.

This trade card advertises Altman & Co., a clothing store located at 31 and 33 Washington Avenue South in Minneapolis, Minnesota. [The business was a branch of the Buffalo, New York based wholesale and retail company owned by Isaac, Henry, and Julius Altman and David Rosenau. The Minneapolis store was located on Washington Avenue near Nicollet Avenue. In February, 1897, the store was sold to Frank G. Raichle and became known as 'The Surprise Store, F. G. Raichle, propr. Clothier, Hatter, and Furnisher.'] The front of the card features a woman standing on a scenic path, with a picturesque backdrop. The card has a red border. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Altman & Co., a clothing store located at 31 & 33 Washington Ave., S. in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The front of the card features a young girl dressed in a colorful outfit standing inside a large, open Easter egg decorated with red, blue, and gold designs. The illustration depicts the girl holding a toy hammer and wearing a white hat with a colorful bow. She appears to be peering out of the Easter egg, looking at the viewer. The back of the card provides further details about the store and its offerings.

This trade card advertises Altman & Co., located at 31 and 33 Washington Avenue South, Minneapolis, Minnesota. The front of the card features a wintry scene with a red rose and birds. The back of the card contains more information about the business. [Altman & Co. was a branch of the Buffalo, New York-based wholesale and retail company owned by Isaac, Henry, and Julius Altman and David Rosenau. The Minneapolis store opened in 1888 and was managed by W.H. MacWatters. In 1897 the store was purchased by Minneapolitan Frank G. Raichle and renamed The Surprise Store, a clothing, hat, and furnishings business.]

This is a die-cut trade card for Altman & Co., located at 31 and 33 Washington Avenue South. The front of the card features a winter scene, possibly a street or park, with bare trees. The back of the card is fully covered with an advertisement. The image is in black and white and the illustration appears to be of a fairly high quality.

This die-cut trade card, part of a set of three, advertises Altman, Jacob G., a dry-goods merchant in Baltimore, Maryland. The front features a fan-shaped design with roses forming a wreath. The back of the card includes a full advertisement and lists the store's address at 507 1/2 West Baltimore Street.

This trade card advertises Arenovsky's, a clothing store located in Boston, Massachusetts. The card features a colorful bust of a woman, likely depicting a fashionable customer or a model wearing a garment available at the store. The text on the card highlights the store's 'Fall Opening' at the Boston branch. The address, Bridge Street, Westport, is also included. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Arenovsky's, a clothing store located on Bridge Street in Westbrook, Massachusetts. The front of the card features a young woman surrounded by a delicate arrangement of flowers. She is dressed in a light-colored dress and wears a long, dark scarf around her neck. The back of the card includes the business name and an advertisement for the store. This trade card is one of two cards in the file. The second card in the file is a similar design but with a different illustration. The second card features a woman with darker hair, wearing a darker dress with a floral print.

This trade card advertises the services of Armand Dalsemer, a merchant tailor located at 136 North 8th Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a lithographic illustration of a woman. The back of the card contains the full advertisement for the business. The woman's fashion and pose suggest this card dates to the late 19th century.

This trade card advertises Armand Dalsheimer, a clothing merchant located at 134 & 136 North Eight Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a comical illustration of a man with an oversized head. The illustration appears to be a parody of traditional clothing advertisements. The card is primarily white with black ink, with a faint yellow background. The back of the card is blank.

This is one of four trade cards for Aronson Bros., a clothing store in Tama, Iowa. The front of the card features a humorous illustration of a dog holding a goose by the neck while another dog has the goose's foot in its mouth. A black bird flies above the dogs. The back of the card has a full advertisement for Aronson Bros and the Gage-Downs Corset Co.

This trade card advertises Aronson Bros., clothiers in Tama, Iowa. The front of the card depicts a comical scene of a goose running away with a meat bone while a dog chases after it with a bird in its mouth. Another dog is on the ground in the foreground, watching the chase. The card features a bright, colorful illustration with red, yellow, and blue accents. The back of the card includes a full advertisement for the business. This is the last in a set of four cards (all included in this record) advertising Aronson Bros. and its products. The second card in the set has a similar image with a bird in the air, but the background is a different scene.

This is one of four trade cards advertising Aronson Bros., clothing merchants in Tama, Iowa. The front of the card features a humorous illustration of a goose perched on top of a bucket. The goose is holding a meat bone in its beak. A crow, a dog, and a cat observe the goose from below. The back of the card provides additional information about the business.

This trade card advertises Aronson Bros., a clothing and dry goods store in Tama, Iowa. The front of the card features a whimsical illustration of a goose chasing a dog. Another dog is grabbing the goose's leg. A black crow is also depicted near a hatchet. The back of the card includes a full advertisement. This is one of four trade cards. [The card is related to the Gage-Downs Corset Co., a corset manufacturer from a neighboring town, but the card does not have any information relating to the corset company.]

This is one of two trade cards for Arthur Kohn, a clothing store located at the corner of Second and Morrison in Portland, Oregon. The front of the card features a black bird perched on a red pillow. A young boy is standing in front of an easel, wearing striped pants. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card, in the shape of a butterfly, advertises the business of Arthur Kohn, a merchant tailor located at the corner of Second and Morrison Streets in Portland, Oregon. The front of the card features a detailed butterfly design with a delicate pattern. The reverse of the card contains advertising for Arthur Kohn's tailoring business. [This card was displayed at the Library of Congress Exhibit in Cincinnati during 2005.]

This trade card advertises Astrich Bros. Bazaar, located at 13 East King Street in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The card is printed in black ink on white paper. The front of the card features an image of grapes, possibly symbolizing abundance or prosperity. The business name is printed at the top of the card, and the address is below the image of grapes. The back of the card is blank.