Subject: Stereotypes (Social psychology)

Full-page black and white cartoon from the January 1, 1912 issue of *Life* magazine. The cartoon, titled "History as it Might Have Been," depicts a scene at the Cohenhurst Manor Hotel and is overtly antisemitic.

A full-page black and white antisemitic cartoon titled "A Long Branch Puzzle...Find the Christian." Depicts Jews at the shore. Published August 9, 1894. The cartoon's antisemitic nature is explicitly noted.

A colored wood block print depicting a banker with stereotypical Semitic features surrounded by gold. The image is accompanied by a satirical verse about bankers, money, and financial crashes. Published in New York City by A.J. Fisher and identified as a 'One Penny Dreadful'. Date of publication is estimated to be around 1875.

Children's book published around 1850 by Leavitt & Allen in New York City. Contains six stories, one of which is titled "The Jew in the Bramble Bush." This story features an antisemitic depiction of a Jewish character through a wood block print, culminating in the character's hanging as a thief.

Issue of the Rural Repository newspaper published in Hudson, New York on February 1, 1845. The issue features a front-page lithograph and an antisemitic story about a Jewish pawnbroker.

Pamphlet of Richard Cumberland's play, "The Jew, or, Benevolent Hebrew," printed by T. M'Donnel in Dublin in 1794. This comedy, first performed at the Drury Lane Theatre in London in May 1794, is notable for portraying a Jewish character as the hero, a departure from the typical negative portrayals of Jews in earlier dramatic works. The play enjoyed considerable success in Ireland and North America, where it was performed under the revised title "The Benevolent Hebrew." The pamphlet's description highlights the play's mirroring of Shakespeare's *The Merchant of Venice* but with a focus on the protagonist's charitable nature.

First edition of Richard Cumberland's play, *The Jew: A Comedy*, printed in London by C. Dilly in 1794. This play, performed at the Theatre-Royal, Drury-Lane, presents a sympathetic portrayal of Sheva, a wealthy Jewish usurer, challenging conventional antisemitic stereotypes prevalent in English theatre. The play's success and positive reception, including praise in *The Analytical Review*, marked a shift in the representation of Jews on the English stage. This copy is described as having some minor soiling and toning but is otherwise in good condition.

This pamphlet contains the text of John O'Keeffe's farce, *The Little Hunch-Back; or, A Frolic in Bagdad*, as performed at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden. Published in Dublin in 1790, this is the first Irish edition, following the London edition of 1789. The pamphlet includes a significant addition: a handwritten list of dramatis personae for a 1791 New York performance, possibly the play's American debut. The play features a Jewish character who is depicted as stingy and a storyline involving a Jewish/Christian marriage, making it noteworthy for its representation of Jewish characters in 18th-century theater. The text also mentions an edict that imposed the death penalty for a Jew killing a Muslim.

This trade card, which is likely from the 1880s, advertises the clothing business of A. J. Wertheim in Middleburgh, New York. The front of the card features a cartoon-like illustration of a Black man holding a cane. This image is likely intended to be humorous or satirical, but it is important to note that it employs racist stereotypes and reflects the prevailing racial prejudices of the time. The back of the card contains a full advertisement for the business. The card has a brown border.

This trade card advertises A. Mahrenholz, a clothier located at 523 Broadway, New York. The front of the card features a caricature of a Black man giving a speech, which is a common stereotype that reflects anti-Black racism. The back of the card is not visible in the image provided. This card is likely from the early 1890s, based on the style of the illustration. The second card, which appears to advertise 'The Broadway’ displays a man in a top hat and another with a walking stick.

This trade card advertises Allen's Jewel 5 Cent Plug Tobacco. The front of the card features a caricature of a Jewish and an Irish man, highlighting a common stereotype. The back of the card is blank. The image on the front is likely from a series of advertisements featuring comical characters.

This trade card advertises Altman & Co., clothiers located at the corner of Seneca and Ellicott Streets in Buffalo, New York. The front of the card depicts a child holding a Japanese umbrella. The back of the card contains a full advertisement for the business. The image on the front of the card appears to be part of a stereotypical representation of Japanese culture.

This trade card advertises C. I. Baumgartner, a dry goods store with locations in both Lambertville and Trenton, New Jersey. The front of the card features a woman in a Japanese-style dress. The illustration is likely intended to evoke an exotic or fashionable image associated with imported goods, a common marketing strategy in the late 19th century. The back of the card has additional details and locations for the store.

This trade card advertises the Denver Fur Company, owned by Rudolph Kalish & Co., located at 401 Lawrence Street, Denver, Colorado. The front of the card features a playful illustration of two men riding on a sled pulled by a polar bear. The sled is decorated with a box bearing the business address. The back of the card contains a full advertisement for Rocky Mountain Skins.

This is one of two trade cards for H. Muhr's Sons, jewelers located at 633 & 635 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a woman in a blue harem-style dress standing on a turquoise leaf. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises H. Muhr's Sons, jewelers located at 633 & 635 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a woman in a yellow harem-style dress standing on a stylized, topaz-shaped leaf. The front of the card is dominated by the image of the woman; the business name and address are at the bottom. The reverse is blank.

This trade card advertises H. Muhr's Sons, jewelers located at 633 & 635 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a woman in Chinese attire standing in front of a depiction of Chinese currency. The back of the card includes an advertisement. [H. Muhr's Sons was a prominent jewelry store in Philadelphia, known for their fine selection of jewelry and watches.]

This trade card, featuring a Japanese motif on the front, advertises Harry Frank's Ticket Office, located at 523 Broadway, New York. [The card identifies Ben Wasserman as the manager]. The back of the card provides further information about the business.

This trade card advertises Ink & Moser, clothiers located at 176 Main Street, Somerville, New Jersey. The front of the card features an illustration of a child in traditional Japanese clothing, which could be seen as a racist stereotype. The card has a decorative border with a gold-colored design.

This trade card advertises Julius Meyer & Son, a dry goods and notions store located at 601 & 603 Broad Street, Richmond, Virginia. The front of the card features an illustration of a Black man looking out of a window in his apartment. The illustration is done in a stereotypical manner, with the figure rendered in a lighthearted and humorous style that is considered racist today. The back of the card contains the full advertisement for Julius Meyer & Son.

This trade card advertises Julius Stone, a clothier located at 131 Main Street, Danbury, Connecticut. The front of the card features an illustration of two women in Japanese costumes. The back of the card is a full advertisement for the store.

This trade card advertises Kaufmann & Strauss, Art Publishers, located at 75 and 77 Duane Street, New York. The front of the card features a die-cut design with birds and a woman in a Japanese dress. The back of the card displays a full advertisement for this type of trade card, which is priced at $20 per 1,000. The card's use of a Japanese woman in a stereotyped pose could be considered racist.

This trade card advertises L. S. Plaut & Co., a store located at 715 & 719 Broad Street, Newark, New Jersey. The front of the card features a black woman holding a baby while standing next to a fence. The woman is wearing a straw hat and a white apron. The text on the card indicates the store sold shoes, hosiery, gloves, and fancy goods. The image uses a caricature style to depict the woman and may be an example of racist imagery. [The back of the card is blank].

This trade card advertises Loewenstine & Co. of Minneapolis, Minnesota. The front of the card features an illustration of two Native Americans paddling a canoe. The card is accompanied by a handwritten note that indicates the card was part of a Library of Congress Exhibit in Cincinnati. The back of the card is blank.

This is a set of six trade cards for Lowenstein's Philadelphia Clothing House in Mansfield, Ohio. The front of each card features a caricature of a person of Chinese descent in stereotypical clothing. The back of each card provides a full advertisement for the business. [The business advertised in Mansfield, Ohio, is identified as a 'Philadelphia Clothing House,' suggesting a connection to the city of Philadelphia and its thriving clothing industry.]

This trade card advertises the clothing business of Morris Gross, located at 336 & 338 River Street and 13.15 17 Fourth Street, Troy, New York. The card features a depiction of a Japanese woman in a green dress with a fan. Her hair is styled with a white and red hair piece. This trade card is one of a two-part series.

This trade card advertises N. A. Moses & Co., an importer and wholesale dealer located at 43 Tremont Street, Boston, Massachusetts. The card's front features an illustration of a young child, possibly a baby, wearing Chinese clothing and playing with toy trucks. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card for P. Fleischner & Co., located at 1026 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, features a Japanese-style print. This is one of five cards in a set depicting Japanese scenes or imagery. The front of the card displays a Japanese print scene with a a central figure in the print is a young woman holding a fan and wearing a traditional Japanese kimono. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises P. Fleischner & Co., importers of art. The card shows a Japanese print with a floral design, a red background, and a gold frame. The back of the card has been left blank. This card is part of a set of four trade cards featuring Japanese prints. The card lists the company's address at 1026 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia.

This trade card is one of a three-card set, advertising P. Fleischner & Co., located at 1026 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Each card features a different Japanese print, featuring a variety of colorful scenes and figures. The card shown here portrays a group of figures gathered on a hillside overlooking a landscape. The back of the card is blank.

This is one of five trade cards featuring Japanese prints. The card advertises P. Fleischner & Co. located at 1026 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a reproduction of a Japanese woodcut print depicting a man and woman in a landscape setting. The card has a red border and is printed in black and white. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises P. Fleischner & Co., a retailer of Japanese goods located at 1026 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. The card is one of five featuring Japanese woodblock prints. The image is a woodblock print featuring a Japanese woman dressed in kimono standing in a garden, with a mountain in the background. The card has a red border. The back is blank.

This trade card, from P. Ostheim & Son, clothiers, is located at 1102-1104 Germantown Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a woman in an oriental dress that is based on a stereotype of women of Asian descent. This stereotyped figure is meant to attract customers and potentially promote the image of the store as a supplier of fashionable or exotic clothing. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Ph. Kohn, a grocer located at 632 Larrabee Street, corner of Centre, in Chicago, Illinois. The front of the card features a caricature of a group of Black people posing for a photograph under a large, brightly colored cloud. The image is humorous and satirical, using caricatures to depict Black people in a stereotypical manner. This is a common trope in American trade cards from this era, with both overtly racist and seemingly innocuous images portraying a dehumanized and comedic view of Black people. The card has a full advertisement on the back, which is not visible in the image.

This trade card advertises Rosenthal's, a clothing store located at 1418 Polk Street and 1946 Fillmore Street, corner of Pine Street, in San Francisco, California. The front of the card features an illustration of two Black women standing at a fence holding a white baby. The scene is framed by a fence with a gate and a house on the left. The women wear brightly colored dresses with white collars and cuffs. The baby has a very small, white bonnet on. The card is a caricature of a Black family, common in advertisements at the time, and shows clear racism against Black people. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises S. Bloomfield, a clothier located at 367 6th Avenue, near 23rd Street in New York City. The front of the card features a comical illustration of a boy dressed in a Turkish costume. The card has a red and blue border. The back of the card is blank. [Bloomfield's store was dissolved by 1890].

This trade card advertises S. Bloomfield, a merchant located at 367 6th Avenue, New York City. The front of the card features an illustration of a young woman dressed in Indigenous clothing and accessories, including a feather headdress. The woman holds a long staff and stands before a backdrop of a mountainous landscape, with a moon and stars visible in the sky. The card also notes that mail orders are accepted. The back of the card includes a detailed advertisement for the business.

This trade card, one of a set of four, advertises Freeman's One Price Clothing Bazar in Hartford, Connecticut. The front of the card depicts a Geisha girl, reflecting prevalent stereotypes of Asian women in the late 19th century. This imagery should be viewed within the context of the historical biases and prejudices of the time, and it is important to note the harmful nature of these stereotypes. The text on the front reads, "ONE PRICE CLOTHING BAZAR...FIRST CLOTHING STORE FROM MAIN ST." The back of the card contains a full advertisement, providing the address: 14, 16 & 18 Asylum Street.

This trade card advertises Freeman's One Price Clothing Bazar in Hartford, Connecticut. The front of the card (image 1) shows a depiction of a Geisha girl, one of a set of three or four. The image is in color, possibly using chromolithography, and the style suggests a late 19th-century aesthetic. The back of the card (image 2) contains the full advertisement, including the address: 14, 16 & 18 Asylum Street. The text on the front reads, "ONE PRICE CLOTHING BAZAR...FIRST CLOTHING STORE FROM MAIN ST.". The use of a Geisha girl image reflects common stereotypes of the time period.

This trade card, one of a set of four, advertises Freeman's One Price Clothing Bazar in Hartford, Connecticut. The front of the card features an illustration of a Geisha girl, reflecting common stereotypes of Asian women prevalent at the time. This imagery is problematic and should be viewed within the context of its racist origins. The text on the front of the card indicates the business's location relative to Main Street: "ONE PRICE CLOTHING BAZAR...FIRST CLOTHING STORE FROM MAIN ST." The back of the card contains a full advertisement with the complete address: 14, 16 & 18 Asylum Street.

This trade card advertises H. Kayser, a hatter, located at 10 South Second Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a woman in an Oriental-style dress. The illustration is likely a stereotypical representation of Asian women, reflecting prevalent racial biases during that time. Below the illustration, the text clearly states the business's name and address, along with the phrase 'One Price Hatter.' The back of the card is blank. There is another image in the record that is also associated with the business.

This trade card advertises Levi Brothers, clothiers located at Sixth & South Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a child dressed in what appears to be an oriental costume. The style of the clothing and the child's pose may reflect prevailing stereotypes of Asian cultures at the time. The back of the card features a full advertisement and is dated Fall 1891. The imagery on the front of the card is potentially problematic given its depiction of a child in stereotypical Asian attire. Further research is needed to properly contextualize and assess the full implications of this image.

Trade card advertising Marks Bros., located at 108, 110, 112, and 114 North Eighth Street. The front of the card depicts a figure in Japanese garb. The back is blank. Circa 1885.

Trade card advertising Morris Cohn's Globe Shirt business in Addison, New York. The card features racist imagery depicting Chinese individuals. Circa 1885.

This trade card advertises Nathan & Co., a shoe store located at 221 Sixth Avenue between 14th and 15th Streets in New York City. The front of the card showcases a full-color illustration of a young Japanese woman, dressed in a pink kimono, holding a fan. This image is surrounded by text advertising men's, boys', misses', and children's shoes, highlighting the store as 'Headquarters for Roller Skates and Shoes'. The style and colors of the illustration suggest a late 19th-century aesthetic. The back of the card is blank. Note that the depiction of the Japanese girl in this image reflects the cultural attitudes and stereotypes prevalent at the time and should be viewed within that historical context.

This trade card for Nicholl's Blackberry Balsam Cure features a black and white illustration of a caricature of a Jewish-appearing man with two boys, all with exaggeratedly large noses. This image reflects antisemitic stereotypes prevalent during that time. The text on the card advertises "MONEY TO LOAN" and promotes Nicholl's Blackberry Balsam as a cure for various ailments. The illustration is on the front of the card; the back of the card is blank. This is one of two cards in the record.

This trade card for Rosenbloom Brothers, clothiers, features a woman depicted in stereotypical Japanese garb. She is wearing a red kimono-style dress. The illustration style is characteristic of late 19th-century printmaking. The image is presented without any additional text or business information on the front of the card. The back of the card is blank. The subject matter reflects the prevalent stereotypes and cultural misunderstandings of the era, and the trade card itself functions as a visual representation of that context. Note that the depiction of the woman in stereotypical Japanese garb is problematic and reflects biases of the time.

This trade card advertises S. Cohen & Co., purveyors of dress goods, located at 9 Winter Street in Boston, Massachusetts. The front of the card features a comical illustration of a man in Arabian attire. The style of the drawing is consistent with popular imagery of the late 19th century. The image is likely intended to be humorous but also employs stereotypical representations that reflect the racist attitudes of that era. The back of the card contains an advertisement; however, the details of the advertisement are not legible in the provided image. The back of the card is not blank.

A watercolor caricature depicting a stereotypical portrayal of a wealthy Jew. The drawing, possibly copied from a Pennsylvania German ABC book, features exaggerated facial features and attire. It is characterized by anti-Semitic tropes and was likely created circa 1885.

Colored wood block print depicting a woman with Semitic features dressed in rich clothing. The print is captioned "OLD GRAB" and includes a verse about grasping and miserliness. Created circa 1870s.