Subject: 19th Century Business

An addressed envelope sent to L. Liebman at 119 Clay Street, San Francisco, California from S. Marks & Co. in Roseburg, Oregon. The envelope's postmark suggests a date around 1875. The recipient's address indicates San Francisco, California, while the sender's address, S. Marks & Co., is in Roseburg, Oregon.

An addressed envelope advertising Sidman/Lachman, located at 209 & 211 Battery Street, San Francisco, California. The envelope is dated January 1, 1875 and addressed to Asher Marks in Roseburg, Oregon. The envelope provides insight into business correspondence and trade networks in 19th-century Oregon and California.

Billhead for work performed at Mount Moriah Cemetery in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on February 8, 1867. The billhead features a vignette of plumbing fittings and lists Jesse Tittermary as a plumber. This is one of twelve such billheads. The billhead was created by Abraham Hart for Mount Moriah Cemetery.

Billhead from G.W. Faber located at 36 Beaver Street. The date is August 22, 1870. The billhead is part of a collection of financial records.

Billhead from Kraemer, Schaefer & Co. for an order totaling $110.68, dated November 4, 1870. The billhead indicates a substantial purchase amount. The geographic location is inferred from the collection's overall geographic scope.

Billhead from May & Seligman, dated December 4, 1898, noting a closeout sale of items, possibly suits for young boys. The accompanying letter on the invoice mentions sacrifices due to the closeout.

Billhead from R. Hovey to Henry Tobias for personal items, including a trunk, dated April 9, 1841, in New York City. The billhead is part of a larger collection of financial records related to Charles Tobias.

Commercial letter on a billhead from M. Marx in Uniontown, Alabama, dated June 16, 1879. The letter advertises the business's willingness to pay the highest price for cotton. The letter is brief in nature.

Billhead for a securities trade from August Belmont & Co., dated May 2, 1857, in New York, New York. The billhead features the name of F. Milldroun and August Belmont (1813-1890).

Billhead from Augustus Pollack's business in Wheeling, West Virginia, dated June 22, 1889. The billhead includes biographical information about Pollack, noting his marriage to Rosalie Weinberg in 1855, his civic contributions (including the use of his building by the government during the Civil War), and his role as a leading citizen and friend of labor. The description also mentions the presence of a statue in his honor in Wheeling.

Lithograph of a billhead for B. Selig & Co., located at 28 North Third Street. The billhead dates from April 29, 1896. The image shows a depiction of the store. This item is part of the Ms. Coll. 1410 collection, Box 8, Folder 57.

Billhead from Benj. & E. Jacobs' "Family Linen and Housekeeping Establishment" located at 230 Washington Street (2nd store south of Summer St.), Boston, Massachusetts. Dated October 11, 1851. The billhead is signed by Benj. & E. Jacobs.

Billhead from Cardozo, Fourqurean & Co., dealers in dry goods, located at 1005 Main Street, Richmond, Virginia. The billhead is dated August 5, 1879, and measures approximately 8 1/4 by 7 inches. By 1902, I.D. Cardozo was an officer at the City Bank of Richmond.

Billhead from February 5, 1886, for Cerf Schloss, Manufacturers' Agents, located at 119 Battery Street, San Francisco, California. The billhead features an illustration of an oil lamp and a stove.

Billhead from September 27, 1884, for Cerf Schloss, Manufacturers' Agents, located at 311 Sacramento Street, San Francisco, California. The billhead is a single sheet of paper and functions as a record of a business transaction.

Billhead from Chas. Dahlmann located at No. 7 Customs House Block, 413 Sacramento Street, San Francisco, California. The billhead is dated June 28, 1866 and features a vignette of a clipper ship. The description also mentions Mrs. Adolph Roos, who was active in Jewish charities.

Billhead from Cochran & Co., dealers in Northern Ice, located at 138 South Exeter Street and 206 West Fayette Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The billhead is dated May 26, 1884, and features a lithograph of an ice wagon.

Billhead from Cohen & Mack, dated June 16, 1875, addressed to Aurnbach in Troy, Alabama. The billhead indicates a monthly statement was sent. The physical location is Arc.MS.56, Box 11, Folder 8.

Billhead from the firm Cohn & Nathan, located at 206 & 208 Battery Street, San Francisco, California. Dated September 21, 1885. The billhead features a storefront illustration suggesting a mercantile business. The business appears to be a lithography shop or printing shop.

Billhead from Dreyer & Isaac, wholesale and retail dealers in groceries and provisions, located in Thomasville, Georgia. The billhead advertises a large stock of family flour, tobacco, and liquors. It also states that the highest market prices are paid for all kinds of country produce. Dated January 17, 1872.

Billhead from G. Cohn & Co., dated August 16, 1886. The billhead is addressed to Bufford in Virginia City, Montana. The business address is listed as 206 & 208 Battery Street. The billhead features good graphics and the name "G. COHEN & CO." is prominently displayed. The names G. Cohn and Anton Nathan are also mentioned.

Billhead of the Goodman Manufacturing Co., brush and broom manufacturers, located in Richmond, Virginia. The billhead is dated April 14, 1893, and lists Sigmond Goodman, Morton Goodman, and Joseph Rosenbaum. The billhead features a full print of a large factory and depicts brooms and brushes.

Billhead from Hirsh and Oppenheimer, located at 14 & 16 Maiden Lane, New York, New York. The date on the billhead is February 5, 1869. This item is a manuscript/mixed material, specifically a financial record in the form of a billhead.

Billhead from Hoffman Brothers, dated May 25, 1868. The billhead indicates their business address as 17 and 19 Battery Street, near Bush, San Francisco, California. This item is a financial record offering insight into commercial activities in 19th-century San Francisco.

Billhead of I. M. Singer, located at 458 Broadway, New York, New York, dated December 15, 1865. The billhead features a large vignette of a sewing machine and bears a revenue stamp. Isaac Merritt Singer (1811-1875) was an American inventor best known for his contributions to the development of the sewing machine. This billhead provides a glimpse into the business operations of Singer's company in the mid-19th century.

Billhead from I. Strasburger's Dry Goods store in Virginia City, Montana, dated June 16, 1877. The billhead advertises dry goods, carpets, millinery, and fancy goods.

Billhead of Isaacs, R. & Bros., importers of Japanese goods, located at 557 & 559 Broadway, New York City. The billhead is dated June 1, 1893, and features a lithograph of their store. The archival material is a billhead, a type of printed form used for billing customers.

Billhead of J. D. Rosenberger, Commission Merchant and Dealers in all kinds of country produce, located at 38 North Wharves, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated May 4, 1866.

Billhead from J. Pache & Co., Commission and Forwarding Merchants. Their office was located in the Starbuck Building, corner of Commerce on the Levee, opposite the Steamboat Landing, Stockton, California. The date on the billhead is April 10, 1866.

Billhead from James Levi's business at 688 & 698 Main Street, Dubuque, Iowa, dated October 15, 1883. The billhead may be related to Alexander Levi, potentially his grandson, who is noted as the first Jew in Iowa.

This archival item consists of an envelope containing three broadsides and a four-page booklet. The broadsides and booklet are price lists for "Jack Brand" and "Queen Brand" goods, with one price list featuring graphics. One price list also includes addresses: 1524 & 1526 Chestnut Street. The materials were likely created on December 25, 1886, in Eureka, Nevada. An additional note indicates the establishment date as March 18, 1889.

Billhead from Koshland Bros., a fur and wool merchant located at 26 Front Street, Portland, Oregon. Dated October 18, 1876, this billhead indicates a sale of merchandise to Marks. The document's description includes biographical information about Abraham Haas (1847-August 8, 1921), an American businessman and patriarch of the Haas family; details about the founding of Hellman, Haas and Company; and information about the Marks family's business activities in Southern Oregon. Additional information mentions two San Francisco agents, S. & N. Koshland. The billhead was printed by Joe Niles Printer.

This archival item is a billhead from Lavenson, M. / Adler, manufacturers of mattresses and bedding, wholesale dealers in feather, spring beds, and cots. The business was located at 309 North Second Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The billhead is dated April 3, 1884. The billhead was acquired by the ASD (presumably, a collector or archive).

Billhead from Levy & Dreyfus, dated December 20, 1889. The billhead features a lithograph of binoculars and is addressed from 11 Maiden Lane, New York, New York. The billhead is part of a larger collection of financial records.

Billhead from Levy Brothers, Manufacturers of Fine Cigars, located at 53 Margaret Street. The date of this billhead is May 18, 1899. The billhead is part of the M Collection at [Library Name].

Billhead from Levy Brothers, Manufacturers of Fine Cigars, located at 53 Margaret Street, Plattsburgh, New York. The billhead is dated April 13, 1889. This is item 2 of 7.

Billhead from Levy Brothers, Manufacturers of Fine Cigars, dated November 23, 1894. The billhead indicates the business's address as 53 Margaret Street, Plattsburgh, New York. This is one of seven billheads in the collection.

Billhead from Levy Brothers, manufacturers of fine cigars, located at 53 Margaret Street, Plattsburgh, New York. The date on the billhead is October 26, 1892. This is item 3 of 7 in the collection.

Billhead from Lewis Brothers, located at 213, 215 & 217 Battery Street, San Francisco, California. Dated July 2, 1876. The billhead is part of a collection of financial records.

Billhead from Ludwig Rothschild, successor to Louis Amson & Co., importers, located at 424 & 426 Broadway, New York, New York. Dated August 31, 1877. This item is a financial record offering insight into mercantile activities in 19th-century New York.

Billhead of M. De Young, importer of French, English, and German fancy goods, and manufacturer of shell and horn combs, stocks, and caps. Located at 153 Market Street. This is the earliest known example of a Jewish merchant's illustrated billhead in Philadelphia. The woodcut illustrations depict a cap and two combs. Dated February 8, 1834.

Billhead from M. Ehrman Wholesale Grocers, dated September 30, 1884. The billhead lists the business address as 104-110 Broad Street, San Francisco, California.

Billhead from M. Simon & Son, dealers in dry goods, Placerville, California. Dated May 9, 1877. The billhead measures 8 1/2 x 14 inches and features a decorative logo. Recipient: William R. Haynerd.

Billhead of M. Wertheimer, dated June 12, 1885, listing two business addresses: 528-530 Washington Street, San Francisco, California, and 62 South C Street, Virginia City, Nevada. The billhead is part of a larger collection of financial records.

Billhead from Marks, S., dated December 29, 1871. The billhead indicates a sale to the Oregon Stage Company, payable in gold coin. Marks, S. was a dealer in groceries, liquor, cigars, clothing, dry goods, and other unspecified items. The business was located in Roseburg, Oregon.

Billhead from Marks, S., dated May 6, 1867, indicating a sale to the Oregon Stage Company. The billhead advertises the seller as dealers in groceries, liquor, cigars, clothing, dry goods, etc., located in Roseburg, Oregon. Payment was specified as payable in gold coin.

Billhead from Morris Bros. and J. A. W. Knight & Co., general stores in Helena, Montana Territory, dated December 12, 1879. The billhead lists a variety of merchandise including playing cards, firearms, ammunition, baby carriages, fruits, cigars, crockery, and glass. A handwritten note mentions the unavailability of certain cigarettes.

Billhead from Mrs. Isaac Oettinger's millinery shop in Raleigh, North Carolina, dated May 15, 1876. The billhead advertises "Dealer in Millinery...Human and Imitation Goods" and lists the shop's address as 48 Fayetteville Street. The billhead is part of a larger collection documenting the Oettinger family's history in Raleigh.

This billhead from December 15, 1885, belonged to Nathan Gutman, an importer of silks, velvets, laces, trimmings, hosiery, and other goods. His business was located at 66 Lexington Street, near Charles Street, in Baltimore, Maryland. The billhead is addressed to A.S.D. H. Weil.

Billhead from P. Berwin & Brother, hat and cap merchants, located at 106 Battery Street, San Francisco, California. Dated October 16, 1876. The billhead indicates payment is payable in gold and also references N.S. Trowbridge & Co.

Billhead from the Pacific Jewelry Company in San Francisco, California. The billhead indicates that Nathan Samuels & Newmans were the proprietors. It lists the company's address as 6 Battery Street, near Market Street. The billhead is dated January 25, 1877 and features detailed graphics. The Pacific Jewelry Company manufactured and imported gold and plated jewelry.

Billhead - Rosengarten & Sons, Represented by Charles Rutherford @ 26 Liberty St., NYC...11/14/1879. Adolph George Rosengarten (1838-1862) was born in Philadelphia, PA. His parents were George David Rosengarten and Elizabeth Bennet. Rosengarten and his family were included in Malcolm Stern's First American Jewish Families. His death was reported on by The Israelite, which stated: "Major Rosengarten, of the Philadelphia cavalry, who fell in the engagement near Nashville, was an Israelite and was buried in Philadelphia, agreeably to the rites and customs of Israel."

Billhead of S. Hernsheim, dated December 18, 1878. The billhead lists business addresses at 83-87 Gravier Street and 28-30 Magazine Streets, New Orleans, and 141 Water Street, New York City. Joseph Hernsheim is also mentioned on the billhead. The billhead suggests mercantile business activities.

Billhead from S. Liebowitz located at 14 & 16 Lispenard Street, New York City. The billhead is dated May 10, 1892. The record includes the notation "ASD", the meaning of which is unknown.

Billhead from S. Lowenberg & Co. to J. Goldman & Co., dated July 2, 1886, from Tulare, California. The bill includes charges for two chickens at $1.00 and a wagon at $163.45. This billhead is part of a larger collection of financial records.

Billhead from S. W. Rosenstock & Co., dated March 23, 1874. The billhead indicates the company's address as 32 & 34 Sansome Street, corner of Bush Street, San Francisco, and specifies payment in gold coin. The description also includes information about Marion Leventritt, a partner in the firm, who was involved in shoe manufacturing and a founding member of The International Society for the Colonization of Russian Jews in 1891. Information from the *Daily Alta California* of January 17, 1891, detailing the incorporation of this society and its board of directors, including Leventritt, is also included.

Billhead from Samuel Wolf's business in Wheatland, Yuba County, California, dated February 3, 1877. The billhead indicates that "COUNTRY PRODUCE TAKEN IN EXCHANGE".

Billhead of Schuckmann & Seligmann, located at 291 & 293 West Water Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The billhead is dated February 6, 1884, and features a logo depicting four different whiskies with elaborate graphics. The item is a single sheet.

Billhead from Sheyer & Morris, Dealers in Fancy and Staple Dry Goods, Carson City, Ormsby County, Nevada, dated September 1, 1871. The bill lists spools, needles, and buttons sold to Mr. Huney (likely Captain John W. Haynie). The business was located on Carson Street, next to Wells, Fargo & Co.'s Express Office. The billhead is printed in black, red, and blue by M. Weiss, Oriental Printing House, San Francisco, CA, and marked "Paid." Jacob Sheyer and Louis Morris are listed as the business owners.

Billhead from Stein, Hyman & Oppenheim, importers of human hair, located at 103 Fourth Avenue, New York. The billhead features an engraving of their building at the top. It measures approximately 6 by 9-1/2 inches. Dated September 20, 1892.

Billhead of Steiner & Lobman, with business addresses at 136 & 138 Commerce Street and 113 to 123 Tallapoosa Street, Montgomery, Alabama, and New York City offices at 216 Church Street. The date is June 30, 1892. The billhead notes that the printing was done by Good Litho.

Billhead of Wangenheim Sternheim & Co., importers of crockery, glass, china, silver-plated ware, and Britannia ware. Located at 127 & 129 Sansome Street, San Francisco. Dated October 24th, 1873. The billhead features an illustration of wares. Payable in Gold Coin.

Billhead from Warren & Jones, a business dealing in bagging, ties, and twine, located at 222 North Main Street, St. Louis, Missouri. The date on the billhead is May 26, 1876. The description notes that by this time the family associated with the billhead was no longer Jewish.

Billhead from William S. Gottsberg's business located at 11 Murray Street, New York City. The billhead is dated July 1, 1885. The record indicates the presence of additional, unspecified information labeled 'ASD'.

Billhead of Zechiel, L., Importer of Skins & Manufacturer of Sleigh Robes. The billhead is dated October 17, 1889, and lists the business address as 554 Broadway, between Spring and Prince Streets, New York, New York. A lithograph of a tiger is depicted on the billhead.

Billhead from 120 & 122 South Main Street, St. Louis, Missouri, dated April 6, 1874. The billhead lists the business address and possibly the names of Imbs and Meyer.

Billhead from Benj. & E. Jacobs' Family Linen and Housekeeping Establishment, located at 230 Washington Street (2nd store south of Summer St.). The billhead is dated October 11, 1851. The image is not currently available.

Billhead from Em. Meyer & Co., sole agents for E. Pinaud in the United States, dated May 3, 1884. The billhead lists addresses in New York, New York and New London, Connecticut.

Billhead from Leonard Friedman & Co., importers of Sumatra and Spanish Leaf Tobacco, located at 203 Pearl Street. The billhead is dated December 2, 1893. The billhead is part of the Ms. Coll. 1410 collection.

A broadside advertisement for Goldberg's Grocery in San Francisco, California, circa 1890. The broadside features a photograph of the store with numerous horse-drawn carts lined up in front, suggesting significant business activity. The text proclaims Goldberg's as "the largest retail grocery house in America outside of New York." Addresses listed on the broadside include: 426.32 Pine, 215.17 Sutter, 2800 California (all in San Francisco), and 1075 Clay in Oakland, California.

A broadside advertisement for Charles H. Solomon, purveyor of spectacles, printed in Macon, Georgia in 1880. The broadside features text detailing the business's offerings.

Printed broadside advertisement for Huestis & Levy Playing Cards, located at 177 & 179 Grand Street, New York, New York. The advertisement features an illustration of the factory/storefront. This broadside comes from a disbound volume of "The Illustrated American Biography" by A.D. Jones, published by J. Milton Emerson and Co., 29 Gold Street, New York, in 1854-1855. The broadside measures approximately 8" x 10.5".

This broadside is an advertisement for Myers Hollander's men's clothing business in Uniontown, Pennsylvania. It was printed on August 1, 1860. The broadside provides insight into early Jewish mercantile activity in Uniontown, predating the confirmed establishment of a Jewish community there by several years.

Business card for Gulick & Van Kleeck, tea and syrup jobbers, located at 120 Warren Street. The card indicates that R. M. Gulick represents the company at 154 3rd Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA. The card is dated circa 1885.

Business card of L. Wurzburger, milliner, located at 411 Broadway, New York, New York. Printed on white stock. Date estimated as 1875.

Business Card of Moses A. Dropsie, watchmaker, located at 57 North Third Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card is undated, but based on biographical information, it likely dates from between 1840 and 1845, before Dropsie transitioned to a career in law. This is considered a rare example, possibly unique.

This archival item consists of business correspondence related to the address 358 Broadway in New York City. The correspondence is dated September 6th, 1898. The correspondence involves Max Scheurer, Ralph Scheurer, and Isaac Scheurer.

Collection of business correspondence related to the firms Wm. Ronsheim & Bros., Levy & Ronsheim, and Reynolds & Frank, operating in Cincinnati and Delaware, Ohio, between 1847 and 1879. The materials include letters and an advertising envelope for boys' clothing. One letter is dated November 26, 1879, and mentions an address at 70 West Pearl Street, Cincinnati.

A business letter written by C. Litschgi to Goodman & Myers on May 16, 1877. The letter was sent from Charleston, South Carolina, and references tobacco and cigar factories in Richmond, Virginia, and New York City. The envelope features advertisements for these factories.

A one and three-quarter page business letter from David Judah & Co. in Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York, New York, dated April 27, 1824. The letter details business transactions, including debts and payments, mentioning a significant sum of $3,000 owed to Mr. Marx (approximately $80,000 in 2019).

A business letter dated September 1851, written by Felix Kahn in Nashville, Tennessee, to L. Mayer & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter details an order for dry goods, including ginghams, tablecloths, spoons, razors, handkerchiefs, and stockings. Kahn requests prompt shipment and specifies the desired assortment and pricing. The letter provides insights into commercial transactions and the dry goods trade in the mid-19th century United States.

A commercial letter dated September 8, 1864, from Gustav Isaac of Stern, Jonas & Co., located at 176 and 178 Water Street in New York, New York, to Moses Dropsie in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses business matters, potentially related to the tobacco industry or law, as indicated by subject tags in the original record.

A two-and-a-half-page German-language business letter from H. Fuhrman to Jacobs Mayer & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated October 12, 1847. The letter details business matters and includes a list of merchandise totaling over 1700 dollars. The letter was sent from Delphi, Indiana.

A stampless business letter written by Henry Tobias in Liverpool, England to Charles Tobias in New York City on March 13, 1840. The letter discusses the poor state of business. The Tobias family was known for its involvement in the clock and watch industry.

A business letter mentioning the address 21.23 W. Houston Street. The letter is from the firm HERSKOVITS & ROTH and dates to January 1, 1895. The archival item is located in Arc.MS.56, Volume 18, Page 26.

A business letter written on the billhead of Steinberg Bro's and Co., located at 96 West Main Street, Louisville, Kentucky, to Julius Weil of Paducah, Kentucky, dated August 13, 1880. The letter pertains to business matters, likely related to the tobacco industry, given the lithographed cigars on the billhead.

Printed and handwritten business license issued in Mora County, New Mexico Territory on September 14, 1869. The license, costing $50.50 (approximately $860 in 2016), was granted to B. (Benjamin) Lowenstein, a Jewish merchant who operated a trading post in Mora. The document is a form with handwritten additions, and it shows the official seal of the Mayor.

Check drawn on L. H. Hershfield & Bro. on November 5, 1880, in Helena, Montana. The check was made payable to E. Andrews & Co.

A personal letter written by a clerk for Hecht Bros. & Co. on December 24, 1879, in Pocahontas, Arkansas. The letter expresses loneliness and contains commercial content related to the dry goods, boots, shoes, groceries, and general merchandise business of Hecht Bros. & Co. The letter is written on embossed letterhead featuring the names L. Hecht, S. Hecht, and L.F. Nicklase, indicating that the firm may have been Hecht and Nicklase. A gold ink overlay on the letterhead reads 'Hecht and Nicklase Survivor of.'

Printed broadside circular letter from Robinson & Brother of Louisville, Kentucky, dated February 1, 1854. The letter advertises spring imports. The broadside is printed in red and black ink.

A business card for City Fruit Store located at 4 Weyboss Street. The date is estimated to be January 1, 1864, based on metadata.

This collection comprises twenty-one billheads, dating from 1881 to 1885. The majority of the billheads are from J. Hyman & Son, importers and manufacturers of pictures, paper, cards, and dancing order novelties, located at 25 Beekman Street, New York City. Additional billheads are from Morgenstern, P. and Kaufmann & Co., also operating in New York City, and one from Nassau, New York. The billheads represent business records from various firms during the period.

Three-part commercial correspondence regarding the purchase of plate glass from Fleishman (S.) & Cohn (M) at 60 Liberty Street, New York, New York, dated January 31, 1859. The correspondence includes an envelope with their advertisement on the back, a promissory note to Fleishman (S.) & Cohn (M), and a letter from the same firm.

A commercial letter dated November 20, 1877, from Bamberger, Bloom & Co. in Louisville, Kentucky. The letter mentions "Kentucky Jeans" and references two business locations in Louisville. The letter is written by Leo Bloom to George Urban, Jr.

Commercial letter from J. Basinski & Bros. to Henry Elling in Virginia City, Montana, dated August 10, 1881. The letterhead displays a logo and lists a branch in Miles City, Montana. The letter discusses early Jewish settlers in Montana Territory.

Printed letterhead from the Banking House of J. I. Cohen & Brothers in Baltimore, Maryland, dated May 20, 1835. The letter, written to Elie Beatty in Hagerstown, Maryland, is a commercial communication.

Letterhead of Julius Basinski, Bozeman, Montana Territory, dated July 12, 1880. This commercial letter mentions a branch office in Miles City, Montana Territory.

Envelope with advertising insert and commercial letter dated September 3, 1856, from L. Samuel to Henry Cohen, with a copy to B.S. Cohen. The letter refers to Henry Cohen, a well-known businessman in stationery supplies who also imports goods from his family firm in London. Henry Cohen is identified as the father of Mary Cohen, and the family is noted for its involvement in Jewish affairs in Philadelphia and Maryland. The family is described as very wealthy.

A two-page commercial letter written in neat, small handwriting by Leech Harrison & Co. of Liverpool, England, to H. & C. Tobias in New York City on September 30, 1840. The letter discusses the political climate in Europe, predicting the avoidance of war, and provides a detailed trade report and market analysis focusing on cotton and flour.

A two-page commercial letter dated July 31, 1840, from Leech, Harrison & Co. in Liverpool, England, to H. & C. Tobias in New York, New York. The letter provides a detailed trade report and analysis of cotton, flour, and overall market conditions, including predictions about American crops. The writers express a generally optimistic outlook on the return of confidence in trade.

Commercial letter written by L. Levy and I. Mincer of their dry goods store in Waxahachie, Texas, to Eagle & Phoenix & Co. in Columbus, Georgia, on January 17, 1887. The letter discusses commercial matters.

A commercial letter written by M. Bondy on the letterhead of his office at 190 Pearl Street, New York, New York, to the First National Bank of Andes, New York, on February 19, 1885. The letterhead features an illustration and mentions Havana & Seed Leaf Tobacco. The letter pertains to a business transaction.

A commercial letter from M. Hyman & Co., importers and manufacturers of boy's clothing, located at 518 Market Street and 19 Sutter Street, San Francisco, California, to Frank Litsch in Shasta, California, dated November 3, 1880. The letter, signed "Levy," is contained within a commercial envelope.

Commercial letter from M. I. Tobias & Co. in Liverpool, England, to Henry Tobias in New York, New York, dated June 18, 1844. The letter pertains to business matters.

A commercial letter dated June 6, 1884, sent from Menken Brothers in Memphis, Tennessee to the Eagle & Phenix Manufacturing Co. in Columbus, Georgia. The letter displays elaborate letterhead featuring a vignette. The content pertains to business matters. This letter is part of a larger collection spanning from 1864, showcasing the growth of the Menken Brothers' business.

A commercial letter from Cohen, Mack & Co., clothiers in New York City, to F. Auerbach & Bro. in Salt Lake City, Utah, dated May 5, 1875. The letter acknowledges payment of a balance due on the account of Theodore H. Auerbach and details further payments made on his behalf.

A commercial letter dated May 26, 1884, from Feigenbaum & Co., importers at 520-526 Market Street, San Francisco, to Henry Hall & Son & Co. at 21-25 Sutter Street, San Francisco. The letter requests an order for various unspecified items. The letter is written on Feigenbaum & Co.'s letterhead.

Four-page letter detailing a commodities report from Bunge & Co. in Amsterdam, dated August 27, 1846. The report covers various commodities including sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotton, rice, ashes, and whale oil. The letter was likely sent to the firm of Tobias in New York City.

Vellum deed documenting a property transaction in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The deed, dated October 25, 1844, records the purchase of a property by Hyman Gratz for $524.00. The reverse side details the subsequent sale of the same property on May 13, 1850, for $2,900.00, signed twice by Gratz. This document offers a rare glimpse into real estate profits in 19th-century Philadelphia.

Envelope with advertising for Loewenstein, Strousse & Co., Wholesale Clothiers, located at 16 North Third Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The envelope is addressed to Loewenstein, Strousse & Co. and mailed from Mora, New Mexico on May 31, 1894. This item is described as a good example of mercantile reach in the West.

Commercial envelope addressed to S. & B. Lederer in Providence, Rhode Island, from Levy, Dreyfus & Co., importers, located at 11 Maiden Lane, New York, New York. The envelope features a vignette of binoculars and is dated March 21, 1888. Post Office Box 3567, NYC is also listed.

Four-page ledger sheet detailing the account of E. Pinkham with D. Falk & Bro., a general store in Boise, Idaho. The account spans from December 25, 1877, to June 15, 1878, totaling $2,806.47. Items purchased include groceries, sewing supplies, boots, lumber, and more.

Commercial supplement to Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, published October 27, 1888 in New York, New York. Features illustrations of various businesses in Cincinnati, Ohio; Buffalo, New York; and Baltimore, Maryland, including Brunswick-Balke-Collender (bowling equipment), Samuel Trost cigar box factory, G. Elias lumber factory, Hutzler Brothers Department Store, and Joel Gutman Department Store.

A business record from Herschman Bros., dated January 1, 1863. The record's content is partially illegible and denoted as "NYBOB.1A...R3NY80B.1a R.3; ; ; ;". The geographic location is inferred from the archival collection to be in or around New York.

A bifolium broadside issued by Lazard Frères & Co. on March 31, 1884, announcing the appointment of Eugene Arnstein as a partner in their New York City office. The broadside also lists the firm's offices in London and Paris and specifies the banks on which the firm draws. One page displays Arnstein's signature for authentication.

Wooden and cardboard two-piece flat container for lead pencil refills. Approximately 3.0" in length by 1.5" wide, with a removable cardboard top. Original paper label is intact and legible, showing normal storage wear. Contains lead pieces. Labeled "Henry Cohen Manufacturing Est. London 1803 & Manufacturing Est. Philadelphia 1838." This stationery firm belonged to Henry Cohen, a leader in the Philadelphia Jewish community and father of Mary Cohen. His brother in England also ran the manufacturing and stationery establishment; he was also an inventor.

This archival item consists of a letter and its accompanying envelope. The letter, dated March 18, 1869, was sent from Dreyfoos, Cahn & Co., a Cincinnati, Ohio-based shoe company located at 115 West Pearl Street, to Beam & Jay in New Paris, Ohio. The content of the letter is commercial in nature. The envelope provides additional information about the sender and recipient.

This letter book documents the business and personal correspondence of Tobias I. Tobias in London from August 21, 1815, to June 15, 1816. The 37-leaf volume contains 44 letters, detailing his mercantile activities, including dealings in watches, clothes, cordage, boots, shoes, butcher knives, and razor cases. The letters also reveal personal matters, family concerns, and financial difficulties, with frequent communication with his brother, Samuel I. Tobias, in New York City. The book provides insight into Tobias I. Tobias's trading practices, relationships with clients and associates, and the challenges he faced during this period. Many letters are signed "T.I.T." or "Tobias."

A letter dated October 27, 1875, from A. B. Elfelt in San Francisco, California, to Fort Brioger in Walla Walla Territory (W.T.). The letter discusses a bad debt and mentions a lawsuit with Levi Strauss & Co. over the use of copper rivets on pants pockets. Elfelt was a partner in the New York City firm of Elfelt, Levi & Co. The A. Elfelt company, established in San Francisco in 1867, manufactured and sold workwear wholesale. The letter originated from 108 & 110 Samsome Street, San Francisco, California.

A commercial letter from A. C. Brown & Green in New York City to Hendricks Brothers in Liverpool, England, dated July 4, 1851. The letter pertains to the copper trade, highlighting Hendricks Brothers' significant role as a major copper importer in the USA and a primary supplier to the US Navy and Paul Revere. The letter is stampless.

A letter dated February 3, 1893, from A. Lichtenstein Son & Co., cigar manufacturers located at 309-311 East 59th Street, New York, to R. C. Halliday of Dillon, Montana. The letter measures 5 1/4" by 7 7/8" in size.

A one-page, stampless letter written by A. S. Thornton in Manchester, England, on June 1, 1838, to Mr. Henry Tobias in New York City. The letter discusses insuring goods for shipment to America.

A letter written by A. Strauss to the Singer Manufacturing Co. on June 13, 1865, concerning a tax matter. The letter originates from Delaware, Ohio, United States. The letter is not related to Jewish individuals or organizations.

Two-page letter written by Aaron B. Nones in Les Cayes, Haiti, to S. I. Tobias & Co. in New York City on March 12, 1819. The letter discusses sales of cologne water, lists prices of various commodities, requests references to Mr. Harbeck and colleagues, and notes the opportunities for business ventures in Haiti.

Two-page letter written by Aaron B. Nones in Les Cayes, Haiti, to S. I. Tobias & Co. in New York City on August 7, 1819. Nones reports on the sales of cologne water, lists prices of various commodities, and discusses his inability to sell silks due to French imports.

A four-page letter, plus four cross-hatched pages of writing, from Abraham Joseph in London to Tobias I. Tobias in New York City, dated May 12, 1823. The letter discusses family matters, including the birth of Tobias I. Tobias's son, and commercial affairs, mentioning the Rothschilds. The letter is written in English.

A letter written by Abraham Tobias to T.I. Tobias in Charleston, South Carolina on December 26, 1835. The letter expresses sympathy regarding the Great Charleston Fire of 1835, which destroyed nearly 700 buildings, mostly commercial enterprises. Tobias also details his new business partnership with D.C. Levy under the name A. Tobias & Co.

A commercial letter dated February 19, 1883, from B. Desenberg & Co., commission merchants in Kalamazoo, Michigan, to the cashier of the First National Bank. The letter requests payment.

Commercial letter from B. Lowenstein & Bros., a dry goods store located at 242-246 Main Street, Memphis, Tennessee, to G. Gunby Jordan in Columbus, Georgia, dated March 11, 1884. The letter discusses business matters, likely related to dry goods.

A commercial letter dated November 15, 1872, from B. Oppenheimer & Co. in San Antonio, Texas, to E. C. Bailey. The letterhead indicates that B. Oppenheimer & Co. deals in dry goods, clothing, boots, and shoes, and mentions an office at 184 Church Street in New York City. The letter's content is commercial in nature.

Three-page letter (written on five sides), each page measuring 9" x 6", written on the advertising letterhead of The San Antonio Club, San Antonio, Texas, dated January 29, 1885. The letter details business matters concerning the contractual terms of a land deal from B. Oppenheimer and is addressed to N. A. Milton in Houston, Texas. Included is a cover from "B. Oppenheimer & Co." B. Oppenheimer & Co. was active in Jewish affairs.

A commercial letter dated February 16, 1884, from Browne & Manganaes to Eisemann Brothers in Las Vegas, New Mexico. The letter pertains to tallow and was sent from a branch in Fernando de Taos.

A one-page letter (front and back) written by C. H. Meussdorffer in Portland, Oregon on August 18, 1876, to J. C. M. & Bro. in San Francisco, California. The letter primarily concerns business matters, including drafts and payments, with a brief mention of the writer enlarging his house.

Autograph letter signed (ALS) from C. H. Viel of East Phoenix to L. M. Jacobs & Co. of Tucson, Arizona Territory, dated June 15, 1879. The letter discusses the price of flour. Written on the letterhead of The Salt River Flouring Mill.

A letter from the firm Cohen & Fosdick in Savannah, Georgia, to I. G. Weld in Boston, Massachusetts, dated November 21, 1851. The letter discusses cotton prices and other matters related to the cotton trade.

Business letter dated September 3, 1849, from Cohen & Hertz in Salem, Massachusetts, to John E. Gardner in Savannah, Georgia. The letter discusses the shipment of lumber and also mentions the dissolution of one firm and the formation of Cohen & Hertz.

Commercial letter from Cohen, Mack & Co., located at 52 White Street, New York City, to F. Auerbach & Bro. in Salt Lake City, Utah, dated June 16, 1875. The letter is written on illustrated letterhead and discusses early Utah settlers who made fortunes in mining and started as storekeepers.

A one-page, stampless business letter from David Judah in Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York City, dated April 22, 1824. The letter discusses sales, finances, and the ill health of both the writer and recipient.

A one-page, stampless business letter written by David Judah in Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York, New York on October 4, 1824. The letter discusses sales and funds. David Judah & Co., licensed as auctioneers on November 11, 1822, consisted of Judah, T. I. Tobias, and Edward Pollock. While information on David Judah is limited, sources indicate he was a leading member of the Richmond Synagogue and a merchant. He is also noted as an auctioneer who dealt in slaves. His last known letter in this collection dates to April 12, 1849.

A one-page, stampless letter written by David Judah in Richmond, Virginia to Tobias I. Tobias in New York, New York on April 26, 1825. The letter discusses business matters and accounts.

A business letter from E. Ikelheimer & Co. in Selma, Alabama, to E. C. Bailey in Boston, Massachusetts, dated April 5, 1881. The letterhead displays the company's address as No. 8 Broad St., Selma, Alabama, and mentions the company's founding in 1844.

Letter - SCHNEIDER, E.R. TO URBANA WINE COMPANY; 601 & 802 BROAD STREET, Augusta, Georgia. The letterhead reads: “E.R. Schneider, Importer and Wholesale and Retail Dealer in Liquors, Fine Wines, Havana Cigars, Mineral Waters, etc.” Ernst R. Schneider was Jewish, originating from a wave of German-Jewish immigrants who settled in the American South during the mid-to-late 19th century. Following the Civil War, Augusta’s Broad Street became a bustling hub heavily populated by Jewish-owned retail, wholesale, and dry goods merchant operations.Documented Jewish Activities in AugustaThe Schneider family was highly influential and deeply woven into the religious, civic, and cultural framework of Augusta's Jewish community:Synagogue Foundations: The family line was closely associated with Augusta's historic congregations. This included the landmark Congregation of B'nai Israel Synagogue (established as a Reform synagogue, dedicated in 1869, making it the oldest standing synagogue building in Georgia) and later the Orthodox congregation Adas Yeshurun.Commercial Support Network: Like many Southern Jewish merchants of the era, E.R. Schneider functioned within a tight-knit community commerce loop. They provided credit, employment, and mutual aid to newer Jewish immigrants arriving through coastal ports like Savannah.Cultural Legacy: Later generations of the Augusta Schneider lineage went on to establish foundational community landmarks, such as Schneider's Music Center, and produced the city's very first Jewish symphony orchestra musician.

A business letter from Eckman & Vetsburg, wholesale dry goods and notions merchants, located at 151 & 153 Congress Street, Savannah, Georgia. The letter, dated approximately November 1, 1884, mentions a New York City office at 39 Worth Street. The letterhead features a vignette of an office building and a horse-drawn carriage.

A letter dated April 21, 1886, from Fechheimer, Rau & Co. to the Forbes Lithograph Manufacturing Company in New York, New York. The letter includes a lithograph of the factory and store located at 361 & 363 Broadway.

A letter dated April 20, 1854, from Francis Frank Mandelbaum and P. H. Bruckman, partners in a Sacramento cigar shop, to Adolph Sutro, a tobacco trader in San Francisco (and future mayor). The letter expresses dissatisfaction with Sutro's delayed correspondence and includes a detailed order for various tobacco products, matches, and pipes.

Typed business letter from Friedman & Loveman, a dry goods store in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, to Rufus D. King in Lost Creek, Alabama, dated December 10, 1885. The letter is faint.

Handwritten business letter from Furchgott, Benedict & Co., dealers in dry goods, carpets, and furnishings, located in Jacksonville, Florida, to Hicks & Berg. Dated February 1, 1876. The letterhead also lists the company's locations in Charleston, South Carolina, Atlanta, Georgia, and New York City. The letter concerns the sale of goods. Furchgott's was Jacksonville's fifth oldest business establishment.

Letter from Geo. A. Lowe, General Agent for Utah, Nevada, Idaho, and Montana for P. Schuttler's Chicago Wagons, to Henry Elling in Virginia City, Nevada. Dated June 2, 1877. The letter is written on fancy letterhead and discusses wagon works, horse & mule shoes, blacksmith supplies, and farm machinery provided by the company.

A business letter written on June 15, 1881, by H. Hall of Feigenbaum & Co. in Highland Mills, New York, to A. Blumenthal in New York City. The letter references samples to be sent and features a prominent company logo.

A commercial letter written by H. Vogelman, a manufacturer and dealer in boots, shoes, hats, caps, leather, and findings, located at 20 Mill Street, Grass Valley, California. Dated February 10, 1895, the letter promises to send money and complains of dull business conditions. The letterhead is described as "very crude."

Commercial letter written on the letterhead of the Helena and Frisco Mining Company in Gem, Idaho, on November 23, 1891. The letter mentions A. J. Seligman as Secretary-Treasurer and Director. The letter's content pertains to business matters.

Commercial letter from Henry Levy & Son, importers of fancy goods located at 122 & 124 Duane Street, New York, New York, to A. W. Eckel in Charleston, South Carolina, dated February 1, 1878. The letter contains commercial content.

A letter written by Henry M. Phillips to John Rumsey on April 13, 1858, in Washington, D.C., concerning the Pennsylvania Railroad. Phillips approves the minutes of the railroad board. Phillips was a prominent Philadelphia lawyer and the first Jewish person elected to Congress from Philadelphia; he was also a member of the Sephardic Congregation Mickve Israel.

A letter written by Henry M. Phillips to John Rumsey on April 13, 1858, expressing disapproval of a Pennsylvania Railroad motion. Phillips, a prominent Philadelphia lawyer and the first Jewish Philadelphian elected to Congress, was a member of the Pennsylvania Railroad board. The letter is addressed to John Rumsey, Secretary of the Board of Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad.

A business letter dated January 26, 1885, from Henry Solomon & Son, a Savannah, Georgia mercantile firm, to the New Urbana Wine Co. The letter, written on Henry Solomon & Son's stationery (173 & 175 Bay Street, Savannah, Georgia), concerns the receipt of monies.

A business letter from Henry Solomon & Son, located at 173 & 175 Bay Street, Savannah, Georgia, to the Urbana Wine Company in Hammondsport, New York, dated April 18, 1884. The letter pertains to business dealings between the two companies.

A 2 1/2 page letter from Henry Tobias in London, England to Charles Tobias in New York City, dated May 19, 1838. Henry announces receiving 1000 pounds from Uncle Asher, using the funds to purchase approximately 550 pounds worth of goods to be shipped to Charles, anticipating a handsome profit. He also mentions purchasing a new sign for the store.

A two-page stampless letter written by Henry Tobias in London, England on January 3, 1841, to Charles Tobias in New York, New York. The letter details business transactions involving goods such as buttons, velvet, and silk, including discussions of discounts and sales.

A business letter written by Henry Tobias in Liverpool, England to M. I. Tobias & Co. in New York, New York, on December 4, 1843. The letter pertains to business matters, reflecting the commercial activities of the Tobias family, known for their involvement in the clock and watch industry.

A two-page letter from Henry Tobias in Liverpool, England, to his father, T. I. Tobias, in New York, New York, dated November 29, 1836. The letter discusses business matters, including commissions, credit limitations, and the upcoming publication of a new edition of Yontif Books. A short note, dated November 30, 1836, is added on a third page, mentioning poor business conditions in London.

A letter from Hoffmann & Fersch, manufacturers of show cases, located at 148 Chatham Street, New York City, to E. H. Leary. The letter, dated September 26, 1876, is printed on letterhead that also advertises their patent Magic Show-Case Door Spring (1870). The letter measures 8 x 10 inches when fully open.

A one-page commercial letter dated February 9, 1847, written by Horace E. Baldwin in New York City to Charles Tobias in New Orleans. The letter details commercial activities between their firms, including sales accounts of U.S. Staff swords, watches, and transactions with Hyde & Goodrich. Horace E. Baldwin was a partner in Taylor, Baldwin and Co. in Newark, New Jersey, before moving to New Orleans in 1842. The letter is part of a larger collection purchased on January 7, 2013.

Handwritten business letter dated August 12, 1863, from Isaac A. Isaacs of Union Hall, Cleveland, Ohio, to the Singer Manufacturing Co. The letter is written on illustrated letterhead depicting Union Hall. The letter measures 8 1/2" x 11".

Two-page letter written by Isidor Bush on January 6, 1851, from St. Louis, Missouri, to Reverend Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Bush details his financial struggles and despair after his business failed in New York City. A second, German-language letter to Dormitzer in New York City is also included, discussing debts and a request to reinstate a subscription to *The Occident*.

A stampless letter dated August 17, 1850, from J. B. Butler & Son in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, to Hendricks & Brothers in New York, New York. The letter concerns a request for details on copper roofing, specifying a quantity of 420 square feet. The letter includes an orange circular date stamp and a truncated "5".

A commercial letter dated April 15, 1883, from J. J. Cohen's Sons, wholesale dealers in cigars, tobacco, and snuff, located at 36 Wall Street in Atlanta, Georgia, to T. F. Burbank at Cedar Farm, Georgia. The letterhead features the company's name and address.

A letter from the J. M. Brunswick & Balke Co. in Cincinnati, Ohio, to their attorney, Jno. S. Ferguson, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, dated February 22, 1879. The letter concerns a legal dispute regarding a billiard table purchase, mentioning Moses Bensinger as a principal. This letter is part of a larger archive documenting a legally contested purchase of a billiard table from the Brunswick & Balke Company between 1875 and 1879. The archive also includes other forms and letters detailing the financial dispute.

A letter from the J. M. Brunswick & Balke Co. in Cincinnati, Ohio, to their attorney, Jonathan S. Ferguson, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, dated February 6, 1879. The letter concerns a legal dispute regarding a billiard table purchase and lists Moses Bensinger as a principal. This letter is part of a larger archive documenting a legal contest over a billiard table purchase from 1875-1879. The archive contains letters, shipping documents, and promissory notes.

A letter written by J. Switzer on November 13, 1884, from Helena, Montana. The letter mentions Switzer's involvement in the wholesale liquor business and a lithograph depicting a storefront. Switzer, who arrived in Helena in 1877, was a successful businessman with investments in various mining and commercial ventures in Montana.

A letter dated December 17, 1884, from J.C. Young to Eckman & Vetsburg, a wholesale dry goods and notions company located at 151 & 153 Congress Street in Savannah, Georgia. Young's letter expresses his interest in employment and mentions prior work experience with the company. The letterhead features a vignette of an office building and horse-drawn carriage. An additional address of 39 Worth Street, New York City is also listed. The letter is written on watermarked paper.

A letter dated May 14, 1880, written on the letterhead of Code, Elfelt & Co., a San Francisco-based manufacturer of pickles and hermetically sealed goods. The letter was sent to S. R. Buford & Co. in Virginia City, Montana. The verso of the letter includes a detailed product broadside. The letter arrived with a damaged transmittal cover.

Business letter dated July 5, 1884, from Joseph Libmann & Co. in New York, New York, to Crane & Co. in Dalton, Massachusetts. The letter, written on elaborate letterhead, discusses a paper order. Crane & Co. made notes on the letter indicating the order was filled.

A commercial letter dated January 6, 1887, from Katz & Barnett, located at 36, 38 & 40 Camp Street in New Orleans, Louisiana, to the Eagle & Phenix Manufacturing Co. The letter contains an order for 1,000 pounds of thread.

Letter dated January 12, 1881, on letterhead from the international banking firm Knauth, Nachod & Kuhne, with offices in New York and Leipzig. The letter measures approximately 8 x 11 inches. Knauth, Nachod & Kuhne was a notable firm composed of both Jewish and Christian bankers operating in Germany and the USA. This letter is part of a larger collection that includes biographical details on Jacob Nachod, a key figure in the firm.

Letter - KAUFMAN, L. to URBANA WINE COMPANY; 170 & 172 WEST MAIN STREET, Rochester, New York...4/9/1884. B'nai B'rith Membership: Archives tracking 19th-century fraternal organizations record Leopold Kaufman as an active member of Rochester's Zerubbabel Lodge, No. 53 of the Independent Order of B'nai B'rith.

A letter from L. Levenson & Co., a wholesale clothing manufacturer located at 461-467 Broadway (corner of Grand Street), New York City, to an attorney. Dated March 5, 1879, the letter discusses a legal case against Jacob Tobias, suggesting that Tobias is being dishonest. The letter is written on stationery featuring an engraved architectural vignette of the company's building. Approximately 8" x 10".

A one-page business letter from Lee J. Collins in New York City to J. I. Cohen in Baltimore, dated December 21, 1853. The letter discusses business matters.

Letter from Lehman, Durr & Co., cotton factors and general commission merchants in Montgomery, Alabama, to D. W. Boz in Wetumpka, Alabama, dated October 15, 1867. The letter discusses cotton prices in Mobile and New Orleans. Lehman, Durr & Co. was the founding firm of Lehman Brothers in New York City.

A letter dated December 10, 1886, from Lehman, Stern & Co. (successors to Lehman, Abraham & Co.) in Sumter, South Carolina, to Altamont Moses. The letter discusses funds and references Lehman Brothers in New York City and Lehman, Durr & Co. in Montgomery, Alabama. The letterhead indicates the company's address as Corner Gravier & Baronne Sts., Sumter, South Carolina.

A commercial letter written by Loeb & Brother, fish wholesalers located at 164 Superior Street, Cleveland, Ohio, to N. E. Harlow on April 7, 1870. The letter's content pertains to business matters, likely related to fish shipping or wholesale trade.

A single-page commercial letter dated January 27, 1857, from M. B. Isaacs in Barbados to Messrs. McGilvery & Co. in Portland, Maine. The letter discusses market prices and the availability of various goods, including lumber and fish. It's signed by M.B. Isaacs, with a notation that it was written by his clerk, John T. Potter.

A business letter from M. B. Ochs & Sons, dated September 9, 1891, sent from their New York City office at 58 Walker Street. The letter and envelope feature a full lithograph. The letter is a short business communication.

A commercial letter from M. Heyman & Bro., wholesale dealers in boots and shoes located at Decatur Street, Kimball House, Store 16, Atlanta, Georgia, to E. C. Bailey in Boston, Massachusetts. Dated December 17, 1872, the letter explains the inability to make a payment and promises further details.

A business letter dated August 22, 1885, from M. Levy & Sons, cotton factors and merchants in New Orleans, Louisiana, to the Eagle & Phenix Manufacturing Co. in Columbus, Georgia. The letter pertains to a cotton order.

A handwritten business letter dated May 16, 1885, from Maas & Bro. (Jacob and Solomon Maas) in Cochran, Georgia, to [Campbell & Vansyckie] in Macon, Georgia. The letter provides insights into the operations of a general store in rural Georgia during the late 19th century. The letter is part of a larger collection documenting the early business activities of the Maas family, who later founded the prominent Maas Brothers department store chain in Tampa, Florida.

One-page business letter written by Marcus Whiteman to C. C. Gise on March 21, 1884, from White Oaks, New Mexico. Whiteman's letterhead identifies him as a dealer in dry goods, clothing, boots, shoes, hardware, and miners' supplies. The letter discusses a previous loan of $10 and payment of $50, and provides commentary on the economic conditions in White Oaks, New Mexico.

Commercial letter from Mark Levy & Brothers, importers of stationery, wafers, games, and playing cards in New York City, to Merriam Chapin & Co. in Springfield, Massachusetts. Dated July 29, 1852. The letter mentions specific types of paper.

A stampless, three-quarter page commercial letter from Martin, Atterbury & Co. in Manchester to Henry Tobias in Liverpool, England, dated January 1, 1846. The letter pertains to vestings and patterns.

Personal letter written by Morris Lowenstein to his cousin from Albuquerque, New Mexico, on January 27, 1858. Lowenstein describes his work as a bookkeeper, his financial situation, and his life in New Mexico, commenting on the climate, lack of social life, and the activities of Native Americans and Mormons. He also expresses his loneliness and requests a reply.

A one-page letter from N. Hart in London, England to Tobias I. Tobias in New York, New York, dated January 30, 1824. The letter discusses accounts and a discrepancy in the amount due to Hart.

A business letter dated April 7, 1874, from N. Levy & Co., commission and forwarding merchants in Nevada and Idaho, to John Guthrie in Winnemucca, Nevada. The letter discusses prices and features a lithographed letterhead depicting boxes and barrels. N. Levy's San Francisco address (22 California St.) and M. Siegel's Winnemucca address are also listed.

A business letter from Nenburger & Hochstadter in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Moses A. Dropsie, dated May 16, 1870. The letter concerns business matters.

A commercial letter dated July 14, 1857, from Newton Keates & Co. in Liverpool, England, to Hendricks Brothers in New York, New York. The letter pertains to business matters related to the Hendricks copper dynasty.

A letter dated October 28, 1856, written by Octavius Cohen of Savannah, Georgia, to Carhart & Roff of Macon, Georgia. The letter details the availability and prices of various spirits, including whiskey, gin, bourbon, rye whiskey, and American brandy, as well as other goods like Anchor Rope and Star candles. The letter indicates Cohen's intention to supply Carhart & Roff's orders.

A business letter dated April 27, 1870, from the Philadelphia and Atlanta Wine and Liquor Co. in Atlanta, Georgia, to Moses Dropsie. The letter pertains to mercantile business. Geographic locations mentioned include Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Atlanta, Georgia.

Commercial letter from S. Ashim & Bro., general merchandise dealers in Eureka, Nevada, to George Kingsley in Red Bluff, California, dated October 8, 1875. The letter details an order for merchandise.

A commercial letter from S. Blum & Co., grain dealers and warehousemen in Martinez, Texas, dated January 5, 1878. The letter lists lumber, lime, cement, plaster, coal, and doors among their inventory. The letter was folded for mailing and sent to Vermillion, Ohio.

A two-page manuscript letter from S. Marks & Co. in Roseburg, Oregon, to R. Jacobs, agent for the Oregon City Manufacturing Co. in Oregon City, Oregon, dated February 17, 1871. The letter discusses the terms of a wool purchasing agreement, including commission rates, payment methods, and quantity stipulations. The letter showcases the commercial activities of Jewish merchants in Oregon during the 19th century.

A one-page business letter written on Wells Fargo & Company letterhead from S. Marks to Asher Marks in Roseburg, Oregon, dated March 29, 1869. The letter was written from the company's Canyonville, Oregon office and includes a North Canyonville, Oregon postmark. The letter is housed in a cover opened at the flap.

A single-page commercial letter written on the letterhead of S. Seligman & Brother, merchants in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Dated September 6, 1876, the letter is addressed to Felipe Chaves in Belen, New Mexico. The letter announces the upcoming visit of a salesman with samples of fall and winter goods and details their extensive stock of dry goods and notions at competitive prices.

Commercial letter from S. Waxelbaum & Son, wholesale dry goods merchants in Macon, Georgia, to E. N. Manufacturing Co., dated July 21, 1885. The letter features a vignette of a building with two wagons in front.

A letter written on February 16, 1884, from Sam Gibson to H. J. Wallin in Caldwell, Texas, concerning a note payable. The letter references Leon/H. Blum of Galveston, Texas, suggesting business dealings related to negotiable instruments.

A one-page business letter dated January 22, 1886, from Samuel Cohn, Director of the Mechanics and Traders Bank of New York City (153 Bowery St.), to the Eagle & Phenix Savings Bank in Columbus, Georgia. Cohn transmits financial information and proposes a correspondent banking relationship between the two institutions. The letter is written on the letterhead of Samuel Cohn & Bro., 281 Grand Street, "East Side Agency for E.C. Burt Shoes."

A business letter dated November 10, 1883, written on the letterhead of Sando & Oberdorfer, general merchandise merchants in Silver City, Idaho Territory. The letter, addressed to R. L. Johnson, discusses mining production, prices, and litigation. The letterhead features a lithograph of an iron stove.

A business letter dated February 11, 1887, from Scheuer Brothers in Cartersville, Georgia, to the Eagle & Phenix Manufacturing Co. in Columbus, Georgia. The letter pertains to a request for cloth.

A letter from Semon Bache & Co., located at 134-140 Duane Street, New York City, to Ithaca, New York, dated March 15, 1876. The letter concerns French and German looking glass plates. The company, established in 1857, is mentioned in the letter.

A commercial letter written on the stationary of Share Bros. Dry Goods Co. in Harper, Kansas, dated September 15, 1886. The letter's content is unknown without further examination.

A letter dated February 2, 1885, written by Sol Mehrbach of Sol Mehrbach Stables in New York City (152 & 154 East 24th Street) to Edward Lowe. The letter discusses the sale of horses and mentions Isidor Mehrbach. The letter is written on small letterhead.

A commercial letter dated January 9, 1877, from Sol. Wangenheim & Co., purveyors of hermetically sealed goods at 118, 120, and 122 Davis Street in San Francisco, California, to R. Cohen. The letter details a list of products, prices, and discounts. The letterhead mentions the Union Preserve Factory, established in 1859.

A two-page letter from T. I. Tobias in New York, New York to John Lamb in London, England, dated December 5, 1825. The letter discusses the sending of goods to a house in Richmond.

A business letter dated April 11, 1877, written by T. Romero & Bro. in Las Vegas, New Mexico, to L. M. Jacobs & Co. in Tucson, Arizona. The letter discusses business matters, including a wagon master, freight bills, and Zeckendorf Bro. The letter is written on T. Romero & Bro. letterhead.

A business letter from the Union National Bank in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Moses Aaron Dropsie, dated May 27, 1870. The letter concerns financial matters.

A letter written by W.M. Weinstein on his letterhead from Philipsburg, Montana to A.M. Holter in Helena, Montana, dated April 2, 1891. The letter discusses business matters, as suggested by the letterhead which identifies Weinstein as a merchant.

A commercial letter sent from Waterbury, Connecticut to Hendricks & Brothers in New York City on July 4, 1845. The letter pertains to the copper trade; Hendricks & Brothers were major copper importers in the USA, supplying the Navy and Paul Revere. The letter is stampless.

A letter written on the verso of a printed broadside detailing prices in New Orleans. The letter, dated September 1, 1842, was sent from New Orleans, Louisiana to Belmont, referencing dealings with Rothschild's Bank. The broadside itself is the New Orleans Price-Current, Commercial Intelligence, and Merchant's Transcript.

Letter to a bank from Lyon Brothers, dated June 23, 1868, concerning the National Fire Work Co. located at 33 Cortlandt Street. The letter is part of a collection of financial records. The geographic location is New York City.

Letterhead from Hamburger Brothers, scrap dealers, dated March 18, 1898, from Boston, Massachusetts. The letterhead is part of the collection Ms. Coll. 1410, M, Box 6, Folder 50.

License issued to Davis Levy on November 15, 1854, in Marysville, Yuba County, California, permitting him to sell "Goods, Wares and Merchandise" at Foster's Bar for three months. The license is signed by John A. Paxton. This license is part of a larger collection of materials related to Davis Levy, including legal documents from the Supreme Court of California cases involving accusations of fraud against him and his brother, Bernard Levy.

Lithograph depicting the storefront of D. L. Rosenbaum & Son, located at 400-408 E. Main Street, corner of Sutter Street. The lithograph likely dates to around October 22, 1898, based on the provided date. The image is described as a lithographed depiction of the store.

Lithograph depicting J. L. Schweizer's mercantile store located at 1005 Broad Street. Established in 1871. The lithograph is dated September 25, 1897. This item is part of the Ms. Coll. 1410 collection.

Letter dated July 26, 1867, from W. C. Lobenstein in Leavenworth, Kansas, to the Singer Manufacturing Company, ordering sewing accessories. The letter may have been extracted from a letter book.

Post office receipt from B. Lowenstein & Co. in Mora, New Mexico to F. Rosenwald & Co. in Las Vegas, New Mexico, dated February 7, 1883. The receipt documents a financial transaction between the two companies.

This archival collection contains a price list folder and a check from Greenhood & Bohm, a liquor distribution firm operating in Helena, Montana, in 1889. The eight-panel price list details wines, liquors, and other beverages offered by the company. The accompanying check, dated May 2, 1889, is drawn on a Helena bank. The collection offers insight into the business practices and operations of Greenhood & Bohm, and the broader context of the liquor trade in late 19th-century Montana. The folder measures 3.5"x5.75" (folded), 14"x5.75" (unfolded), while the check measures 7.5"x3". Minor soil is present on the folder.

A broadside price list issued by the Queen City Wax Manufactory of Cincinnati, Ohio in May 1866. The broadside lists various wax products and their prices. It was likely used for advertising and sales purposes.

Receipt issued by August Belmont on November 17, 1856 in New York, New York. The receipt indicates payment is payable only in certified checks drawn to the order of August Belmont. The receipt suggests a transaction involving equities.

Receipt issued by the Mutual Benefit Company of Pennsylvania to Mayer Sulzberger on May 10, 1873, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The receipt documents a financial transaction.

Receipt issued by Trabing Brothers to J.B. Simpson on February 26, 1878, in Laramie, Wyoming Territory. The receipt documents a financial transaction.

This document is a receipt and statement of account from J. A. Becker of Paris, France to Henry Tobias of New York, New York. The statement details a current account balance as of November 30, 1845. The receipt measures 8.5" x 11".

A receipt documenting a statement of account between William Page of London, England and I. J. Tobias of New York, New York, dated December 23, 1859. The document measures 7.5" x 10".

Stock certificate #55 for five shares of the Sharon Mining Company, issued to A. Dubois on May 30, 1863, in San Francisco, California. The certificate is signed by John S. Davies and Henry H. Ahpel. It includes a 25-cent certificate revenue stamp and features three vignettes, including one of George Washington. Printed by Agnew & Deffebach. Shows some age-related wear, including wrinkling and discoloration.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of caustic soda from Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on January 13, 1868 by Guggenheim, Drefuss & Co. The record notes the port of entry as ASD and mentions Myer Guggenheim, founder of the Guggenheim mining empire.

Shipping record documenting goods shipped from Samuel Moss & Sons in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to J. Kohn & Bordier in New Orleans, Louisiana on May 30, 1832. The record is signed by Joachim Kohn, agent for Samuel Moss & Sons. The document includes details about the shipment and is marked with the "M" mark of Samuel Moss & Sons.

Trade token issued by Showerman & Bro., a dry goods, clothing, hats, and shoes store in Ypsilanti, Michigan. The token's obverse displays the business name, while the reverse features an eagle and the date 1863.

A stampless commercial letter sent from Henry Tobias at 29 Nassau Street, New York City, on January 1, 1846. The letter was sent via the Philadelphia Railroad and pertains to mercantile business. The letter's content is unknown, and its recipient is unspecified aside from the name 'Tobias, Henry' in the description.

A two-page business letter dated December 4, 1843, from Tobias, M.L. & Co. in England to Henry Tobias. The letter discusses the business's dealings in gold pencils, tin items, and apples. It also mentions difficulties in hiring men and requests 250 prime cigars. A third page, apparently from G.W. Tobias, adds a short update on the business. The letter is addressed to Henry Tobias in New York City, at a Nassau Street address. The Tobias family in England was known for watchmaking; many timepieces were sold through their relative in New York.

Telegraph message exchanged between Smith & Stearns and L. M. Jacobs & Co. regarding a wheat transaction. The message, dated December 8, 1876, originated in Phoenix, Arizona and was received in Tucson, Arizona. The content concerns the possibility of a 60-day delay in fulfilling the transaction. The document is a copy of the message received in Tucson.

Broadside outlining the terms of gas service provided by the Charleston Gas Light Company. Signed in print by Joshua Lazarus, President and founder of the company. The broadside is 5" x 7.5" and comprises three pages folded from a single sheet. Published in Charleston, South Carolina, circa 1850.

Three letters written in ink from Nathan Joseph, a San Francisco fishing equipment dealer, to Henry Hall of Hall Fishing Line in Central Valley, NY. Dated February 21, March 8, and March 17, 1881, the letters detail orders for various fishing lines, including oil silk line and hard braided linen. One letter requests that the order be forwarded to Henry Levy & Son in New York City. The correspondence provides insight into the business dealings of early fishing equipment dealers. Note: The collection also contains a canvas fishing pouch with the inscription "EST. 1842..L.LEVY..4 BARCLAY STREET UNDER THE; ASTOR HOUSE...BRANCH STORE #2 VESEY ST...PICTURE OF A FISH..; FISHING TACKLE ..SPORTING GOODS".

The Tobias Archive comprises over 750 pages of business and personal correspondence, receipts, manifests, invoices, and legal documents spanning from 1816 to 1886. It documents the mercantile activities and family life of the Tobias family, a prominent branch of the New York Sephardic elite. The collection includes 278 individual letters and documents on 426 leaves, three copybooks containing 365 letters on 234 leaves, and approximately 50 pages of additional uncataloged materials. The materials provide insights into 19th-century business practices, family relationships, and social life within the New York Sephardic community. Geographic locations referenced include Liverpool, England; New York, New York; New Orleans, Louisiana; and various Caribbean locales. The archive has a detailed finding aid.

Collection of tokens issued by L. Boche Check Manufacturer, located at 166 Randolph Street, Chicago, Illinois. The tokens were in circulation from the late 1870s to 1915. One token features the name I. Cohen and has a value of 5 cents.

Trade card of A. S. Loewen, circa 1885. The card likely advertised Loewen's mercantile business. The exact nature of the business is unknown based on the provided metadata.

A set of four trade cards, circa 1885, advertising "14, 16, and 18 Asylum." Each card features a different Gesha. The cards are part of a larger collection of trade cards and other mercantile materials. The back of the cards is marked "AD."

Trade card advertising custom-made shirts for $2.00. The advertisement features an image of a well-dressed gentleman. The card is dated circa 1885 and located at 703 Broadway, near 4th Street, New York City. This item is part of Manuscript Collection 1410, located in the Out-of-Series (OOS) section, Binder 1, Page 4.

Trade card advertising A. H. Greenberg in association with Held Brothers, located at No. 1 Sutter Street, corner of Market Street, San Francisco. The card dates from circa 1885. The card is part of a larger manuscript collection.

Trade card advertising the merchandise of A. J. Ross. The card depicts children by a stream. The reverse of the card displays a full advertisement stating: "I SELL ALL GOODS AT VERY LOWEST PRICES FOR; CASH, OR EASY WEEKLY PAYMENTS TO WELL RECOMMENDED PERSONS." The card is dated circa 1885 and was found at 1354 Ridge Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Trade card advertising Adolph Birgfeld, successor to E. N. Scherr, manufacturer of grand, square, and upright pianos, located at 139 South Seventh Street, corner of Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card is undated, but based on the style it is likely from the late 19th century.

Trade card depicting "ALTMAN & CO." with red flowers and a church in the background. The address 68, 70, and 72 Seneca Street is visible. The card dates from circa 1885. This item is part of the Manuscript Collection at the University of Pennsylvania.

Trade card depicting "Human Hair Goods; Red Roses on a Branch." The card is associated with a business located at 27 Congress Street, circa 1885. The card is part of the O collection, Ms. Coll. 1410, OOS, Box 2, Folder 70.

Trade card advertising the mercantile business of C. H. Gleistein, located at 383 Seventh Avenue, New York City. The advertisement suggests Gleistein traveled to various cities. The card dates from circa 1885.

Trade card advertising Charles Simon's business, "Indian Baby," located at 248 and 248 1/2 Salina Street, with a branch at 147 Salina Street, Syracuse, New York. Circa 1885.

Trade card advertising the mercantile business of F. A. Savage, located at 156 East 32nd Street, New York City. The card dates from circa 1885. The card is part of a larger manuscript collection.

Trade card advertising Frank, I. & Bro., a mercantile business. The card lists multiple locations: Astor House in NYC (only branch in NYC), 411 Broadway (Mulford & McKenszie's old standard), and a Cincinnati office at 555 West 4th Street in the Board of Trade Room. A telephone number (LAW 580) is also provided. The card dates from circa 1870 based on the provided date.

Trade card advertising the Grand Union Tea Company, located at 25 Court Street. The card mentions "Blue Bells" and lists a manager, J. M. Rosenkrans. Circa 1885.

Trade card advertising Habenstein's Mercantile, located at 269 Main Street, Mountains. The card describes the establishment as "The Cosiest Place to Visit in the City." The card is circa 1885. The image depicts the shape of a palette.

Folding trade card advertising the services of Harry Leinbach, a squirrel dealer located at 813 Cumberland Street. The card, dating from circa 1885, features images and prices for squirrels. The card is composed of four sides; the front depicts a squirrel. The inside and back contain the advertisement.

Trade card advertising Hart & Hinman, merchants located at 171 and 173 East Main Street. The card depicts an oxen pulling a wagon with two men, another man on the road leading. The advertisement includes the phrase "Wines Liquors and Cigars, Open Night and Day." Printed by Morrison, Card 496. Circa 1885.

Trade card for J. L. Winner, Practical Watchmaker and Jeweler, located at No. 3 South Front Street. The card is circa 1885 and is part of the Ms. Coll. 1410 collection. The geographic location is approximately 34.2366999999717, -77.9461969998905, suggesting a location in the United States. The card is from a collection of trade cards related to mercantile businesses.

A trade card advertising Jacobs & Co., dealers in dry goods and clothing, located in Kendallville, Indiana. The front of the card features the business name and location. The reverse side displays a Liberty Head design. The card dates to circa 1863 based on the collection's cross-reference.

Trade card depicting an illustration of 'Jumbo Reaching for Candy' at Hart's Block. Circa 1885. The card is part of a collection of trade cards, suggesting a mercantile context. Geographic location: Connecticut (Latitude 41.6675280001141, Longitude -72.7834369997816)

Trade card for Kline & Brothers, located at 605 Hamilton Street. The card mentions "Dog Wood," possibly indicating a product or type of business. Circa 1885. Found in Ms. Coll. 1410, OOS, Box 2, Folder 45.

A colored business card depicting an Oriental scene. The card indicates a business located at 2045 Ridge Avenue. The card is estimated to date from circa 1885. The card is part of the O collection within the Manuscript/Mixed Material collection of the library.

Trade card for Laskowski Brothers located at 110 North Seventh Street. The card likely dates from circa 1885, based on the donor's information. The card mentions "Girl & Goat," which may relate to a business or product. The card is part of a manuscript collection containing letters and cards related to mercantile trade.

An orange and blue trade card for Levison & Blythe located at 217 & 219 Olive Street. The front of the card shows the address, "Levison & Blythe," and a sample card in green. The back lists various inks. The card is dated circa 1885. The card is part of Manuscript Collection 1410, located in the OOS, Binder 1, Page 18.

An orange and blue card stock trade card for Levison & Blythe, located at 217 and 219 Olive Street. The front of the card features high-quality lithography, and Albert J. Kletzker is listed as a salesperson. The back of the card displays a list of products. The card dates from circa 1885.

Trade card depicting a man writing at a desk surrounded by papers. The address 163 State Street is prominently displayed. The card includes a note indicating that orders should be forwarded by May 1st, 1882. The image suggests a mercantile business. The card is part of a larger collection (Arc.MS.56, Volume 24, Page 23) and dates from circa 1885.

Trade card advertising the fancy goods and fancy work services of Pohmann & Sister, located at 109 South Main Street. The card depicts red roses on a branch. The card is circa 1885.

Trade card depicting 'Robin & A Green Bird' located at 515 Main Street. The card is part of Volume 25, Page 27 of archival collection Arc.MS.56. The card dates from circa 1885 and relates to mercantile business. Geographic location is approximately 42.8876909996846, -78.8793740002499.

Trade card depicting "Robin on Flowers" from Saalfield located at 839 Broadway, circa 1885. This item is part of a larger collection of manuscript materials. The card's imagery suggests a possible connection to floral design, illustration, or perhaps a retail business selling such items. The presence of Saalfield and the Broadway address suggests a New York City context.

Trade card depicting a frog with an egg in its mouth being quacked by a duck. The back of the card advertises Henry Sacks as the successor to S. B. Cohen Boots and Shoes, located at 195 N. Gay Street, Baltimore, Maryland. The card is dated circa 1885.

Trade card depicting a winter scene with a red rose and house, located at 102 Main St. The card is circa 1885 and is part of the Manuscript Collection 1410. The image shows a winter scene with a red rose and a house at 102 Main Street. This trade card is part of a larger collection of materials related to mercantile businesses.

Trade card advertising Seligsberg, Cohen & Co., leaf tobacco merchants, located at 151 Water Street, New York City. The card dates from circa 1860.

Trade card advertising the mercantile business of Solomon Morris, located at the corner of Morgan Avenue and Scholes Street in Brooklyn, New York. The card includes a phone number (Pulaski 0900.1.2.3) and states the business was established in 1899. The card dates from circa 1910 based on the phone number format. The location of the business is confirmed by geographic metadata.

Trade card depicting "Two Dogs" located at 144 N. Queen St., Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Newt Wingert is listed as the manager. The card is circa 1885. This item is part of the Manuscript Collection 1410.

Set of six trade cards (7 1/4" x 4 1/2") depicting historical areas in Southern Florida. Each card features a different scene, with the verso blank except for the stamped name of the store, "Schneur's Curiosity Store," located in St. Augustine, FL. Accompanied by an excerpt from *Webb's Historical, Industrial and Biographical Florida*, Part 1 (1885), which details the business of Charles F. Schneur, proprietor of Schneur's Curiosity Store and St. Augustine Bazaar. The excerpt describes Schneur's extensive business, its location on St. George Street, and his prior experience in the curiosity trade in various locations including Mauch Chunk, Delaware Water Gap, Watkins Glen, and Atlantic City. The excerpt also notes that Schneur published an illustrated guide to St. Augustine.

A signed and sealed copy of the will of Levy Solomons (the younger), dated September 29, 1820, in Montreal. He is identified as a citizen of Albany, New York. The will details provisions for his wife, Catherine Manuel; his son, Levy Solomons; and a special bequest for his mentally impaired son, Samuel David Solomons. Alexandar Hart of Montreal and Benjamin Hart of Montreal are listed as trustees, along with other trustees in Albany and Montreal. Levy Solomons (Jr.), born in Montreal in 1771, was the son of a prominent fur merchant. After his father's death in 1792, he attempted tobacco manufacturing, then moved to Albany, NY in 1800, marrying in 1801. He became a prosperous tobacco, snuff, and chocolate merchant in Albany, becoming a US citizen shortly before his death in 1823. The will consists of 5 pages, folio, measuring 12 x 7 1/4 inches.