Geography: Philadelphia

Advertising blotter for A. & J. Rosenblatt, Inc., opticians, located at 102 South 11th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The blotter features an illustration of eyeglasses and the tagline "WE PRESCRIBE AND MAKE GLASSES...AS LOW AS $1.00." Circa 1885.

A blotter advertising P. Fleischner & Co., a dry goods store located at 1026 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The blotter features a picture of mountains. The blotter is circa 1885.

Wooden box for candles, with the text "30 SETS OF 16 MENORAH BRAND; CANDLES...PENN WAX WORKS, PHILADELPHIA, PA." burned into its sides. The box also features a menorah. Circa 1890s.

This catalogue from N. Snellenburg & Co., a Philadelphia department store, showcases the winning entries from a children's drawing contest. Each page features a child's drawing, suggesting it was likely a promotional item celebrating the contest's winners. The catalogue indicates this may have been the second such contest held by the store.

This is a four-page folding card price list catalogue from Frank Bros. & Co., a Philadelphia-based business, published in Spring 1886. The catalogue details the prices and descriptions of clothing and goods sold by the company. The catalogue's contents include details on men's and women's clothing, fabrics, and other related items.

Whiskey jug with the inscription "Harry Grossman, 550 North Second Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania." The exact date of manufacture is unknown, but it is estimated to be around 1910 based on stylistic analysis and other relevant contextual clues.

Miniature crock advertising Louis Wittenberg's Wein-Sent. Packed by Phila. Pickling Co. Undated. Found in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Advertising bank note for Moss & Brother, located at 12 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The note features imagery of Liberty and an eagle. The note is dated to circa the 1870s.

Advertising bank note for Moss & Brother, located at 12 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The note features imagery of Liberty and an eagle. The note is dated to circa the 1870s.

Green glass molded bottle with the inscription "ABM. WOLF..21ST WARD..PHILA." Dating to circa 1855, it provides a material example of 19th-century Philadelphia commerce and potentially reflects the business activities of Abraham Wolf in the 21st ward of Philadelphia.

Early molded soda bottle featuring a Star of David and a seltzer bottle motif. "BENJ. SKVERSKY..BOTTLER" and "BS" are molded into the bottle. Manufactured in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1885.

Glass bottle with a lead stopper, possibly used to store pharmaceuticals. Associated with the business of Louis Hillemann in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1885. The bottle features the address 412 & 414 N. Oriana Street.

Early molded glass soda bottle from the London Bottling Company in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The bottle features the company's address ("520 So. 3rd St.") and the message "WHEN I AM EMPTY SEND ME HOME" molded into the glass. The initials "M.S." and the name "M. SUGARMAN" are also molded into the bottle. Circa 1885.

Molded glass soda bottle featuring a prominent Star of David design. Manufactured by F. Werner in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1885. The bottle displays the address 421 S. 2nd Street.

Glass bottle from the Oriental Bottling Department of Weisbrod & Hess, a Philadelphia-based business. Circa 1890s. The bottle features the text 'ORIENTAL BOTTLING DEPARTMENT'.

An advertising mirror for N. Snellenburg & Co. department store in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The mirror features advertisements for the store, located at Fifth, South, and Passyunk Avenues. It indicates that G.P.M.C. owns 30% of the advertising space. Date is estimated.

An advertising mirror for N. Snellenburg & Co. department store in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The mirror features the store's address: FIFTH, SOUTH & PASSYUNK AVE.; and the notation 'G.P.M.C. OTHERS 30%;'. The date is unknown, but based on other materials in the collection, it is estimated to be circa 1910.

This three-page pamphlet, printed in 1874, is a price list from Reizenstein Bros., manufacturers and jobbers of boys' clothing located at 424 Market Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The pamphlet details the various clothing items offered by the company, along with their corresponding prices.

This is a tri-fold pamphlet advertisement from Kohn, Adler & Co., a Philadelphia-based firm, showcasing their leading styles of Leghorn hats for the year 1880. The pamphlet features illustrations of three different hat styles, likely targeting a fashionable clientele. The advertisement highlights the company's selection and quality in men's hats.

This 12-page pamphlet from Fleischmann & Co. features twelve jingles, each accompanied by an illustration. The jingles are advertisements for Fleischmann's yeast, highlighting its uses and benefits. The covers also contain advertising material. This suggests the pamphlet was intended for distribution as a promotional item to consumers.

This four-page folding advertisement from Isaac D. Sailer, a Philadelphia cigar retailer established in March 1889, showcases a price list and illustrations of various cigars. The advertisement, dated August 1895, highlights the diverse selection offered by the business located at 1416 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia.

Trade card advertising La Flor de Carvalho Havana Cigars. Printed on tin and features elaborate graphics. The card dates from circa 1895 and was issued by I. N. Carvalho & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

A whiskey shot glass featuring an engraved battleship and the American Navy. The glass also displays "Rye Whiskey Blend...with above name." It is associated with I. L. Lipschutz, a Philadelphia merchant. Circa 1896.

A whiskey shot glass engraved with a battleship and the American Navy. The glass is associated with I. L. Lipschutz, a Philadelphia-based business. Circa 1898.

An engraved whiskey shot glass featuring a battleship and the American Navy. The glass also bears the name "Lipschutz, I.L." and indicates it is a rye whiskey blend. It was likely produced in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania circa 1890s and served as an advertising giveaway.

Set of seven whiskey shot glasses. Each glass is marked with "AAAA" and "A/4". The glasses are attributed to Rothschild Bros., a Philadelphia business. The set dates to circa the 1890s. The glasses are currently housed in the University of Pennsylvania Archives, Arc.MS.56, Tray 2, Wells 1, 4, 5, 7, 7, 8, 8.

A broadside advertisement for "The Jewish Divorce Law," published by Edward Stern & Co. of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The advertisement includes the price ($1.25 postpaid) and the publisher's address (112 N. Twelfth Street). The date of publication is unknown.

Broadside issued by the Hebrew Education Society of Philadelphia on October 22, 1866, advertising the advantages of its educational program for Jewish youth. The broadside highlights the society's commitment to raising educational standards above those of other private and public schools, mentioning its authorization to send students to high schools without prior public school attendance. It details the curriculum, including English, Latin, and Hebrew classes (with options for German or Portuguese pronunciation). The broadside is signed by I. Binswanger, School Superintendent.

Broadside circular announcing the formation of the American Jewish Publication Society, issued by Isaac Leeser as corresponding secretary in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 10, 1845. This broadside is noted as the only known copy and was displayed at a Library of Congress exhibit in Cincinnati in 2005.

A broadside printed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 29, 1869, calling for the unification of Jewish charitable organizations in the city under the banner of "The Society of the United Hebrew Charities of Philadelphia." This document represents an early effort towards consolidating Jewish charitable giving in America, predating the 20th-century Federations. It lists numerous names of individuals and organizations.

A broadside announcing new seat rates and rules for Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated September 3, 1848. The broadside is signed by Abraham Hart.

Two calling cards. The first card is a birthday greeting to Rabbi Leon H. Elmaleh. The second card contains a personal note to Rabbi Elmaleh. The cards were sent from Mary M. Cohen, a well-known social worker and women's rights advocate in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on June 9, 1909. The cards mention addresses: 419 S. Broad Street and 1814 North Broad Street.

Calligraphic broadside detailing a Jewish interpretation of the popular children's rhyme, "The House That Jack Built." The broadside explains the origins and Old Testament symbolic meanings of the verse from a Jewish perspective, potentially copied from a Christian publication but referencing the "Shepard haggadah." Created in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on October 13, 1853.

Lithograph depicting the interior of the Hebrew Synagogue of Charleston, South Carolina, before its destruction by fire on April 27, 1838. The print is dedicated to Rev. Gustavus Poznanski by Solomon N. Carvalho. This synagogue housed the congregation where Reform Judaism in America originated. This is one of several known copies. The lithograph was sold at Sotheby's in New York City on January 18, 2018 for $43,750.

Hand-colored lithograph depicting David Vann, a Cherokee chief. Published by D. Rice & A. N. Hart and lithographed and hand-colored by J. T. Bowen. Published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1850.

Hand-colored lithograph depicting A-Na-Cam-E-Gish-Ca, a Chippewa chief. Published by D. Rice & A. N. Hart in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, undated. Part of a series of lithographs of Native American leaders.

Hand-colored lithograph depicting Meta-Koosega, President of Mikveh Israel. Published by D. Rice & A. N. Hart in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1850. Part of a four-part series depicting Native Americans.

Hand-colored lithograph depicting Katawabeda, a Chippewa chief. Published by D. Rice & A. N. Hart in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1850. Part of a series of four illustrations of Native American chiefs. The lithograph is part of the Mikveh Israel collection.

Hand-colored lithograph depicting Mahaskah, President of Mikveh Israel. Published by D. Rice & A. N. Hart in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, undated. The lithograph is part of a set of four.

Hand-colored lithograph of Young Mahaskah, an Iowa Chief. Published by D. Rice and A.N. Hart, Philadelphia. The image depicts a Native American man in traditional attire, with a focus on his face and the detail of his accessories, such as a beaded necklace, a feather headdress, and bracelets. The lithograph shows a high level of detail and skill.

Hand-colored lithograph blotter published by D. Rice & A. N. Hart, depicting Pocahontas and Powhatan Indians. Published in the United States around 1900.

Custom-printed New Year's greeting card in Yiddish and English. The card features a gold and red border and indicates it is from the Rabbi alone. It was sent from 716 Pine Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The date is unknown.

A custom-printed New Year's greeting card in Yiddish and English. The card was sent from Rabbi B. L. Levinthal and his wife, and possibly relates to Mikveh Israel Congregation, located at 716 Pine Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card is undated, but likely dates to the 1890s.

New Year's card with a die-cut cover depicting a Torah plate in blue. The card includes four pages of greetings and was sent from Mary M. Cohen to Leon H. Elmaleh in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1908. The card is accompanied by its original envelope. The card shows a connection to Mikveh Israel.

Calling card of Miriam H. Wolf Rosenbach. The card features a raised design of two roses on the cover. The inside contains a New Year's greeting and her address: 1505 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card dates from 1900.

Lithograph depicting Moss's Upholsterer store located at 127 Walnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This is possibly the earliest known image of a Jewish-owned store in the USA and may be from the earliest known use of lithography in the US. The lithograph is a leaf from a larger book.

Lithograph depicting Isaac D'Young's fancy store in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This print is from a book which may represent the earliest known use of lithography in the United States. The image shows the earliest known visual representation of a Jewish-owned store in the USA. Date of creation is unknown, but it is presumed to be before 1820 based on information available from the donor.

Bookplate of Mayer Sulzberger (1843-1923), a prominent communal leader in Philadelphia. The bookplate features his name. Sulzberger was the first practicing Jew elected as a judge in Philadelphia and a student in the office of Moses Dropsie. Circa 1880.

This is a bookplate for the Mikveh Israel Religious School in Philadelphia. The bookplate includes the name of the school and the rules for borrowing books. The rules state that books can be kept out for two weeks, but a fine of five cents will be imposed if kept longer. Books lost must be replaced, and a student returning a book in bad order cannot check out another book for one month.

Bookplate depicting the interior of Mikveh Israel-Cherry Street Synagogue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The bookplate likely dates from the 1890s and belonged to Leon H. Elmaleh. It shows a connection to Mikveh Israel Congregation.

Bookplate depicting an interior view of the Cherry Street Synagogue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The bookplate includes the inscription "EX LIBRIS" and is associated with Leon H. Elmaleh. Circa 1890s.

This pamphlet, printed by Garden and Thompson in Philadelphia in 1830, describes Benjamin West's painting, "Christ Rejected by the Jews." Authored by A. D. M'Quin, the pamphlet accompanied the painting's exhibition at Independence Hall. It provides a detailed account of the artwork, highlighting its artistic merits and theological significance. The pamphlet's purpose was to inform viewers about the painting and its context, thus enhancing their appreciation and understanding of the piece.

This 17-page pamphlet, published by Carey & Hart in Philadelphia in 1845, reprints caricatures from the British humor magazine *Punch*. The pamphlet includes six humorous illustrations and a four-page back section listing other books for sale by Carey & Hart. The content is likely satirical and reflects the popularity of *Punch* in America.

This pamphlet, likely produced around 1876 (suggested by its connection to the Centennial), showcases the Philadelphia Star Braid Works, owned by brothers S.B. and M. Fleisher. The cover features a lithograph depicting a southeast view from Fairmont Basin, with the Fleisher factory prominently displayed. The pamphlet's content consists of numerous testimonials from customers attesting to the quality of the company's "Star" thread, specifically targeting Baltimore and Philadelphia markets.

This receipt book, maintained by Frederick Schenkel of Philadelphia between January 5, 1760, and January 25, 1810, documents transactions primarily involving the purchase of deer skins from Jewish merchants. The book contains 23 entries detailing sales between 1763 and 1776, with a notable gap during the British occupation of Philadelphia. The entries showcase the business dealings of prominent figures such as Bernard and Michael Gratz, Alexander Abraham, Ephraim Abraham, and Moses Etting. The volume provides a glimpse into the economic activities of Jewish merchants in Philadelphia and their involvement in the fur trade before transitioning to land and financial dealings after the Revolutionary War.

This 144-page receipt book belonged to Philadelphia merchant Martin Noll and documents his financial transactions from August 8, 1762, to May 11, 1781. The book contains the signature of prominent colonial Jew Michael Gratz, along with numerous other signatures, including that of the scientist Joseph Priestley.

This pamphlet reprints "An Act to Incorporate the Girard Bank, in the City of Philadelphia," passed on April 3, 1832, and its supplementary act passed on March 19, 1836. It also includes an appendix referencing other relevant laws. This 1836 edition is a first printing and provides the legal framework for the Girard Bank's operations, outlining its structure, powers, and regulations. The pamphlet is significant for its role in documenting the legal history of banking in Philadelphia and the involvement of prominent figures like Hyman and Joseph Gratz.

This pamphlet, published in Philadelphia in 1863 by C. Sherman, Son & Co., alleges that the secret purpose of the Confederate rebellion was to revive the international slave trade. It purports to reveal intercepted instructions to L.Q.C. Lamar, detailing plans to circumvent treaty stipulations against the slave trade with European powers. Authorship is attributed to Judah P. Benjamin, though the authenticity of the document is questionable. The pamphlet reflects the anxieties and propaganda surrounding the American Civil War.

This bilingual (English and French) pamphlet, published in Philadelphia in 1793, represents the first published medical work in the United States by a Jewish physician, David de Isaac Cohen Nassy. Written during a yellow fever epidemic, it details Nassy's observations, diagnosis, and treatment methods, highlighting his comparatively successful approach compared to other physicians of the time, such as Dr. Benjamin Rush. Nassy's work reflects his expertise in medicine and his contributions to the medical landscape of Philadelphia during a time of crisis.

A 16-page pamphlet outlining the proposals of the Pennsylvania Company for Insurances on Lives and Granting Annuities. Published in Philadelphia in 1863. The front cover is tipped over from an 1854 printing, still listing Gratz as president. It also includes an 1847 letter by Gratz and has connections to Mikveh Israel.

This 53-page pamphlet by Justus Henry Christian Helmuth, minister of the Lutheran Congregation in Philadelphia, details the 1794 yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia. The pamphlet lists the deaths by religious denomination, notably including two Jewish individuals, Meyer Hart and Nathan Barnett, on page 2. Published in 1794 by Jones, Hoff & Derrick.

This is a report from the Board of Managers of the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company to its stockholders, dated January 12, 1829. The report details the company's activities and financial standing during the preceding year. John Moss, a prominent figure in the shipping industry who owned four large vessels used in transatlantic trade, is listed as a board member.

This 12-page pamphlet lists the members and correspondents of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. It includes Isaac Hays, M.D., listed as a life member as of 1818, and notes his connection to Mikveh Israel. The pamphlet was likely published around 1848, based on the date of Hays's life membership and the overall context. The pamphlet highlights the Academy's membership and its connection to prominent figures in the Philadelphia scientific community, including those with ties to the Jewish community.

This seating list documents the guest list for a dinner held on March 1, 1898, to celebrate the opening of the Philadelphia Stock Exchange Building. The list, compiled by Simon J. Block, details the seating arrangement for the event, including prominent Jewish guests such as Harry S. Kahn, A.B. Loeb, Oscar Loeb, and Walter C. Louchheim. The list is presented in a formal format, indicating the table assignments and the names of those invited.

This pamphlet details the rules and regulations governing the School of the Hebrew Education Society in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, published in 1854. It offers insight into the structure, curriculum, and disciplinary practices of a 19th-century Jewish school in the United States. A blue stamped surcharge in the corner indicates that it belonged to the library of Mayer Sulzberger, indicating its provenance and historical significance.

This manuscript almanac, created by Avraham son of Eliezer Katz (Cohen), covers the Jewish year 5539 (1778-1779). Written in Hebrew, it details daily readings, holidays, and significant dates. The almanac was begun in Philadelphia and completed in Lancaster following the British occupation of Philadelphia. The manuscript's author demonstrates a high level of knowledge of Jewish calendrical calculations, while also showing some interesting minor errors and spellings, indicating personal creation rather than transcription from another source. Internal evidence and scholarly analysis strongly suggest the author was a learned and observant individual, possibly a teacher or shamash (synagogue caretaker).

This 57-page almanac, published by George W. Childs' Public Ledger in Philadelphia in 1880, includes a Hebrew calendar noting strictly observed Jewish holidays on page 8. The almanac provides a range of information typical for such publications of the time, including astronomical data, weather predictions, and other practical information.

Pamphlet containing the Constitution and By-Laws of the Hebrew Education Society of Philadelphia. Adopted at a town meeting of Israelites on Sunday, Sivan 3, 5608 (June 4, 1848). Printed in Philadelphia by Sherman in 5608 (1848). The pamphlet, 12 pages long, was originally issued with paper covers. It includes a tipped-in page with "alterations to the Constitution on June 15, 1857," which were never formally published. The cover bears the signatures of J.M. Emanuel (1857) and A. Fonzi (1868). This is considered a unique document due to the inclusion of the unpublished 1857 alterations. The Hebrew Education Society aimed to establish schools providing religious instruction and teaching Hebrew and English to Philadelphia's Jewish community. In 1928, it merged with Gratz College.

This eight-page pamphlet, printed by Daniel Neall in Philadelphia, presents the constitution of Congregation Mikveh Israel as reported on June 29, 1823. It is a rare document, with only three other known copies according to Singerman #0380. The pamphlet details the organizational structure, rules, and regulations of this historic Philadelphia congregation, one of the oldest in the United States.

This 14-page pamphlet contains the constitution and by-laws of the Society for the Visitation of the Sick and Mutual Assistance, the first Jewish mutual aid society in Philadelphia. Established in 1814, this 1824 edition represents the earliest recorded constitution and by-laws of this important organization. The pamphlet is primarily in English, with a title page printed in Hebrew. It provides insights into the structure, governance, and activities of this pioneering Jewish charitable institution in early 19th-century Philadelphia.

This 24-page pamphlet contains the charter and by-laws of Congregation Mikveh Israel (also known as Kaal Kadosh), a prominent Jewish congregation in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Published in 1824 by John Bioron, it represents the first edition of the congregation's official charter and bylaws. This document offers insights into the organizational structure, governance, and regulations of the congregation in its early years.

This 1825 pamphlet from Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia contains the service used at the dedication of their new synagogue. The text is presented bilingually, with English and Hebrew versions on facing pages. The printer, S.H. Jackson, was based in New York City.

This is the fourth American edition of Rabbi S. I. Cohen's "Elements of Jewish Faith," translated from the Hebrew. First published in Richmond in 1817, this edition was printed by W. Fry in Philadelphia in 1823. This book is listed as #364 in Singerman's bibliography, and only three other copies are known to exist.

This 22-page pamphlet, printed in Philadelphia on June 16, 1829, contains the constitution and by-laws of the United Hebrew Beneficent Society of Philadelphia. A list of members and officers is included on the final page. This is one of only two known copies.

This 26-page pamphlet contains the 1833 Constitution and By-Laws of the Hebrew Society for the Visitation of the Sick and Mutual Assistance, established in Philadelphia in 1814. The Society, the first formal Jewish mutual aid society in Philadelphia, provided burial funds and other forms of mutual assistance to its members. This edition lists the officers and 33 members of the society. According to Singerman #1065, only two other complete copies are known to exist.

This pamphlet contains the constitution and rules of the Female Hebrew Benevolent Society of Philadelphia, first printed in 1836. It includes a report on the society's activities, finances, and membership list. The society, founded in 1819, was a pioneering Jewish charitable organization in the United States, providing a model for similar societies in other communities. This particular printing was done by Lydia Bailey.

This 11-page pamphlet contains the constitution and by-laws of the American Jewish Publication Society, adopted in Philadelphia on November 30, 1845. It details the organization's aims, structure, and regulations. The pamphlet, printed by C. Sherman in Philadelphia, includes a list of the initial managers: Isaac Leeser, A. Hart, H. Cohen, D. Samuel, J. Moss, J. A. Jones, H. Gratz, L. L. Bomeislar, and L. Arnold. This represents the first attempt to establish the American Jewish Publication Society, an endeavor spearheaded by Isaac Leeser, as documented in his editorial in the December 1845 issue of *The Occident*. The publication highlights the impetus for the society—the increasing immigration from Germany and the need to provide religious resources and education to the newly arrived.

This pamphlet contains the constitution and by-laws of the Hebrew Benevolent Society of Memphis, Tennessee, instituted September 1st, 1850. This copy belonged to Reverend Isaac Leeser and represents the earliest organized Jewish association in Tennessee. The document details the society's structure, rules, and objectives, offering insight into the early development of Jewish communal life in Memphis.

This pamphlet contains the first annual report of the Jewish Foster Home Society of Philadelphia, published in 1856. The report lists hundreds of names of individuals and families associated with the organization, including notable figures such as Rebecca Gratz, Hymen Gratz, Uriah Levy, Abraham Hart, and the Geyser family of New York City. The report also includes an address by J. Binswanger, who gives the society's address as 146 Franklin Street, Philadelphia. This is the only known copy of this report, and it is not listed in Singerman.

This 1856 pamphlet details the legal and social fallout of Rufus W. Griswold's divorce from Charlotte Myers in 1852. The pamphlet recounts attempts to overturn the divorce, resulting in a widely publicized newspaper scandal. Griswold's statement addresses his relationship with Myers and other parties involved in the controversy. The pamphlet offers a glimpse into the social and legal dynamics surrounding divorce in mid-19th century Philadelphia.

This pamphlet contains the 1856 annual report of the Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. The report includes a historical section noting that Reverend David G. Seixas was the institution's first teacher and initially supported it at his own expense. Page 16 contains an eulogy for Jacob Gratz. Published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1857. Printed by Crissy & Markley.

This four-page pamphlet, printed in 1859, outlines the regulations of the Philadelphia Hebrew Sunday School. Established March 4, 1838, the school's regulations are detailed in seven brief rules. This is a rare item, with only one known copy recorded by Singerman (No. 1596).

This 22-page pamphlet contains the constitution and by-laws of the United Hebrew Relief Association of Philadelphia, established in 1860. The final four pages list the association's members and officers. This copy bears the stamp of the Isaac Leeser Hebrew Educational Library.

This pamphlet contains the constitution and by-laws of the United Hebrew Beneficent Society of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as of March 1, 1861. Founded in 1822, the Society aimed to provide relief to the poor and sick within the Jewish community, including procuring medical attendance, medicine, and burial services. The Society also worked to apprentice poor children to trades and promoted Hebrew education. This particular copy belonged to Reverend Isaac Leeser, with his signature on the cover and the "Leeser Library, Hebrew Education Society" stamp on the title page. The pamphlet includes a complete roster of officers and members.

This pamphlet contains the first official Constitution and By-Laws of the Jewish Foster Home Society of Philadelphia, published in 1862. It includes a list of members, with handwritten notations indicating those who have since deceased or resigned. The pamphlet offers insight into the early organizational structure and membership of this important charitable institution.

This pamphlet contains the text of a sermon delivered by Reverend Sabato Morais before Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia on June 1, 1865, the day set aside for prayer following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. The discourse reflects the grief and sentiments of the Jewish community in Philadelphia in response to Lincoln's death.

This pamphlet contains the fourth annual report of the Jewish Hospital Association of Philadelphia, published in 1869. The report details the hospital's activities, finances, and patient care during that year. It likely includes statistics on the number of patients treated, the hospital's financial status, and possibly a list of officers and board members. The report offers insight into the early years of the Jewish Hospital Association and the state of healthcare for the Jewish community in Philadelphia during the late 19th century.

This 40-page pamphlet details a legal brief concerning the Willington Estate, formerly owned by Simon Gratz, deceased. The brief is related to the Farmers' and Mechanics' Land & Building Association in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The pamphlet, dated 1871, likely outlines the legal arguments and documentation surrounding the estate's disposition.

This 90-page pamphlet contains the thirteenth annual report of the Jewish Hospital Association of Philadelphia, published in 1895. The report details the hospital's activities, finances, and medical achievements during that year. It likely includes statistical data, lists of staff and board members, and possibly accounts of significant medical cases or events.

This is a program for the consecration ceremony of the new synagogue of Congregation B'nai Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, held on Thursday, January 8, 1857 (12th of Tebeth 5617). Published by R. Stein, the program details the order of service for the event. The Congregation B'nai Israel was founded by Dutch Ashkenazi Jews in the 1850s and served as an important ethnic synagogue before merging with other congregations in 1879.

This pamphlet is a program for services commemorating the centennial anniversary of Sir Moses Montefiore. The program details services held in both London, England and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on October 26, 1884. The Philadelphia service was held at Congregation Rodef Shalom. The program includes English and Hebrew text.

This 12-page pamphlet contains a service of prayer and thanksgiving used in synagogues throughout the British Empire on October 26, 1884, to commemorate Sir Moses Montefiore's 100th birthday. Published in Philadelphia, it reflects the widespread esteem and reverence for Montefiore within Jewish communities across the globe.

This is a program from the dedication ceremony of Congregation Beth El Emeth in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on September 3, 1857. The program includes an address delivered by Reverend Solomon Jacobs. Congregation Beth El Emeth was formed by a group of pro-Isaac Leeser members of Mikvah Israel, primarily to provide Leeser with a pulpit after his retirement from Mikvah Israel. This program is significant as it documents the establishment of a new synagogue and the role of key figures in 19th-century American Judaism.

This 32-page pamphlet from 1855 details the legal title to the Willington Estate, formerly owned by Simon Gratz. It includes a three-page extract from Simon Gratz's will (dated February 16, 1839), outlining the disposition of his 71-acre estate. The pamphlet also notes the acquisition of the Willington Estate by the Farmers and Mechanics Land and Building Association in 1852. This is a rare item, not indexed in OCLC prior to this cataloging effort, though two copies of an 1871 edition are known to exist.

This is the first issue of Volume III of *The Association Bulletin*, a tri-monthly periodical published by the Young Men's Hebrew Association (YMHA) of Philadelphia in January 1883. The bulletin likely contained news, announcements, and articles of interest to the members of the YMHA.

Monthly statement billhead from Joseph Cohen, Practical Plumber & Gas Fitter, located at 709 S. 4th Street, Philadelphia. The billhead contains a handwritten note to Mr. H. H. Daly, dated 1/1/1895, regarding an invoice for $5.00 for gas service. The billhead features a printed header with the business name and address. The note is written in cursive script.

A simple billhead for S. H. & H. Levin & Co., commission merchants and wholesale fish dealers. The billhead is printed with an ornate Victorian-style font, with the business name prominently displayed and located at Race Street Wharf, Philadelphia, PA. The billhead also includes an address, 154 North Wharves, Corner of Race, Philadelphia, PA. The image also features a return envelope, unused, on the bottom of the billhead. This billhead, printed by the company, was used to create invoices and other business correspondence. The billhead is likely from the mid-19th century due to the style of the lettering. The company name is printed in bold. Details regarding the transaction are not available. The billhead provides a clear and concise outline of the business information.

Billhead for Fels & Co., Manufacturers of Toilet Soaps located at 1151 & 1161 N. Third St., Philadelphia. Dated March 21, 1893. The bill is addressed to M. The O. L. Kanmacher Dry. Co. of Orangeburg, S. C. It contains an itemized list of purchases made. The image on the billhead shows a large factory with a prominent American flag.

Billhead for M. D. Cohen, a furrier and cap manufacturer, located at 52 North Second Street, below Arch in Philadelphia. The billhead has a vignette of a cap and includes a note that all running accounts must be settled by note or otherwise if the amount exceeds $100. There is no date on the billhead.

This broadside advertises the services of Moses A. Dropsie's watchmaker's shop, located at 57 North Third Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The advertisement lists watches, jewelry, spectacles, and electromagnetic batteries for rheumatic conditions, along with watchmaker's tools, as items available for sale or repair. The broadside is undated but is consistent with Dropsie's watchmaking career (1839-1848), before he pursued a career in law. The collection also includes Dropsie's journals from his time as a watchmaker.

A broadside advertisement for Shloss & Brother, located at 48 Market Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Published in 1860, the broadside features a comical poem about clothing. The advertisement is part of a larger collection of Judaica Americana.

A broadside advertisement from Abrams & Co., dated 1870, soliciting agents, particularly women, to sell books in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The advertisement was located at 31 Wistar Street and suggests a potentially dubious business scheme. The broadside is printed in English.

A one-cent postcard advertising the services of D. Schorsch, a ladies' tailor located at 1613 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The advertisement features a lithograph of a woman in a shirtwaist and emphasizes "good work cheap." The postcard dates from January 1, 1898.

This archival collection consists of a broadside advertising "After the War Cigars" by Isaac D. Sailer, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated July 1, 1898, and an undated envelope addressed to Isaac D. Sailer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The envelope contains the broadside and a price booklet of cigars.

Printed advertisement for the Odd Fellows Lodge Text, published by Moss & Brother, located at No. 12 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated October 1, 1852. The advertisement is a broadside and likely part of a stampless envelope. It describes the text, which details the history and traditions of the Order, and encourages lodges to purchase copies.

A two-page broadside price list for fur skins issued by G. Shoyer & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 1, 1874. The list includes prices for 34 types of fur skins, notably also including house cat.

Broadside announcing a special meeting of Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on April 1, 1849, to enact by-laws regarding burial grounds and interment rules. Printed on blue paper, measuring 8" x 12".

A broadside advertisement promoting Levi Brothers' sponsorship of the 7 Links Colored Variety Co. in Burlington, New Jersey. Published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; undated, but likely circa 1886 based on cross-reference.

Broadside advertising the Union Canal Lottery, to be drawn on June 14, 1826. Issued by J. I. Cohen, Jr. & Brothers, a lottery and exchange office located on South Third Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The broadside lists varying amounts and notes that the office also represented the House of Rothschild in the USA.

Broadside printed on both sides, issued by the Board of Directors of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts on July 1, 1845. It solicits funds from the public and art from artists following a fire on June 12, 1845. Hyman Gratz, a founder and director, is mentioned. This broadside is considered rare.

Dividend receipt for debt owed to Benjamin Franklin and Hall from the estate of Elijah Etting. Dated March 12, 1792, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This document represents a rare association between Benjamin Franklin and the Jewish merchant Elijah Etting.

Unused envelope from Cohen Brothers, located at 934 Arch Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The envelope is dated circa 1890.

Embossed envelope with a corner advertisement for "Jonas P. Levy, importer and dealer, wines, liquors, segars, and fine groceries." A barrel is embossed in the center. Addressed to Rev. Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated July 2, 1857. This is the earliest embossed corner advertisement envelope in the collection.

An envelope addressed to J. W. Y. Bassell in Leesburg, Virginia, postmarked 1876. The envelope features advertising for Mayer & Stern, a Philadelphia-based business, with their address and the mention of an Expo Medal.

Envelope addressed to Isaac Levy at 221 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The envelope shows an 1883 rubber stamp advertisement for Levy's business. The return address is partially visible, indicating it was mailed from Pottstown, Pennsylvania.

An advertising envelope for S. Abeles & Co., a Philadelphia-based wholesaler of millinery and straw goods. The envelope features the company's name and address (806 Arch St., Philadelphia, PA) and advertises its exclusively wholesale business. The envelope is undated, but based on other materials, is likely from circa 1890.

An envelope featuring an advertisement for Kohn & Adler, a business located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The envelope is dated January 27, 1890. The envelope also mentions Pottstown, Pennsylvania.

Envelope from L. Dannenbaum's Son & Co., a Philadelphia clothing merchant, dated January 4, 1899. The envelope features an advertisement and is addressed to 806 and 808 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Advertising envelope from Moses Ulman's Sons, a business in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. The envelope, dated October 1, 1889, features an image of their storefront. It was addressed to S. H. & H. Chapman in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

An advertising envelope from L. & S. Sternberger, dated October 28, 1884. The envelope lists two addresses: 503 Market Street and 530 (address incomplete). The envelope advertised clothing and was sent from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

An envelope from Tellers Real Estate Registry in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated October 8, 1897. The envelope features an advertisement for "Tellers Real Estate Register" and indicates that it is available free at all drug stores. The publishers are listed as being located on the second floor of the Ledger Building, 606 Chestnut Street.

An envelope advertising Freeman & Wise Manufacturing's overalls and shirts, with a focus on children's waists. The envelope was addressed and mailed from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 4, 1886. The return address includes Pottstown, Pennsylvania.

Envelope addressed to Henry Beckman in Erie, Pennsylvania, postmarked February 14, 1888. The envelope features an advertisement for Gumpert Bros., a Philadelphia tobacco company with factory and sales office addresses listed.

An advertising envelope for Jos. Louchheim & Co., located at 314 and 316 Market Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The envelope is dated April 23, 1884. The envelope's contents are no longer present.

Invoice from ARNOLD & LOUCHHEIM, wholesale clothiers located at No. 113 North Third Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The invoice is dated May 24, 1866, and lists the purchase of various articles of clothing by Thompson & Bergstresser. The business likely sold both men's and boys clothing. The billhead has a printed header section with an oval stamp that includes the phrase 'CLOTHS, Cassimeres, Satinets, and VESTINGS'.

This archival collection consists of two items: an envelope addressed to Isaac D. Sailer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, postmarked July 8, 1895, and a broadside from Sailer's business, dating from 1901. The envelope is from Levy, Horwitz & Lachenbruch, located at 92-96 Bleecker Street and 197-210 Mercer Street, New York, New York. The broadside's content is not specified but may pertain to Sailer's trade.

Envelope addressed to J. C. Altick in Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, postmarked September 30, 1868. The envelope features advertising for M. Myers & Co., located at 105 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The envelope contains an early advertisement and postage stamp.

An envelope addressed to Mills, Ellis in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, with an advertisement for Kohn, Adler & Co. on the front. The envelope is dated September 5, 1898. The advertisement features text, indicating a commercial message.

A ledger page (6.5" x 16") detailing funds owed to Bernard Gratz by the Illinois Company between 1778 and 1779. The document, in Gratz's handwriting, includes entries for ledger copying and tavern expenses, less cash received. Individuals mentioned include David Frank, J. Simon, and Michael Gratz. This document was used in 1823 to settle Bernard Gratz's estate.

Copy of Bernard Gratz's expense report, dated April 3, 1779, used to settle his estate. Includes expenses related to the sale of a horse and a trip from Virginia to Philadelphia in December 1778. The copy was made on February 27, 1823. This manuscript is part of the Illinois Land Company financial records.

A letter dated January 1, 1762, from Henry Solomon in London, England, to his cousin Michael Gratz in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Solomon reports on the status of lottery tickets purchased for himself and Gratz, providing details about their participation in the English lottery. A copy of a lottery ticket is included to explain the lottery's workings. This letter offers insights into transatlantic business communication among Jewish merchants.

A letter written in 1860 from Jose Joaquin Perez to Joshua I. Cohen of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter mentions Perez's upcoming visit to William Hart of Quebec and contains references to Baltimore and the Jewish community.

Letter from Israel Hecht, a Jewish merchant, notary public, and real estate agent in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated October 14, 1892. The letterhead includes his address and business information. The letter is addressed to Byerly Hart, Esq. regarding property at 407 N. Third Street and 435 Chestnut Street.

A letter written by Samuel Pettigrew of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Caleb Taylor in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 19, 1817, concerning an order for drugs. The letter provides insights into the business of medicine in early 19th-century America.

Letter from Solomon Moses in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Harman Hendricks in New York, New York, dated November 24, 1829. The letter discusses copper and business matters. Solomon Moses was involved in Jewish affairs and married to Rachel Gratz (Rebecca Gratz's sister). He trained in his father Isaac Moses' counting house in New York City.

A broadside letter dated November 4, 1854, from Octavius L. Cohen in Savannah, Georgia, to David S. Brown & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cohen, a cotton merchant, requests business. The broadside portion details cotton market prices and conditions.

A letter written by Edward Johnson Etting to D. C. Collins on November 21, 1835, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses iron and axes and mentions Etting's family history, including his father, Reuben Etting (a Revolutionary War veteran), and his sons, Reuben (1842-1911) and Charles (1844-1910).

A one-page letter written by Isaac Cohn, an oil producer, to Judge J.P. Elkins on March 10, 1910. The letter discusses the necessity of taking over a lease. Cohn's letterhead identifies him as an oil producer and mentions a partnership with Mr. Curtis Elkins of Indiana, Pennsylvania.

A letter written by Solomon Moses to Harman Hendricks in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 19, 1828. The letter pertains to copper and other business matters. Solomon Moses was active in Jewish affairs and married to Rachel Gratz (sister of Rebecca Gratz). He received his business training in his father Isaac Moses' counting house in New York City.

Letter written by Solomon Moses to Herman Hendricks on March 3, 1828, concerning copper. Moses, active in Jewish affairs and married to Rachel Gratz (Rebecca Gratz's sister), was trained in his father Isaac Moses' counting house in New York City. The letter was sent from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to New York, New York.

A letter written by J. B. Alexander to Solomon Etting on March 6, 1832, concerning a land matter involving Simon Gratz. The letter discusses efforts to contact Gratz, possibly in relation to the settlement of Bernard Gratz's estate. It also mentions a deed from David Franks to Bernard Gratz dated October 18, 1780. A copy of the letter was sent to S. Gratz the previous day. The letter was written in Baltimore, Maryland.

Letter written by Solomon Moses to Harman W. Hendricks on April 30, 1829, concerning copper. Moses was active in Jewish affairs and married to Rachel Gratz (sister of Rebecca Gratz). He was trained in his father Isaac Moses' counting house in New York City. The letter was sent from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to New York, New York.

A letter written by Solomon Hart Marks to Barnard Gratz on May 16, 1796, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses unspecified business issues, suggesting potential difficulties or failures in a venture. The letter is part of the Gratz Collection and the Nathan Family Archive.

Letter from Code, Hopper & Gratz, manufacturers of gas meters and apparatus in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to General H. J. Biddle in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, dated May 24, 1861. The letter discusses the completion of 20,000 canteens and offers an additional 60,000 at the same price. The letter is written on the company's illustrated billhead. Robert H. Gratz's signature appears on the letter.

A letter written by Solomon Moses in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Henonely & Brothers in New York, New York on May 5, 1843. The letter discusses business matters related to copper and mentions the death of Harmon Hendricks. Solomon Moses' involvement in Jewish affairs and his family connections are also alluded to.

Letter written by Isaac Moses to James Duff on June 1, 1786, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Moses outlines the ownership of a Tartar cargo, involving Alexander Hamilton and Nicholas Low of Isaac Moses & Co. The letter details Moses's dissolution of his company on January 1, 1786, and Hamilton's role as his attorney in assuring creditors of his worth. Despite initial assurances, Moses declared bankruptcy the following year.

A two-part letter dated June 30, 1788, from Captain John Clarks to Michael Gratz in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The first part lists items and prices purchased from Gratz. The second part, in Gratz's hand, discusses the value of their land investment, considering factors like immigration, the recent Indian treaty, and westward expansion. Gratz suggests selling the land in England. This letter provides insights into 18th-century land investment strategies.

A one and a half page letter dated June 5, 1789, from Capt. John Clarks to Michael Gratz of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Clarks orders items from Gratz against the harvest, notes his inability to dispose of land, and writes from Fair View. Gratz's hand on the back dockets the amount owed on June 30, 1789.

A single-page business letter dated July 17, 1874, written on the letterhead of Phillip Schoeneman & Son, wholesale clothiers located at 225 North Third Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter is addressed to Homsher & Coulter. The letter mentions Charles Schoeneman and his wife's burial in Mt. Sinai Cemetery, Philadelphia.

A stampless commercial letter written by H. Tobias to C. Tobias on July 18, 1842, concerning business affairs. The letter was sent from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to New York, New York. The letter is part of the 'Arc.MS.56, Volume A, Page 19' collection.

Letter written by Rabbi Henry Morais Sabato (1823-1897) to J. H. & S. Riker, attorneys in New York City, on July 27, 1872. The letter discusses the purchase of buildings and mentions E. Judah. Morais' address is listed as 217 South 3rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Letter written by Rabbi Sabato Morais to J. H. & S. Riker, attorneys in New York City, on July 9, 1870, concerning the purchase of buildings. Morais' address is listed as 217 South 3rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses matters related to E. Judah.

Two-page letter written in German from A. Cahn in Grenada, Mississippi, to Jacobs & Mayer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on January 8, 1849. Cahn requests that Jacobs & Mayer place a notice in New York and Philadelphia newspapers warning merchants against extending credit to M. Leoney (Marcus Levy), whose business has ceased to exist and whose goods have been seized by Cahn.

A two-and-a-half-page German-language business letter from H. Fuhrman to Jacobs Mayer & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated October 12, 1847. The letter details business matters and includes a list of merchandise totaling over 1700 dollars. The letter was sent from Delphi, Indiana.

A one-page business letter written in English and German from J.B. Jacobs & Co. to Jacobs Mayer & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on October 30, 1846. The letter discusses business matters. Related correspondence exists (see 20.512 & 20.518).

A one and three-quarter page letter written in German from M. Mayer to Jacobs & Mayer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on April 15, 1849. The letter discusses business matters and was written from Franklin, Mississippi. M. Mayer died of yellow fever in Grand Gulf in 1853.

A one-and-a-half-page stampless letter written in German from Isaac Mayer to Lazarus Mayer, care of Jacobs & Mayer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated March 22, 1848, the letter discusses business matters, specifically mentioning spools and steel. Related correspondence includes items 20.512, 20.518, and others detailing communications among Jewish merchants and Jacobs & Mayer. A later notation on the letter suggests a date of March 29, 1849.

A one-half page commercial letter from A. Cahn to Jacobs & Mayer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated January 29, 1849. The letter discusses business matters, including the enclosure of $100 and reference to a previous $1000 payment. The letter was sent from Grenada, Mississippi, to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

A one-page, stampless letter written in German from A. Cahn in Grenada, Mississippi, to Jacobs Mayer & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on April 8, 1848. The letter discusses business matters and references a draft on Gans & Shoneman in Philadelphia. Similar correspondence can be found in files 20.512 and 20.517.

A one-half page commercial letter, written in English, from H. Fuhrman & Co. in Delphi, Indiana to Jacobs Mayer & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on May 18, 1848. The letter discusses business matters, including a draft for $1000 to James Speas at Tweedy & Coulter in New York. It is part of a series of correspondence between Jewish merchants and Jacobs & Mayer (located at 215 1/2 Market Street, Philadelphia).

A letter dated July 29, 1834, from M. Isaacson in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to T. I. Tobias in New York, New York. Isaacson discusses closing his fur business and seeking new employment as a fur manufacturer, merchant, clerk, bookkeeper, or salesman. He mentions a Cohen in Philadelphia, offering insight into a Jewish self-help network.

Printed broadside letter from J. Solis Cohen and Mayer Sulzberger inviting the recipient to a meeting in Moses Dropsie's office at 29 South 6th Street, Philadelphia, on November 6, 1864. The purpose of the meeting was to found a college to educate youth for Jewish ministry. The meeting's president was to select two members from each Jewish congregation to raise funds within their respective congregations. This broadside represents the first official attempt to establish Maimonides College, the first rabbinical seminary in America, which was founded on October 28, 1867, and closed in 1873.

A letter from Frederick Cohen, dated March 1, 1888, apologizing for the delay in installing a burglar alarm system. The letterhead features an illustration and the business information: "ELECTRICITY IN ALL ITS BRANCHES...ELECTRICAL & GAS LIGHTING.....CALL BELLS & BUGLAR ALARMS", 814 N. 21ST STREET, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

This letter, dated June 15, 1844, was written by Hyman Gratz from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to William Reynolds in Meadville, Pennsylvania. The content pertains to business matters related to Gratz's role as president of the Pennsylvania Life Insurance Company. The letter is part of the Gratz Family Papers collection.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of brandy to Samuel Etting in Baltimore, Maryland, from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on November 15, 1883. The record notes Etting's connection to the War of 1812 and his presidency of Congregation Beth Israel in Baltimore.

Shipping record detailing goods shipped from Guangzhou, China, to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on March 12, 1827, by J. Kohn & Bordier, merchants in New Orleans, with their agent's signature. The record indicates that M. C. Ralston & Latimer were also involved in the shipment.

Shipping record detailing the import of various chemicals from Emanuel Merck in Darmstadt, Germany, to Rosengarten & Sons in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, between November 15 and December 27, 1873. The shipment originated in Antwerp. This record shows that the chemicals became part of Merck & Co., and it still existed in the late 20th century.

Shipping record from David Cox to Hendricks & Brothers, documenting a shipment between Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York on December 8, 1849. The record, written on a stampless letter, includes the H&B mark and an additional letter.

Shipping record documenting goods shipped by R. & I. Phillips, Jewish merchants of Philadelphia, to Baltimore, Maryland on March 13, 1827. The record is signed by Samuel Etting, who is noted as having been wounded in the War of 1812 and as the first president of Baltimore's Congregation Beth Israel.

A shipping record from Samuel Moss & Son in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated April 25, 1833. The record mentions that before John Moss' retirement, the firm was known as J & S Moss. John Moss is described as a leading citizen of Philadelphia.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of goods from Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by Gans Leberman & Co. on May 13, 1856. The record indicates the port of entry and details of the shipment.

Two shipping documents detailing a shipment from Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 13, 1856, by Simon Levine & Son. The documents list the port of entry as Philadelphia and specify Liverpool as the point of origin.

Shipping record detailing the shipment from Havana, Cuba to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 15, 1847. The record indicates Hymen L. Lipman as the shipper and Louisa Gallagher as the recipient. The document includes details about the port of entry and mentions a stationary item (pencil with eraser).

Shipping record documenting the shipment of goods from J. Kohn & Bordier in New Orleans, Louisiana to Samuel Moss & Sons in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 20, 1832. The record is signed by an agent for Samuel Moss & Sons and includes the firm's "M" mark. The document suggests a commercial relationship between Jewish merchants in New Orleans and Philadelphia.

A broadside documenting the port of entry of Joshua Moses in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 22, 1832. Moses is identified as a Major in the 2nd Battalion of the 1st Brigade of the Pennsylvania Militia. His signature is a mark, "JM".

Shipping record documenting the importation of Iodine Potash and Chlorate Potash by Rosengarten & Sons from Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 28, 1862. The record notes that the materials became part of Merck & Co. and that the company still existed in the late 20th century.

Shipping record documenting goods shipped from Samuel Moss & Sons in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to J. Kohn & Bordier in New Orleans, Louisiana on May 30, 1832. The record is signed by Joachim Kohn, agent for Samuel Moss & Sons. The document includes details about the shipment and is marked with the "M" mark of Samuel Moss & Sons.

Shipping record documenting goods shipped by R. & I. Phillips of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Veracruz, Mexico on May 4, 1827. The record notes that R. & I. Phillips served as Philadelphia agents for the Rothschilds. The document is signed by David Lyon.

A signed shipping record dated June 12, 1832, documenting goods shipped between J. Kohn & Bordier in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Samuel Moss & Sons in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The record indicates that J. Kohn & Bordier were merchants in New Orleans, shipping goods to Moss in Philadelphia. This broadside is signed by an agent for J. Kohn & Bordier and bears the 'M' mark. The record is mentioned in Korn's book, "The Early Jews of New Orleans," on pages 122/303.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of calf skins from Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on June 13, 1876. The record indicates the port of entry and lists Loeb Brothers as the recipient.

Shipping record documenting the entry of 131 gallons of gin into port. The record lists Joseph F. Tobias & Co. as the recipient and indicates the shipment arrived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and New York, New York on June 7, 1862.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of goods between I. Kohn & Bordier in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Samuel Moss & Sons in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 18, 1832. The record is signed by an agent for I. Kohn & Bordier, a Jewish mercantile firm.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of sheepskins from Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on August 1, 1881. The record indicates the port of entry as Philadelphia and lists Loeb & Bros. and Alex. Murphy & Co. as involved parties.

A shipping record documenting the shipment of various chemicals from Liverpool, England to Rosengarten & Sons in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 20, 1877. The record details the port of entry and notes that Rosengarten & Sons later became part of Merck & Co. and continued to exist in the late 20th century.

Shipping record detailing a shipment of umbrella handles from Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on September 22, 1876. The record indicates the shipment was sent to Hirsh & Bro. in Philadelphia and includes information about the port of entry and the contents of the package.

Shipping record documenting goods shipped from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Liverpool, England, between September 3rd and 18th, 1821. The record is signed by an agent for R. & I. Phillips, Philadelphia agents for the Rothschilds. The 'P' mark is used by the firm.

A postcard advertising Kuppenheimer Suits. The postcard shows a view of Market Street between 8th and 9th Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was mailed on January 1, 1908, and features a one-cent stamp. The reverse of the postcard has the advertisement for Kuppenheimer Suits.

A Christmas advertisement postcard featuring a pop-up illustration of a winter scene. The postcard advertises Christmas toys from Germany and is addressed to A.L. Kesner. Published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1903.

Printed receipt for $1.00 for a brick for the Congregation Agudath Israel of Darby & Collingdale, Pennsylvania. Issued in 1920. The receipt is in English and Yiddish and features graphics of the American flag, a Jewish star, and a Torah ark.

Ledger sheet detailing expenditures of the Northern Liberties Gas Works in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated October 21, 1841. The sheet notes that the gas works were the first in the USA and that a number of Jewish individuals were owners, with J. Gratz serving as chairman at one time.

Billhead and accompanying dunning letter from The Pennsylvanian, a daily morning paper published by Dr. Edward Morwitz in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The bill is for a one and a half year subscription, from November 1, 1859 to April 1, 1861, and is addressed to W. Kirkam of Westfall Township, Pennsylvania. The billhead features the newspaper's logo. Dr. Morwitz was a prominent publisher who eventually controlled over 300 periodicals, including The Jewish Record (1875-1886).

Shipping record documenting the arrival of goods at St. Thomas, Virgin Islands on October 11, 1833. The document includes the signatures of Adolphus Millier, J. A. Picolet, and Nathan Levy, who served as the American Consul on St. Thomas from 1818-1836. Levy's signature appears twice on a certificate of landing.

A letter dated November 18, 1891, from Hirsh & Brother in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, requesting Wells Fargo Bank in Carson City, Nevada to collect on a draft. The letter includes the address 1309-1317 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

This document is a receipt for a promissory note. Moses Myers, a prominent Jewish merchant-shipper, issued a note payable to E. Dulith & Wachsmuth of Philadelphia for $5000, payable in 60 days. The receipt is dated November 25, 1794, and was written in Norfolk, Virginia. The document is entirely in Myers' hand.

A ticket for free services at Wills Eye Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated December 19, 1893. The ticket is in English, German, Yiddish, and Italian and indicates that free services are only for the truly poor. Instructions for return are included.

A receipt issued on March 1, 1888, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, by the Rittenhouse Council No. 927. The recipient is I. Feinberg. The document shows a transaction involving Adam Warnock and H. Polano.

Manifest detailing the cargo (silk handkerchiefs) from Canton to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with duties, bonded by the Etting brothers on March 10, 1827. The document originates from Baltimore, Maryland.

Receipt signed by William Lewis on April 20, 1773, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, acknowledging the receipt of 15 pounds from Michael Gratz as partial payment on a bond owed to Nicholas Waln. The receipt includes an early 1800s engraving of William Lewis.

Sight draft from David Franks in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to his brother Moses Franks in London, England, dated July 30, 1772. The document is a receipt for a financial transaction, measuring 4" x 8". David Franks was a partner in Gratz Bros. and Joseph Simon, involved in supplying goods for the fur trade. Moses Franks was a major supplier to the Crown during the French and Indian War. This document exemplifies trans-oceanic family business transactions during the period.

Ledger sheet detailing a cargo manifest from Philadelphia to Richmond aboard the steamship Pennsylvania on September 3, 1853. The record includes information about the shipment and is part of the business records of I. M. Moss & Bro. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

A pawn ticket issued by the Girard Licensed Loan Office in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on April 12, 1872, to Jacob Myers for a plaid dress. The ticket, printed and filled in by hand, indicates a loan amount of $3 and is missing its revenue stamp. The ticket includes the address of the loan office: 1200 North Second Street, Cor. Cadwalder, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

A pawn ticket issued by Samuel M. Fridenburg's Eagle Loan Office in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on April 23, 1869. The ticket, printed and filled in by hand, records a loan of $12.05 for a spring coat. It includes a revenue stamp and notes the office's relocation from S.E. corner 7th & Callowhill Streets to N.W. corner Ninth & Buttonwood Streets.

Postal receipt for scrolls of law sent by Solomon Elmaleh on May 27, 1900 from 2226 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The receipt includes Gibraltar postage stamps.

This manuscript receipt book, spanning 1855-1857, belonged to William Sellers, an iron manufacturer in Philadelphia. It meticulously records fees and payments, listing numerous Jewish names among his clients. The book offers valuable insight into the business dealings of a prominent Philadelphian and the economic activities of the Jewish community during this period.

Receipt for an offering of $0.50 to Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The receipt is signed by Hyman Gratz as gabay (treasurer) and countersigned by I.D. Young or I. DeGouny. Dated January 1, 1840.

A receipt for an offering of $0.78 to Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The receipt is signed by Hyman Gratz, acting as gabay (treasurer) for the congregation, and witnessed by Solomon Cohen. The date of the receipt is October 10, 1832.

A receipt for a $2.00 offering to Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The receipt was issued on October 16, 1849, by Hyman Gratz, acting as gabay (treasurer) of the congregation. Joseph A. Brandon is listed as the payer.

A receipt issued on October 16, 1849, by Hyman Gratz, Gabay of Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to A. Benjamin for twelve dollars, for the rent of seat number 32. The receipt is written in English and/or Hebrew.

This document is a receipt for an offering of $2.03 to Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The receipt is dated October 18, 1841, and was issued by I. De Gouny to Hyman Gratz, who served as Gabay (treasurer) of the congregation.

Printed receipt in Hebrew and English, issued by Morris Sulzberger, Gabay of Mikveh Israel Synagogue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Miss Fanny Sulzberger for the rental of seat number 175, upstairs, for twelve dollars. Dated October 3, 1894.

Receipt issued by Hyman Gratz, Gabay of Mikveh Israel Synagogue in Philadelphia, acknowledging an offering of $0.50 received from Hays on October 4, 1842. The receipt is written in English and Hebrew.

Receipt issued by Hyman Gratz, Gabay of Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Isaac L. Arnold for six dollars, for seat number 119, dated November 6, 1850. The receipt is written in English.

Receipt issued by Hyman Gratz, Gabay of Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to A. Benjamin for twelve dollars, seat number 32, on November 6, 1850. The receipt is written in English and possibly Hebrew.

Printed receipt, in Hebrew and English, issued by Hyman Gratz, Gabay of Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, to Abraham Depaux for the rent of seat number 32, for twelve dollars. Dated September 16, 1839.

Printed receipt in Hebrew and English issued by I. Gans, Gabay of Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Miss A. Lazarus for the rental of seat number 40, upstairs, for thirty dollars. Dated September 24, 1873.

Printed receipt in Hebrew and English issued by I. Gans, Gabay of Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on September 24, 1873. The receipt acknowledges payment of thirty dollars from Mrs. Lazarus for the rental of seat number 39 (upstairs).

Shipping manifest detailing the inland transport of goods from New York City to Philadelphia via New Jersey, arriving December 30, 1806. The manifest includes an oath sworn by Joseph Gratz as collector, attesting to the accuracy of the listed goods. The document is dated December 31, 1806, but refers to the goods' departure from New York on July 20, 1806.

Broadside printed circa 1820, soliciting funds for the newly established Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb in Philadelphia. The broadside was produced by David G. Seixas, founder of the school. It features a copper engraving and is priced at 25 cents.

A letter dated May 15, 1873, from the Society of the Alumni of the Medical Department, University of Pennsylvania, appealing for endowment funds for the University of Pennsylvania Hospital. The letter includes a list of the Society's officers. Isaac Hays is listed as one of four vice presidents.

Commencement program for the University of Pennsylvania, held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 2, 1858. The program lists graduates, including Jacob De La Motta and Simon Gratz, and indicates degrees conferred.

Handwritten invitation signed by Dr. Herbert Friedenwald to attend a History Club meeting at his home, 915 N. 16th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on November 15 (undated, estimated 1895 based on biographical information). Judge Samuel W. Pennypacker was to be the speaker at the meeting.

Ticket to the Second Annual Ball of the Rieser Reading Association, held at Musical Fund Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on January 17, 1866. The ticket, number 170, is signed on the back by M. Thalheimer.

Invitation to the opening of the new building of the Philadelphia Stock Exchange, issued by the Philadelphia Stock Exchange for Moses A. Dropsie on June 29, 1876. The invitation is a printed card.

Admission card for Moses A. Dropsie to a banquet at Belmont Mansion in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 4, 1873. The banquet was hosted by the U.S. Centennial Commission and the Centennial Board of Finance for the President of the United States.

Two-page letter written by Isaac Hays from Philadelphia to Dr. B. R. Wellford on February 4, 1852. Hays, editor of the *American Journal of Medical Sciences* (1827-1869), writes to Wellford, president of the American Medical Society. This letter offers insight into the relationship between these two key figures in the development of medicine as a profession in the United States.

Commercial letter written by Abraham Hart, a leading Jewish figure and president of Mikveh Israel, to R. Bacon in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on April 18, 1865.

A commercial letter written by H. Marx in New York City to Jacob & Meyer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 12, 1849. The letter mentions Jacob L. Seixas in New York City.

A single-page letter written by Frederick Cohen in Detroit, Michigan, to Andrew M. Makin in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1845. The letter details Cohen's childhood art training in England, providing valuable biographical information about the artist's early life and training.

Letter written by William Wilkins in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to William M. Meredith in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on May 19, 1815. The letter concerns a debt of $20,120.00 owed by John Wilkins (possibly a relative) to Simon Gratz.

A one-page, signed letter dated August 28, 1785, written in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by James Monroe to Bernard Gratz. Monroe, a member of the Continental Congress at the time, thanks Gratz for his efforts in obtaining cash but notes he has found another source.

A free franked envelope dated April 13, 1858, addressed to John Rumsey, Secretary of the Board of Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The envelope is signed by Henry Meyer Phillips, a Philadelphia lawyer and the first Jewish person elected to Congress from Philadelphia. The envelope mentions Phillips's membership in the 35th Congress.

Tree planting certificate commemorating the 75th birthday of Solomon Solis-Cohen. Includes a lithograph of Theodor Herzl and an orchard scene. The certificate is associated with Mikveh Israel Congregation in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated January 1, 1934.

A one-page letter written by Abraham De Young, President of a newly formed congregation in Lafayette, Louisiana, to Isaac Leeser on November 9, 1849. The letter announces the congregation's new rented temple and lists its officers: Jacob Meyer (VP), H. Asher (VP), Benjamin Goldenberg (Trustee), B. Frank (Trustee), Julius Sayer (Secretary), and N. Grunsburger (Treasurer). An excerpt from a later Occident article provides an update on the congregation's status and membership.

Legal document concerning a search of property to satisfy judgement debts against Isaac Phillips. The document, dated 1838, originates from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and is part of the Gratz Collection. It includes details about Phillips' marriage to Sarah Moss in 1822.

Power of attorney document authorizing Jacob Gratz to act on behalf of his brothers, Joseph and Simon Gratz, in settling the lands in Virginia from their father Michael Gratz's estate. Dated October 24, 1838, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

COURT DOCUMENTS - GROUP OF 6 CERTIFYING NO JUDGEMENT....MOSS, LYDIA...

A legal document detailing the expenses incurred in settling the estate of Michael Gratz in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, between 1858 and 1860. The document, prepared by Frank M. Etting, shows a remaining balance of cash and receivables in the estate.

Legal document attesting to citizenship, signed by Benjamin Nones in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 26, 1810. The document also involves John Kingsland and references Georgetown, District of Columbia.

Shipping record in Spanish detailing a shipment from Benjamin Nones in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Joseph Fernandes in Havana, Cuba, dated December 5, 1810. The document is signed by Benjamin Nones (1757-1826), a prominent figure in Philadelphia's Jewish community and a veteran of the American Revolution.

Petition to the Common Council of Philadelphia requesting the appointment of George Pierce as High Constable. Signed by 36 prominent citizens, including Moses Levy and Thomas McKean (signer of the Declaration of Independence). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 19, 1790.

Power of attorney document authorizing William Lewis to act on behalf of Michael Gratz regarding a debt. A partially printed court document from the Gratz Collection in Canada, dated March 2, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

This legal document, written entirely by Thomas McKean, details charges of treason against George Croghan, a prominent Indian agent and land speculator, during the Revolutionary War. The document mentions that merchant Barnard Gratz provided $1,000 for Croghan's bail. The charges, originating in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on June 15, 1778, contributed to Croghan's financial ruin. Croghan had previously served as chairman of the Committee of Correspondence in Pittsburgh.

Printed and handwritten protest note against Michael and Bernard Gratz regarding an uncollected debt. Served at Michael Gratz's home on June 5, 1795, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His wife refused to accept it, citing his illness. The note was signed by a magistrate. From the Gratz Collection in Canada, Nathan Family Archive.

Articles of Agreement made on August 7, 1794, between Michael Gratz and Hugh Brady concerning the sale of 299 acres of land and 301 acres on the Sewickley Creek for 1,052 pounds in gold. The document originates from the Gratz Collection in Canada. Published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Official document, signed twice by Abraham Nones (1794-1835), attesting to the oath of principal officers of the U.S.A. schooner "The Good Friends" of Philadelphia. The document includes a consular seal and dates from September 15, 1826, Maracaibo, Columbia. Additional dates mentioned are July 19, 1826, and July 27, 1826, and possibly relate to other legal proceedings connected to this vessel.

Contract between Nathan Hurwitz and Israel Kaufman, dated September 25, 1896, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The contract details an agreement for Hurwitz to work for Kaufman as a designer and pattern maker for one year at a weekly wage of $60.00.

Legal document; Petition to the Bankruptcy Court signed by Benjamin Nones' creditors; receipt of full payment of $23,233. Includes 2 Jewish creditors among 15 others; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; January 12, 1795.

Legal document pertaining to property owned by Rebecca and Moses Nathans in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated May 3, 1850. The document mentions several other individuals: David, Jacob, Isaiah, Nathan, and Isabella Nathans, as well as Sophia. It is unsigned by Rebecca and Moses Nathans.

A legal document pertaining to property owned by Rebecca and Moses Nathans in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated July 27, 1848. The document is unsigned by the Nathans.

Printed death certificate for Jacob Solis-Cohen, a Civil War officer, lecturer at Jefferson Medical College (1867-1927), and pioneer in medicine. Issued in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 10, 1895.

Printed death certificate for Jacob Solis-Cohen, dated February 7, 1864, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The certificate notes that Solis-Cohen was a Civil War officer and lecturer at Jefferson Medical College.

Death certificate for Alice Kingston, issued in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 20, 1860. The certificate is filled out by Jacob Solis-Cohen.

This document is a deed signed by Charles Robb, James Euston, and Samuel W. Weer, conveying property in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was executed on January 1, 1841, and the deed's seal is intact. Hyman Gratz signed as president three times. The deed is on parchment.

A two-page resolution passed by the Jewish Hospital Association of Philadelphia on January 11, 1881, concerning the sale of land. The resolution is signed by William B. Hackenburg and Simon A. Stern, and bears the association's seal. This document is related to Deed 12.153.

Deed conveying land from the Jewish Hospital Association of Philadelphia to Christopher Kane. The deed was signed by W. B. Hackenburg and S. A. Stern, and bears the Association's seal. Dated January 12, 1881, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Legal document detailing the transfer of property from Simon S. Meyers to Robert Steinhart in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated January 17, 1878. The deed includes the signatures of Meyers and possibly Yette Myers.

A deed transferring property, dated January 18, 1864, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The document includes the signatures of Sarah Goldsmith, Eliza Goldsmith, and Nathan Goldsmith, along with Elisha Stephan, Robert, and Jeremiah.

Deed conveying property in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Benjamin R. Mears from Benjamin Jones, dated October 20, 1845.

Deed conveying property in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from Benjamin Jones to Benjamin R. Mears, dated October 20, 1845. The deed is part of a larger collection of legal documents.

Deed transferring property from Benjamin R. Mears to Benjamin Jones in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated October 23, 1845. The deed includes signatures and seals.

Deed settling the estate of Michael Gratz. Dated October 25, 1819, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Signed by Rachael Gratz, Hyman Gratz, Benjamin Gratz, Joseph Gratz, Jacob Gratz, Simon Gratz, Ruben & Francis Etting, Samuel & Richea Hays, Sol. & Rachel Moses, and witnessed by Ellen Hays, Isaac Prince, and Abraham Myer Cohen.

This document is a deed transferring property in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was signed by Hyman Gratz, President of the Pennsylvania Company for Insurances on Lives and Granting Annuities, on October 29, 1844. The deed details the transfer of property from James Euston and Samuel W. Weer to the Pennsylvania Company.

Deed conveying land from Moses Levy and Daniel Levy to Joseph Thomas in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated September 22, 1794. The deed is one of a set of nine contiguous documents, suggesting a possible fraudulent land transaction to allow Moses Levy to hold property under various names. The deed includes descriptions of the property boundaries.

Deed conveying land in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from Daniel Levy and Edward Levy to Joseph Thomas, dated September 22, 1794. One of nine contiguous documents. The deed describes the land as being adjacent to land granted to Edward Levy.

Deed conveying land from Matthias Levy and Hugh Levy to Joseph Thomas in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated October 8, 1794. The deed describes land adjoining land granted to Hugh Levy on September 22, 1794. This is one of nine contiguous documents.

Deed of sale for land in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated October 8, 1794. Patrick Levy and John Levy sold land to Joseph Thomas. This deed is one of nine contiguous documents relating to the sale and transfer of land.

Deed conveying land from Peter and Patrick Levy to Joseph Thomas in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated October 8, 1794. The deed describes the land sold as adjoining land granted to Patrick Levy on September 22, 1794. This is one of nine contiguous documents.

Deed for the sale of property to Edward Etting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated November 22, 1875. The deed includes the signatures of both the seller and buyer, and details of the property transaction.

Legal document detailing the transfer of property in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from James and Elizabeth Bordley Gibson to George Mifflin Wharton. Witnessed by William H. Keating. Dated December 1, 1837.

Deed signed by Moses Levy, dated February 4, 1794, concerning land in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The deed indicates a direct land purchase from the government by Levy. Additional notes mention Levy's parentage, religious upbringing, and his role as a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, as well as his contributions to early American labor law.

Deed of conveyance from Moses Levy to Thomas Mifflin for land in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated February 4, 1794. The deed bears the signature of Moses Levy and includes details regarding the property transfer. The deed is numbered 5080.

This deed, dated March 1, 1784, documents the sale of a lot on the west side of 2nd Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Moses Nathan. The sellers are James and Anne Sparks. The document provides details of the property transaction.

Deed of sale for a lot on the west side of 2nd Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Isaiah Nathans and his wife, Lydia Nathans, sold the property to John Cridland on June 25, 1819. The document suggests a potential transaction between father and son.

Deed for the sale of land located on the west side of Second Street, above the Delaware River, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated February 23, 1828. The deed involves a transaction between Nathan Nathans and Curtis Cavender. This may represent a transaction between father and son; earlier transactions did not go through. See related items 18-119 and 200 in the collection.

Deed signed by Israel Israel, son of Michael, to Andrew Sumners Jr. dated March 28, 1801, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Israel Israel, described as having been raised as a Christian, amassed a fortune by age 21 and served as High Sheriff of Philadelphia in 1800.

Deed signed by Israel Israel, son of Michael, to Paul Beck Jr. dated March 28, 1801 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Israel Israel, described as having been raised as a Christian, amassed a fortune by age 21, and served as High Sheriff of Philadelphia in 1800.

This deed, dated March 8, 1841, documents a property transaction in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It involves Hyman Gratz, and the Pennsylvania Company for Insurances on Lives and Granting Annuities. The deed is signed by Hyman Gratz as president of Mikveh Israel.

Deed of conveyance from Joseph Mears to Joseph Engle in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated April 1, 1856. The deed includes the signatures of Joseph Mears, who is identified as an Alderman.

Deed transferring property from John Singer to Abraham Singer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated April 2, 1802. The document includes the signature and seals of Moses Levy (1756-1826), a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, known for his early legal work on labor rights in the United States.

Deed conveying land from Richard and John Penn to Philip Lutz in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated April 2, 1802. The deed includes signatures and seals, and mentions Moses Levy, a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, known for his legal findings on labor rights.

Deed conveying land to the Jewish Hospital Association of Philadelphia, signed by Henry Moore and witnessed by Edwin M. Pick. The deed was executed on February 21, 1879, and recorded on April 2, 1879. The land is located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

This document is a deed transferring property in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from Peter Bolz to Simon S. and Yette Myers. The deed is dated May 17, 1876.

Deed transferring land in Aaronsburg, Pennsylvania from Simon Gratz to James Duncan and John Forster. The deed is dated May 18, 1830. The land was originally purchased by Simon Gratz from Aaron Levy on July 24, 1792. The deed includes two signatures of Simon Gratz. Aaronsburg, Pennsylvania was founded and named after Aaron Levy.

Deed of conveyance, dated May 23, 1842, documenting the transfer of property in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from Alexander W. Robertson to Henry Meyer Phillips. The deed reflects a significant property transaction involving a prominent Philadelphia Jew of the period.

Deed for the sale of property from Daniel Gans to George W. Edwards in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated May 23, 1855. The deed details the legal transfer of property ownership.

Vellum deed of sale from "The Pennsylvania Company for Insurances on Lives and Granting Annuities" to Joshua Hartshorne. The deed is signed by Hyman Gratz as president and dated May 29, 1834 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Deed transferring land from the estate of Simon Gratz. Signed by Isaac Prince, Hyman Gratz, Edward Gratz, David Gratz, and Louisa Gratz. Dated May 9, 1842, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

This deed, dated June 14, 1842, involves Hyman Gratz and the Pennsylvania Company for Insurances on Lives and Granting Annuities in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The deed is signed by Job Bartlett as president. The document is written on paper.

This deed documents the sale of land from the estate of Isaac Phillips and Joseph L. Moss to Joseph Gratz. The deed was signed by both executors on June 5, 1838, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

This document is a deed transferring property in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The deed, dated July 31, 1865, shows a transfer of property from Max S. and Amelia Myers to Simon S. Myers. The deed includes a revenue stamp and signatures. Max S. Myers' signature appears to be in German script.

Vellum deed transferring property for $1.00 from Joseph Gratz to Tabitha Sutton and Ebenezer Austin in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated August 4, 1829, but referencing an earlier transaction of August 10, 1828.

Parchment deed signed by Hyman Gratz as president of the Pennsylvania Company for Insurances on Lives and Granting Annuities. Dated August 29, 1844, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Deed from Andrew Thatcher to Israel Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated September 18, 1802. The deed includes signatures and seals of Israel Israel, who is described as the son of Michael, raised as a Christian, having amassed a fortune at age 21, and serving as High Sheriff of Philadelphia in 1800.

Naturalization certificate for Samuel Berger, issued in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 18, 1896. The document bears the seal of the Probate Court and indicates that Berger is a native of Austria.

Letter from the "Office of the Committee of Public Safety" in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to David H. Solis, dated April 26, 1861. The letter expresses gratitude for a $50.00 contribution from Solis to the Philadelphia militia for defense against potential invasion. The letter is part of the Collection E at the University of Pennsylvania.

Certificate documenting a donation to the Great Central Fair for the U.S. Sanitary Commission, held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 28, 1864. The U.S. Sanitary Commission was a precursor to the American Red Cross, raising funds to aid Civil War soldiers.

A morning report of sick and wounded soldiers at the McClellan General Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on March 6, 1864. The report lists Moses Cohen, of Company I, 17th Pennsylvania Cavalry, as a patient.

Muster-out roll of Company H, 20th Regiment of Pennsylvania Infantry, listing approximately 100 names with signatures and comments. The roll covers the period from April 28, 1898 to November 15, 1898. The document was created in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

A legal document, specifically a pay voucher, dated February 14, 1777, from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It details payment of $36.00 to Israel Jacobs for services rendered to Valentine Peyton by Valentine Peers of the 3rd Virginia Regiment, covering the period from December 7, 1776 to February 7, 1777. Israel Jacobs is identified as a representative of Philadelphia in the Pennsylvania Legislature (1791-1793).

Authorization for the arming of the privateer ship Adeline, issued June 26, 1812, in Washington, D.C., by President James Madison and Secretary of State James Monroe. The document lists Isaac Levy and William Weaver as co-owners, authorizing the vessel to carry seven carriage guns and 35 men. The authorization is signed by both Madison and Monroe. The document also mentions Benjamin Craycroft and George W. Tatem.

Annual report of the Hebrew Women's Aid Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated May 11, 1864. The report details the society's finances and donations to the United States Sanitary Commission during the Civil War. It was compiled by Rebecca Moss.

A broadside advertising a lecture by Rabbi Henry Berkowitz, under the auspices of the Jewish Chautauqua Society. The broadside likely details the lecture's topic, date, time, and location in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania between 1896 and 1897. It mentions his prior rabbinical positions in Mobile, Alabama and Kansas City.

Broadside outlining revised rules for purchasing honors related to the dedication of a new temple in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on January 5, 1823. The document includes an address by W. David Nathans, who had the honor of dedicating six steps at the Parnassus. Not listed in Singerman.

Broadside detailing a Pennsylvania Act of April 14, 1828, authorizing Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia to lease a lot at the northeast corner of Spruce and Ninth Streets. The broadside names several individuals involved in the transaction, including Samuel Hays, Simon Gratz, Zalegman Phillips, and Abraham Myers Cohen.

Four-page program for the First Annual Grand Ball of the Milton Club held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on January 1, 1917. Includes an advertisement from Friedman's Clothing and Rental. The program also contains World War I era songs.

Program for the Annual Hebrew Charity Ball held at the Academy of Music in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on January 26, 1876. The program features a decorated cover with original colored string and lists the names of committee members. It is ten pages in length.

Envelope containing an invitation to a Hebrew Charity Ball held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on February 15, 1882. The invitation includes instructions regarding attire and the start time of the Grand March. The envelope also contains additional notes indicating a possible purchase at a shop belonging to Scheler, a printer and bookbinder in New York.

This item is a ticket and invitation to the Annual Hebrew Charity Ball held at the American Academy of Music in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on January 25, 1871. The ticket features the name of the event, the date, the venue, and the name of the Master of Ceremonies, William B. Hachenburg. A separate ladies' invitation is also included.

Invitation to the Annual Hebrew Charity Ball held at the American Academy of Music in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on February 6, 1873. The invitation lists Moses Stern as Master of Ceremonies.

This archival collection contains three items related to the Annual Hebrew Charity Ball held at the American Academy of Music in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on February 6, 1873. The collection includes one ticket and two invitations. One invitation is red, and the other is green. David Aaron served as the Master of Ceremonies. These items are part of a larger set (see 20.437).

Envelope addressed to the Union School Library in Gloversville, New York, from the Jewish Publication Society of America in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated January 21, 1894. The envelope features the Society's address printed on it.

A two-page genealogical manuscript detailing the family tree of Michael Gratz, including birth, death, and marriage information for his children and grandchildren. The manuscript, possibly written by a sister of Rebecca Gratz, traces the family's history back to Michael Gratz's emigration from Europe in 1759. The latest date mentioned is 1817. Found tipped into Rebecca Gratz's family bible.

Printed invitation to Isaac Leeser for the second annual Hebrew Charity Dinner, to be held on December 18, 1853, at Mikveh Israel Synagogue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The invitation is signed by A. Hart, Jos. Newhouse, and I. Binswanger, and was folded for hand delivery.

Invitation to a lecture titled "The Secret of Israel's Strong Vitality" delivered by S. Roubin at Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The exact date of the lecture is unknown; the invitation is undated.

Invitation to a lecture titled "Jews and the Crusades" delivered by Dana Carleton Munro at the Mikveh Israel Association in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on February 16, 1901. The invitation is a printed broadside.

Invitation to a lecture on "Jews and the Crusades" by Professor Dana Munro, followed by the presentation of a painting to the Mikveh Israel Association by Meyer Danzig in honor of Dr. Sabato Morais. Held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on February 16, 1902.

An invitation to a ball held on January 28, 1846, at the Chinese Museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to benefit the German Hebrew Female Benevolent Society. The invitation is printed on punched paper.

An invitation to the annual ball of the Hebrew Charity Ball Association, held at the Academy of Music in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on January 29, 1885. The back of the invitation lists approximately 100 names.

An invitation to a motion picture entertainment at Gratz College, presented by the Mikveh Israel Association on Sunday evening, February 14, 1926, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The invitation lists numerous names, suggesting a guest list or attendees of the event.

An invitation to a dramatic episode titled "Esther, the Queen," produced by the Mickve Israel Literary Association. The event was to be held at the Hall of the Columbia Club, 1405 Oxford Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on March 18, 1908. The invitation includes ticket number 533.

Printed invitation to a Purim entertainment at the Religious School of Mikveh Israel, located at 117 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The invitation is dated March 4, 1906.

Broadside invitation to the laying of the cornerstone of the new Mikveh Israel Synagogue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on May 9, 1859. The invitation notes that the sale of the cornerstone and other honors will take place on Sunday, May 8th, at the Cherry Street Synagogue. Numerous names are listed on the invitation. The invitation is dated May 3, 1859.

Printed invitation to the consecration of Congregation Rodeph Shalom in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on September 8, 1847. The invitation, printed on a stampless envelope, was addressed to P. D. Vroom in New Jersey and signed by Rabbi Kahn. It lists board members: Jacob Langsdorf, J. Patman, A. Stein, J. Einstein, H. Simson, and M. Gerstley.

Wedding invitation for the marriage of Hilda Katzenstein and Isidore Schoenthal, held at their residence, 870 Marshall Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on Sunday, March 4, 1888, at 6 o'clock.

Lithographed invitation to a charity ball in aid of Mount Sinai Hospital & Dispensary, held at the American Academy of Music in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 15, 1883. The invitation features a fancy dress theme and is described as an outstanding example of lithographer's art.

Invitation and ticket to a lecture by Isaac Leeser titled "On the past History and Future Prospects of Israel," held at Sansom Street Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 12, 1858. The invitation, printed on thin blue paper, includes details about the lecture time (8:00 PM) and ticket price (50 cents), with instructions to purchase tickets from D. H. Solis at 622 Arch Street. A separate ticket is printed on green stock.

Two-page letter written by Rebecca Gratz to her brother, Joseph, urging him not to leave home and to consider their aging parents. Written in haste and under duress, with numerous corrections, it reveals her common sense even in stressful times. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1805. This letter predates the known collection of Rebecca Gratz's letters, published in 1929, and offers intimate details not found elsewhere.

Three-page draft letter written by Rabbi Sabato Morais to the Sunday Dispatch, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, supporting an article in the Israelite advocating for reform in Jewish dogma. The letter, dated circa 1855, reflects the transition to "American Modern Orthodoxy" and Morais's significant role in shaping American Judaism.

Seven-page letter from Rabbi Henry A. Henry to Isaac Leeser, dated January 10, 1855, from New York, New York. Henry accuses Leeser of a personal vendetta, including unfounded attacks on Henry's reputation and livelihood since his arrival in America. The letter also alleges that Leeser withheld valid rebuttals from publication.

A one-page letter written by N. Gallinger to Rabbi Isaac Leeser on January 18, 1850, detailing the plight of 25 impoverished Jewish families in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Gallinger describes their inability to feed their families for a week despite working five days, highlighting the challenges faced by observant Jews in the United States in the 19th century. The letter also touches on the impact of blue laws restricting Sabbath observance.

Handwritten minutes from a January 23, 1859 meeting of the Committee on the Mortara Affair, held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The minutes, penned and signed by S. N. Carvalho, detail the committee's activities regarding the Mortara Affair, including a reference to a letter sent to President Buchanan.

A one-page letter written by S. C. Marralho to Isaac Leeser on January 31, 1844, from Barbados. The letter discusses the minutes of the Barbados Hebrew Congregation's Ladies' Auxiliary and the founding of a Sunday School.

A one-page letter dated January 5, 1855, from Moses Cohen Mordecai in Charleston, South Carolina, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Mordecai declines Leeser's request for financial assistance for Reinah Judah, citing family obligations and questioning the extent of Judah's need. This letter provides insight into the personal and financial circumstances of various individuals within the Jewish community in the mid-19th century United States.

Two-page letter written by Isidor Bush on January 6, 1851, from St. Louis, Missouri, to Reverend Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Bush details his financial struggles and despair after his business failed in New York City. A second, German-language letter to Dormitzer in New York City is also included, discussing debts and a request to reinstate a subscription to *The Occident*.

Autograph letter from P. Levi to Isaac Leeser, dated January 7, 1840. Written from New York, New York, the letter requests the return of letters previously sent to Leeser. The letter is sent via unstamped cover.

Three-page letter dated October 1, 1850, from Rabbi M. N. Nathan and Gershom Kursheedt in New Orleans, Louisiana, to Rabbi Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses the contract between K.K. Beni Israel and Rabbi Nathan, expresses indignation at Leeser's treatment by Mikveh Israel Congregation, and offers advice regarding Leeser's future.

One-page letter from Z. A. Davis to Isaac Leeser, dated October 11, 1850, informing Leeser of his election as an honorary member of the Hebrew Beneficent Society in Philadelphia. Leeser had recently resigned from the board. The Hebrew Beneficent Society was established in 1822 by members of Congregation Rodeph Shalom.

A one-page letter written by Solomon Nunes Carvalho to Isaac Leeser on October 15, 1851, from Charleston, South Carolina. Carvalho details his incapacitation due to a boil, apologizes for delayed correspondence, relays a book order, and concludes due to his illness. This letter is one of five in the collection showcasing the correspondence between these two prominent figures in the American Jewish community.

Autograph letter signed by D. Carvalho to Isaac Leeser, dated November 12, 1850. The letter was written from New York, New York, and discusses orders for books. A postmark indicates the letter was processed on October 15, 1851 in New York, New York.

Two-page letter dated October 18, 1850, from Jacob Ezekiel in Richmond, Virginia, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Ezekiel requests Leeser's assistance in amending or repealing Virginia laws that infringe upon Jewish rights. Ezekiel, a Richmond merchant, later became the first secretary of Hebrew Union College. He is the father of sculptor Moses Ezekiel.

Four-page letter written by A. Englander of Congregation Emanu-El in San Francisco to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia on October 20, 1860. The letter details Dr. Elkan Cohn's inaugural sermons, discusses internal congregational debates, notes the growth of Jewish communities in California, and includes a postscript mentioning Isaac Wise. The letter provides valuable insight into the early history of Congregation Emanu-El and the development of Reform Judaism in San Francisco.

Letter written by Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise from Albany, New York, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on October 22, 1851. The letter pertains to an order of 24 books.

Autograph letter signed by Isaac Leeser to D. M. Daurt, written in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on October 23, 1850, and discussing personal attacks against Leeser. The letter also mentions Curaçao.

Five-page letter dated October 24, 1865, from Henry Illowy in New Orleans, Louisiana, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Illowy, the seventeen-year-old son of Rabbi Henry Illowy, rebukes Leeser for his criticism of his father and accuses Leeser of playing politics between Reform and Orthodox factions within American Judaism to maintain his position. The letter reveals tensions within American Judaism during this period.

A five-page letter dated June 28, 1865, from Joseph Jacobsohn in New Orleans, Louisiana, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter details the takeover of the Congregation Schaarey Chased synagogue by German young men from the North, their establishment of a Reform temple, and the subsequent resignation of Rabbi Bernard Illowy. It provides a firsthand account of the development of the post-Civil War Reform movement in New Orleans and the conflict between Orthodox and Reform Judaism.

Two-page letter written by Robert Lyon in New York to Rev. Sabato Morais, rabbi of Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, on October 26, 1858. Lyon requests literary assistance from Morais. Lyon was a publisher of the *Asmonian* and editor of the *Mercantile Journal*.

Three-page letter written by J. R. Hershorn to Isaac Leeser on October 4, 1858, from Providence, Rhode Island, detailing a surprise celebration for the retirement of Solomon Pareira, president and founder of the Sons of Israel and David. Hershorn describes the goblet presented to Pareira and includes the text of Pareira's retirement address. The letter also mentions numerous other individuals.

A letter written by Matilda Cohen to Isaac Leeser on November 10, 1858, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cohen apologizes on behalf of the H.H.B. Society for not sending Leeser a special invitation to their anniversary meeting.

A 1 ¼ page letter written by L. Jarodawski of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 11, 1852. Jarodawski describes the illness and impending death of Mr. Levy, who had traveled to Pittsburgh from Philadelphia. He appeals to Leeser to mediate with Mr. Levy's brother, Tobias, concerning the financial burden placed on Pittsburgh's small Jewish community (30 families) by Mr. Levy's illness and inability to pay.

Four-page letter from Isaac Hart in New Orleans, Louisiana to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated November 26, 1856. Hart expresses sympathy for Leeser's lack of appreciation and discusses the growing influence of other Jewish publications. This letter provides insight into the personal challenges faced by Leeser and the development of Jewish life in New Orleans.

Two-page letter (in German with translation) from Dr. A. Gunzburg to Isaac Leeser. Written in Baltimore, Maryland on November 28, 1853, Gunzburg offers to supply an article for Leeser and discusses the possibility of selling books at Leeser's Hebrew school. The letter references both Baltimore and Philadelphia.

A one-page letter dated November 29, 1854, from E. H. Lindo in Curaçao, Dutch West Indies, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Lindo discusses selling prayer books and prayer shawls for Leeser, requests a set of tefillin, and announces his impending emigration to Australia due to economic hardship in Curaçao.

Letter from Nathaniel Levin in Charleston, South Carolina, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated November 3, 1852. Levin forwards a charity sermon by Rev. Solomon Jacobs for printing and discusses a potential reunion with the reformed congregation. Levin was the government inspector of imports and later wrote the history of Temple Beth Elohim.

A letter written by David Judah to Isaac Leeser on November 4, 1847, discussing the distribution of books, the financial affairs of the Occident, the prospects of a Mr. Block, and the recent death of Grace Aguilar. The letter was written from Baltimore, Maryland, and sent to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

A two-page letter written by Henry Myers, secretary of the United Hebrew Congregation of St. Louis, Missouri, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on November 6, 1849. The letter details the significant growth of the congregation, noting attendance at High Holidays and praising their new Hazzan, Nathan Davidson. This letter was subsequently published in *The Occident* (Vol. VII, No. 9, Kislev 5610, December 1849).

Autograph letter written by I.W. Moses (likely Israel Moses, MD, 1821-1870) to Horace Moses on November 7, 1852, from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses family matters, including instructions to lend clothing to "Becky" (likely Rebecca Gratz) for the boys, and details the location of prayer books belonging to the writer and his brother, Isaac Moses Jr. The letter is part of the Gratz collection, with some materials having ended up in Canada.

A one-page letter written in German (with an English translation) from Jonas Goldsmith in Baltimore, Maryland to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on November 7, 1861. Goldsmith requests a subscription at half price, referencing a similar offer made by Dr. Wise to educators.

A letter dated November 8, 1840, addressed to David Samuel, Secretary of Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter, from an unidentified author (possibly the Parnas, though the signature is illegible), urges the enforcement of bylaws leading to membership forfeiture for those not regularly attending synagogue services. Specific individuals named include A.M. Cohen, J.L. Cohen, L.M. Cohen, E.L. Cohen, Jacob Nathan, and Jacob Gratz.

One-page letter written in German from Jacob Herzog to Isaac Leeser on December 12, 1856, in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The letter announces the chartering of Congregation Shaarai Shomayim, lists its officers (Abraham Hirsch, VP; Simon Erlanger, Sec; Henry Lieben, Treas; L. Baum, Trustee; Joseph Strauss, Trustee; Jsav Mann, Trustee), and provides the congregation's name in Hebrew. This letter documents the establishment of the first congregation in Lancaster since the late 1700s and reflects the second wave of German Jewish immigration to the United States. Later, Herzog was accused of receiving stolen goods, lost his standing in the community, and committed suicide in December 1858.

A one-page letter dated December 13, 1830, from David Judah and Zalma Rehine in Baltimore, Maryland to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Judah discusses closing his castor oil business and requests Leeser to inform Solomon Levy. Rehine's note mentions unfavorable business dealings with Mr. Jacobs and sends greetings to the Pixiotto family. The letter offers insight into Jewish commercial activities and challenges in the early 19th century. Additional notes discuss the context of this letter within a larger collection of correspondence between Leeser and Judah and Rehine, highlighting a significant gap in their communication and suggesting family connections. The description also includes information about Zalma Rehine's role in the Baltimore Jewish community and a reference to an advertisement from the Richmond Enquirer (July 5, 1822) featuring a Jewish-owned business.

Letter from S. Baroway, agent for the Baltimore Committee of the Baron de Hirsch Fund, to Louis Levy in Philadelphia. Dated December 14, 1892, the letter responds to Levy's request for the number of Jewish immigrants who arrived in Baltimore in September, October, and November 1892. The letter is written on the letterhead of the Baltimore Committee of the Baron de Hirsch Fund, located at 1208 East Baltimore Street. Levy's address is given as S.E. Corner 7th & Chestnut St., Philadelphia.

A two-page letter detailing the activities of the Hebrew Ladies Sewing Society in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The report, dated December 16, 1852, includes information on the distribution of 300 garments to the needy.

Letter from Henry S. Allen to Isaac Leeser expressing gratitude for a free advertisement for their seventh anniversary ball. Written in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 19, 1848.

A one-page letter written by Jacob Leeser to his brother, Isaac Leeser, in Baltimore, Maryland on December 29, 1833. The letter discusses family and friends, including a mention of Miss Cozen, Isaac's housekeeper. This letter is notable for its rarity, as Jacob Leeser's correspondence is scarce.

An invitation letter, dated February 14, 1851, from Henry Goldsmith to Isaac Leeser, inviting him to attend the laying of the cornerstone of Congregation B'nai Jeshurun in New York City on February 25, 1851, at 2:00 PM.

Two-page letter written by Isaac Hart in Detroit, Michigan to Isaac Leeser on February 14, 1867. Hart explains his reasons for not joining a congregation in Detroit after two years of residence and describes a 45-member social club he has formed. The letter is written on the letterhead of D. J. Workum, purveyor of hats, caps, and men's furnishing goods.

Three-page letter from Jesse Joseph in Montreal, Canada, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated February 17, 1848. Joseph offers business advice, comments on the Canadian economy and social scene, and critiques Jewish institutions in Montreal.

A one-page letter dated February 24, 1863, from Esther Levy, Matron of the Jewish Foster Home in Philadelphia, to Isaac Leeser. Levy requests the loan of a prayer book for the High Holidays. The letter's return address is the Jewish Foster Home Society of Philadelphia, located at 1431 North 15th Street. The letter is undated, but internal evidence suggests a date between 1860 and 1863.

Collection of materials related to the Jewish Foster Home Society of Philadelphia. Includes handwritten minutes from the eighth annual meeting on approximately February 24, 1863, and three printed invitations to annual meetings (February 14, 1860; February 10, 1863; and February 20, 186[?]). The letters are from Evelyn Bomeisler to Isaac Leeser, and were written in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania between 1860 and 1863.

A letter dated February 25, 1849, from M.N. Daurt to Isaac Leeser, discussing the sale of prayer books and other incidents. The letter was written in Curaçao, Dutch West Indies, and concerns events in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Two-page letter, dated February 5, 1868. The first page contains a letter from W. H. Williams to Reverend Sabato Morais, proposing a resolution from Maimonides College expressing grief over the death of Isaac Leeser. The reverse side features a rewritten, more elaborate expression of grief by Morais, intended for publication by Maimonides College. This letter is significant for its connection to the founding of Maimonides College, the first rabbinical seminary in America, established in 1867.

Letter from Simeon N. Leo, an insurance, note, and exchange broker in New York City, to Isaac Leeser, editor of The Occident, in Philadelphia. Dated February 8, 1864, the letter includes a ticket to a fundraiser at Niblo's Saloon to benefit an asylum for aged and infirm Jews. Leo requests a free advertisement in The Occident for the event.

A three-page letter written by Samuel Janison of Savannah, Georgia, to Louis E. Levy, President of the Jewish Immigration Society in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on March 12, 1890. Janison proposes the sale of land in Georgia for the establishment of a Jewish farming colony.

Letter from A. H. Hart and I. Binswanger to Reverend Isaac Leeser and M. A. Dropsie expressing gratitude for their speeches at the first annual charity dinner. A copy of the resolution is included in the letter. Written in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 13, 1853.

Two-page letter from Morris J. Raphall (1798-1868) to Isaac Leeser, dated March 16, 1854. Written from New York City, the letter discusses Raphall's translation for publication in *The Occident*, his use of "you" vs. "thou," and his decision to postpone including material about Judah Touro (who died January 13, 1854). Raphall also requests a proof before publication.

Four-page letter written by Abraham Cohen Labatt of San Francisco, California, to Isaac Leeser of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on March 16, 1854. Labatt details the growth of San Francisco's Jewish community, its need for a rabbi, and the fundraising efforts for a new synagogue building. The letter provides valuable insight into the early development of Jewish life in San Francisco.

A one and one-half page letter written by Jacob De la Motta Jr. in Savannah, Georgia, on March 19, 1837, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. De la Motta expresses his admiration for Leeser's work on behalf of Judaism and acknowledges the receipt of books.

Two-page letter from Jesse Joseph in Montreal, Quebec, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated March 19, 1848. Joseph discusses personal matters, including a potential romantic relationship, and mentions a recent marriage within the Solomon family. The letter provides insight into the personal life of Jesse Joseph, contrasting with his public image as a lifelong bachelor.

Three-page letter written by A. Bloch in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on March 2, 1833. The letter details personal matters, including family health and the writer's sorrow at being separated from his mother and friends in Bohemia. It suggests a pre-existing friendship between Bloch and Leeser from Bohemia. This letter is considered to be the earliest extant Jewish immigrant letter from Ohio.

Letter from A. Hart to Isaac Leeser dated March 3, 1849, granting Leeser authority to conduct the wedding of Reuben Hyman and Jeanettie Heyneberg in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hart's firm is embossed on the stationery.

A printed circular letter, dated April 1, 1849, issued by Isaac Leeser as Corresponding Secretary pro tempore. It calls for a national meeting of Jewish leaders in the United States to address various issues facing American Jewry, including a lack of concert, inadequately qualified teachers, insufficient schools, and a lack of religious instruction. The letter proposes the establishment of a union of congregations, the development of educational initiatives, and the publication of books to improve religious understanding and practice. The proposed meeting was to take place in New York City on the third Monday in Sivan (June 11, 1849), with each congregation sending a delegate.

Letter written by David Judah to Isaac Leeser on April 12, 1849, concerning family matters. The letter was written from Baltimore, Maryland, and addressed to Leeser in either Philadelphia or New York. This letter is part of a larger collection of correspondence spanning several years, with a notable gap between 1831 and 1848.

A one-page letter dated April 13, 1857, from A. Wormser and B. Shuman in Providence, Rhode Island, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The writers, officers of a Providence congregation, inquire about the availability of funds from the Judah Touro trust to aid in building a synagogue in Providence.

A printed letter dated April 15, 1860, from the Board of Managers of Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter outlines new rates for the congregation and apologizes for the increase, citing the costs of a new building. The letter lists the names of the Board of Managers: J. A. Phillips, D. Pesoa, A. Hart, H. S. Allen, and S. W. Arnold.

Autograph letter signed from David Judah to Isaac Leeser, written in Baltimore, Maryland on April 20, 1830. The letter discusses the poor health of Zalma Rehine and suggests a visit. It also mentions events involving Mr. Etting. This letter is part of a larger correspondence between Judah and Leeser spanning from 1826 to 1849.

Five-page letter written by S. Wolff of Mobile, Alabama, to Isaac Leeser of Philadelphia on April 21, 1848, detailing the suicides of E.L. Andrews in Mobile and his brother Z. Andrews in New Orleans. The letter describes the financial collapse of E.L. Andrews' firm due to the cotton market and the circumstances surrounding the suicides. The letter also mentions societal prejudices against Jews in Mobile.

Four-page letter written by Solomon Nunes Carvalho to Isaac Leeser on September 7, 1851, from Charleston, South Carolina. Carvalho, a prominent supporter of Leeser, offers advice and strategies to refute accusations against Leeser, mentioning specific individuals and events. He also discusses Isaac Wise and predicts his future obscurity. This letter provides significant insight into the tumultuous period surrounding Leeser's break with Isaac Mayer Wise.

Letter dated April 23, 1854, from the Board of Managers of Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia to A. Hart, instructing him to call a special meeting to overturn a vote of censure against Isaac Leeser and to express appreciation for his past services. This letter reflects the complex relationship between Leeser and the congregation, marked by earlier disagreements and a subsequent reconciliation.

A four-page letter written by Sara Gratz Moses in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Phoebe Hays Valentine in Montreal, Canada, dated April 8, 1848. The letter details Moses's upcoming marriage to Jacob Henry Joseph and her anxieties about her appearance. It also mentions the approaching Passover holiday.

A three-page letter written by Isaac Leeser to his uncle, Zalma Rehine, on May 1, 1837, from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, discussing family matters, the economic impact of the Panic of 1837 on Jewish businessmen, and business dealings. The letter offers insights into the personal and professional life of Isaac Leeser and the economic climate of the time.

Four-page letter written by Reverend Moses N. Nathan on May 1, 1866, from St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, to Reverend Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Nathan discusses the status of religious services, the health of his assistant, the progress of Leeser's plans for a college in Philadelphia, the government's indecision regarding public worship, unfilled positions in Southern congregations, and the effects of aging.

Printed letter outlining the Jewish Hospital Association of Philadelphia's fundraising efforts to raise $50,000 without a fair. The second page lists over 70 names of the fundraising committees. Published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 1, 1871.

Four-page letter written by Mayer Sulzberger on his letterhead at 6th & Chestnut, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Simon Muhr, who is traveling abroad. Dated May 10, 1880. The letter contains commentary on the political climate, specifically regarding Ulysses S. Grant's potential third presidential term and observations on the overstocked clothing manufacturing industry.

One-page signed letter written by Rabbi Sabato Morais of Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia to Mrs. Rose Smith on May 11, 1863. Morais discusses enlisting Jewish women to aid in the Civil War effort, mentioning Mrs. Henry Cohen's appointment as a delegate to facilitate this.

One-page letter from Lewis Abraham in Cincinnati, Ohio to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated May 18, 1847. The letter pertains to business matters related to *The Occident*, a prominent 19th-century American Jewish periodical.

Letter from David Judah in Baltimore, Maryland to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated May 20, 1848. The letter concerns travel arrangements and family matters. This correspondence is part of a larger collection spanning several years, with a notable gap between 1831 and 1848. Judah's involvement in the slave trade is also noted in secondary sources.

Letter written by Mayer Sulzberger to twenty-six Philadelphia Jews on May 24, 1880, from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter concerns an invitation to a dinner prior to Sulzberger's European trip, and it relates to items 20.679 through 20.683, which concern his European trip, the Board of Delegates of American Israelites, and issues of European Jewry.

Two-page letter written by Levi H. Levingston in Bethania, North Carolina, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on May 25, 1860. Levingston inquires about biblical interpretations and thanks Leeser for previously ordered books. The letter reflects on his impending departure from Bethania at the outset of the Civil War.

Two-page letter written by Solomon Soher from Shougalo, Mississippi, on May 26, 1857, responding to a loan request from Isaac Leeser. Soher declines the request due to his age and health, and the small Jewish community in Shougalo. He also discusses his subscription to the Occident magazine.

Letter written by Mayer Sulzberger on May 26, 1880, on the letterhead of Mayer Sulzberger, 6th & Chestnut, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter is one of a set of four letters written to Simon Muhr while he was traveling abroad. The letter includes news about the Young Men's Hebrew Association (YMHA).

A one-page letter dated May 3, 1854, from Moses Ehrlich in Boston, Massachusetts, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses the controversy surrounding Judah Touro's bequests and the conflict between recently arrived Eastern European Jews and the German Jewish establishment in Philadelphia. Ehrlich requests Leeser to publish congregational resolutions related to the dispute and to intervene with the estate's executors.

A one-page letter written by Henry Auerbach, Secretary of the United Hebrew Congregation in St. Louis, Missouri, to Isaac Leeser on May 30, 1864. Auerbach inquires about the qualifications of Henry Vidaver, a former rabbi of Rodeph Shalom in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for a position in St. Louis.

A two-page letter written by Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to David Judah in Baltimore, Maryland on May 9, 1830. The letter discusses Leeser's dissatisfaction with his congregants in Philadelphia, his financial difficulties, and his relationship with Judah.

One-page letter written by Isidor Hochstauber on May 31, 1852, from Santa Fe, New Mexico, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hochstauber expresses his strong interest in subscribing to *The Occident*, a periodical he had received from Solomon Jacob Spiegelberg. This letter is notable for its connection to early Jewish settlement in Santa Fe.

Two-page letter written by Mayer Sulzberger on his letterhead (6th & Chestnut, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) to Simon Muhr on May 31, 1880. The letter, part of a set of eight, was written while Muhr was traveling abroad. The content includes commentary on political investment.

A 1 ¼ page letter written by David Judah in Richmond, Virginia, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on May 5, 1830. Judah offers advice to Leeser, who recently assumed his position at Mikveh Israel, cautioning him against overly critical behavior. The letter also includes local news, mentioning the closure of Leeser's uncle's store and the success of Sam Etting. Further correspondence between the two men is noted from 1826-1831 and 1848-1849, with a significant gap in between. David Judah is identified as a leading member of the Richmond Synagogue and a merchant, and also as an auctioneer who dealt in slaves.

Autograph letter signed by Solomon Etting to Michael Gratz, dated May 7, 1787. Written from Lancaster, Pennsylvania, the letter discusses family matters, finances, and a planned visit by Shinah Simon. The letter is two pages long.

This letter, dated August 8, 1848, is from John Belton O'Neall, Chief Justice of the South Carolina Court, to Isaac Leeser, editor of *The Occident*, in Philadelphia. O'Neall addresses concerns raised by the Jewish community regarding his opinion in the case *City Council vs. Benjamin*. This case involved alleged slander by the Charleston city council and revolved around the interpretation and application of the 'Blue Laws'. O'Neall defends his statement that he knows "no other standard of good morals" than Christianity, clarifying that this reference encompassed the entirety of the Bible, not just the New Testament. The letter demonstrates the intersection of legal proceedings, religious interpretations, and social prejudices against the Jewish community in 19th-century America.

On June 10, 1829, Jacob Mordecai of Richmond, Virginia, wrote a letter recommending Isaac Leeser for the position of Hazan at Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter, addressed to Raphael De Cordova, is a glowing endorsement of Leeser's suitability for the role.

A printed letter dated June 17, 1856, from the Building Committee of Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter solicits a design and cost estimate for the construction of a new synagogue on a lot on Arch Street above Tenth Street. The letter offers $200 for the design and estimate and is signed by I. J. Phillips, David Pesoa, A. Hart, Joseph Newhouse, and Mayer Arnold.

Two-page letter dated June 22, 1843, from W. B. Simmons in St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Simmons discusses difficulties receiving copies of *The Occident*, the appointment of Mr. Carillon as minister, and recent Reform changes within the Jewish community. He describes a dream of meeting Leeser and being awakened by an earthquake.

Two-page letter written by Mayer Sulzberger to Simon Muhr on June 22, 1880, on Mayer Sulzberger's letterhead (6th & Chestnut, Philadelphia, PA). The letter contains political commentary, specifically regarding Ulysses S. Grant's bid for a third term as President. It is one of four letters written to Muhr while he was traveling abroad.

A four-page letter written by H. Lowenthal to Isaac Leeser on June 24, 1857, from Lafayette, Indiana. The letter contains a series of questions concerning philosophical, theological, and ritual slaughter practices. Lowenthal expresses urgency for a prompt response from Leeser.

A letter written by S. Valentine to Reverend Isaac Leeser from Charleston, South Carolina, on June 3, 1857. The letter forwards a preamble and resolutions, and includes a personal note expressing the writer's hope to see Leeser soon and conveying the family's wishes to be remembered.

One and a half page letter dated June 3, 1864, from Sir Moses Montefiore in Ramsgate, England, to Rabbi Sabato Morais in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Montefiore expresses gratitude for Morais's note commending his efforts with the Sultan of Morocco on behalf of oppressed Jews. The letter is written by a secretary and signed by Montefiore.

Printed letter from the Board of Managers of Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated June 30, 1833. The letter outlines the financial responsibilities of members and the congregation's rights regarding collecting outstanding debts. The letter is addressed to Z. Phillips.

A one-page letter written by S. Valentine, Secretary of the Shearith Israel Congregation in Charleston, South Carolina, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on June 6, 1854. Valentine discusses the conflict between Orthodox and Reform Jews in Charleston, noting the ridicule faced by Orthodox congregations but highlighting the flourishing state of Shearith Israel. He encloses the proceedings of the congregation (not included in this archival item).

Two-page letter written by W. B. Simmons of St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 19, 1844. Simmons details the recent death of his wife, discusses challenges within the St. Thomas Jewish community, including the dismissal of the Hazan, Mr. Carrillon, and mentions book and newspaper matters.

A three-page letter written by Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to his uncle, Zalma Rehine, in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 20, 1837. The letter details the financial aspects of Leeser's book publishing ventures and discusses his concerns regarding his upcoming re-election to a congregational position.

Letter written by Mayer Sulzberger to Emanuel Furth on July 2, 1880, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter concerns Sulzberger's upcoming European trip and his involvement with the Board of Delegates of American Israelites. The letter is addressed to Furth at the Young Men's Hebrew Association (YMHA) in Philadelphia.

Two-page letter written by Raphael J. De Cordova in New York, New York, to Rabbi Sabato Morais in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 6, 1860. De Cordova seeks Morais's advice on transitioning his public lectures from humorous to serious topics focusing on the condition of Jews in civilized countries, specifically requesting input on the situation of Jews in Italy.

A one-page letter written by M. M. Davis of New York, New York, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 9, 1866. Davis requests Leeser's assistance in finding a Catholic orphanage in Philadelphia to train a young girl in domestic service, citing Leeser's extensive connections with charitable institutions. He also inquires about Leeser's health. The letter includes a few lines of response in Leeser's handwriting.

Autograph letter signed by Samuel Judah to Isaac Leeser, dated August 12, 1856. Written from Vincennes, Indiana, the letter discusses Karaite Judaism, a book from London on the subject, and an order for a book with specific binding instructions.

A single-page letter from M. A. Mitchell, president of the United Hebrew Beneficient Society in Philadelphia, to Isaac Leeser, dated August 24, 1866. Mitchell informs Leeser that the Society lacks funds and is unable to provide relief, requesting that Leeser refrain from issuing recommendations for charity. This letter provides insight into the financial difficulties and eventual dissolution of the Society around 1869.

Letterhead from the Jewish Publication Society of America (JPSA) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated August 13, 1896. The letter, written by Henrietta Szold, is addressed to Mayer Sulzberger and concerns JPSA business.

Two-page letter written by Henry Illowy in New Orleans, Louisiana, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on August 21, 1865. Illowy discusses his father's departure as rabbi in New Orleans and includes a commentary on the unsuccessful candidacy of Mr. Wechsler for the ministerial position.

This letter, dated August 26, 1851, was written by D. Lilienthal to Isaac Leeser from New York, New York. Lilienthal asks Leeser to help secure a teaching position for Dr. Zimmerman in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, referencing Leeser's previous assistance to Dr. Schwess. The letter highlights the network of support within the Jewish community at the time.

One-page letter from Zalma Rehine to Isaac Leeser, dated August 3, 1831, written from Baltimore, Maryland. Rehine describes his illness, inquires about Leeser's health, and suggests Leeser visit him in Baltimore for recuperation.

Letter from Raphael J. De Cordova to Sabato Morais discussing Morais' input on Jews in Italy and his upcoming lecture on the massacre of Jews in Syria. Written in New York and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 3, 1860.

A four-page printed letter dated August 10, 1850, from Abraham de Sola, Rabbi of the Portuguese and Spanish Congregation of Montreal, to the members of Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia. De Sola seeks the position of rabbi, recently vacated by Isaac Leeser, and includes numerous testimonials. The letter is a broadside.

A letter dated August 9, 1866, from Mr. Haart of Trenton, New Jersey, to Isaac Leeser of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Haart apologizes for an incident involving Leeser's mentally unbalanced son and requests Leeser to discipline and send the son home if he returns.

Autograph letter signed by Moses Lindo to Isaac Leeser, written in Curaçao on September 10, 1852. The letter discusses Leeser's sales of prayer books and other religious items, and expresses well wishes for the upcoming High Holidays.

One-page letter dated September 17, 1850, from Robert Lyon, publisher of The Asmonean, in New York City to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia. The letter discusses an editorial in The Occident that attacked Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise and his Albany congregation, and Lyon seeks Leeser's help in absolving him of responsibility for the editorial. The letter quotes verbatim from the editorial.

Autograph letter signed by J. Mendelsohn to Sabato Morais, written in Wilmington, North Carolina on September 5, 1880, and addressed to Morais in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter expresses a New Year's greeting.

One-page handwritten document recording the election of Isaac Leeser as Hazan (cantor) of Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on September 6, 1829. The document, signed by Abraham Myers Cohen, Secretary pro tem, details the election process and the resolution to engage Leeser for a two-year term at a salary of eight hundred dollars per annum. A subsequent resolution appointed a committee to inform Leeser of his appointment. This document is significant as it marks the beginning of Leeser's career as a prominent American Jewish leader and writer.

A two-page letter written by Isaac Leeser in New York City to S. Wolff in Philadelphia on September 7, 1851. Leeser discusses his book business and lecture tour, including a cancelled booking in Syracuse and his plans to travel to Boston and other cities.

A letter dated September 18, 1855, from Abraham Hart, Parnas of Mikveh Israel Synagogue, to Rabbi Sabato Morais, also of Mikveh Israel Synagogue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hart responds to Morais's request for $300 for the poor, referencing an enclosed broadside resolution from the Mikveh Israel Board granting the funds. This letter provides insight into the process of charitable giving within the synagogue.

A mimeographed letter from J. G. Rosengarten to multiple recipients, dated December 27, 1897, soliciting $25 each to underwrite a lecture series by Canon Cheyne at the University of Pennsylvania in January 1898. The letter is accompanied by a broadside detailing Canon Cheyne's credentials and a list of six lectures titled "Jewish Religious Life After Exile."

Letter written by B. F. Peixotto in Cleveland, Ohio to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 30, 1865. The letter discusses Bnai Brith and lodge donations. It is written on the stationery of Davis, Peixotto & Co., located at 3 & 5 Water Streets. The envelope includes a printed return address for B. F. Peixotto, Cor. Sec., Cleveland Library Association.

Two-page letter dated April 1, 1878, from Jacob Ezekiel, Secretary of the Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Rabbi Sabato Morais of Mikveh Israel Congregation in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses plans for a preparatory school for the Hebrew Union College in Philadelphia and the effort to establish a National Union of Congregations. The letter is written on Ezekiel & Co. stationery.

Two-page letter written on May 8, 1878, by Jacob Ezekiel, Secretary of the Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Rabbi Sabato Morais of Mikveh Israel Congregation in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter concerns efforts to establish a national union of congregations, with Mikveh Israel's refusal to join. Ezekiel requests Morais' continued participation in the upcoming annual student examinations in June, despite Mikveh Israel's decision. The letter is written on official Hebrew Union College stationery and enclosed in an official envelope.

A one-page letter dated September 21, 1862, from Abraham Hart to Rabbi Sabato Morais of Mikveh Israel Congregation in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hart requests Morais to include a prayer for the Union in all services on Saturdays and holidays, as per a resolution of the congregation. The letter's envelope is addressed to Morais at 545 North 6th Street, Philadelphia. This letter provides insight into the dynamics of the Jewish community in Philadelphia during the Civil War and the interaction between congregants and religious leaders.

Four-page letter (8" x 9.5") written circa 1835 by Divina Cohen Minis (1787-1874) and Phillipa Minis in Savannah, Georgia, to Sarah Ann Minis Hays in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses personal matters and mentions Captain Uriah P. Levy and the death of Gratz. Phillipa's portion is written diagonally over her mother's script. The letter's address in Philadelphia was the corner of Sansome and 8th Streets.

Autograph letter signed from Louis M. Slutsky to Isaac Leeser, written in Buffalo, New York on December 17, 1853. Slutsky expresses his interest in translation work and seeks employment opportunities.

A one-page letter written by Zalma Rehine from Baltimore, Maryland, on January 15, 1833, to Isaac and Jacob Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter offers advice and encouragement to Jacob, who had recently immigrated to America, urging him to learn English and conduct himself well in business. It also mentions potential business contacts for Jacob. This letter provides insight into family relationships and the experiences of early Jewish immigrants in the United States.

A half-page letter written in German by David Lilienthal in New York City to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia on January 29, 1847. Lilienthal mentions a sermon he delivered in Augusta, a translation of which (likely by his brother Max) has been sent separately.

A two-and-a-half-page letter written by Isaac Leeser to his uncle, Zalma Rehine, on January 5, 1836. From Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Leeser vividly describes his duties as Hazan at Mikveh Israel. The letter was sent to Rehine in care of Judah Block in Baltimore, Maryland.

A one-page letter from A. J. Peixotto to Rabbi Isaac Leeser, dated January 7, 1849, written in Kingston, Jamaica. Peixotto discusses selling books, mentions financial difficulties in Jamaica, and references several individuals.

A one-page letter written by Daniel Wolff from New Orleans, Louisiana to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on October 28, 1849. The letter announces the establishment of the Hebrew Benevolent Society of New Orleans and lists its officers.

A one-page letter written by Baruch M. Emanuel, Hazan and Schochet of Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim in Mobile, Alabama, to Isaac Leeser on October 21, 1852. Emanuel writes about the death of Rev. A. Ansel, who died in Mobile after falling ill following a circumcision. He mentions sending Ansel's instruments to his child in Buffalo.

A three-page letter from T. Levin to Isaac Leeser, dated October 7, 1852, providing an update on the progress of Congregation Chevra Cheneses Shalom in Syracuse, New York, one month after its consecration by Leeser. The letter details the success of the High Holidays services, the election of Isaac H. Bronner as president, and the efforts to retain Rev. H. A. Henry as minister. The letter also reflects the growing Reform movement within the congregation by 1861.

Autograph letter signed by M. Markwell to Isaac Leeser, dated October 9, 1851, from Berlin, Wisconsin. Markwell describes the challenges of maintaining religious practice in the sparsely populated area and mentions a small gathering of Jews for the Day of Atonement.

One-page letter written by Zalma Rehine from Baltimore, Maryland to Isaac Leeser on November 13, 1835. The letter discusses an Etting wedding, Philip Cohen's positive reaction to one of Leeser's discourses, and other personal and communal matters.

A one-page letter written by B. M. Emanuel in Evergreen, Alabama, on November 12, 1844, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Emanuel requests prayer books for himself and other Jews in Claiborne, Alabama (Levy, Meirs, Rothschild, and Hirshfeld). This letter offers insight into the challenges faced by Jews in maintaining religious connections in small Southern towns.

One-page letter from M. N. Nathan to Isaac Leeser written in London, England on November 21, 1854. Nathan describes an emergency visit due to the death of his sister's husband, leaving him to care for the widow and three children. He sends regards to Rebecca Gratz. This letter is one of six in the collection from Nathan to Leeser.

Letter written by G. Myers to Isaac Leeser on December 13, 1848, concerning subscriptions. The letter was written from Montgomery, Alabama, and addressed to Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Autograph letter signed by Zalma Rehine to Isaac Leeser. Written in Baltimore, Maryland on December 19, 1836, the letter concerns business matters. The letter was sent to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Three-page letter dated December 24, 1838, from Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to his uncle, Zalma Rehine in Baltimore, Maryland. Leeser details his contractual difficulties with his congregation, outlining his complaints and considering resignation. He expresses his distress and discusses the political dynamics within the congregation. The letter also reveals Leeser's personal struggles and his reliance on his uncle's judgment in deciding his future. A second item in this record is an 1886 advertisement for the American Cigar Company, Richmond, Virginia. The advertisement features a caricature and appears to be related to Philip Whitlock.

A one-page letter dated December 6, 1848, from J. Myer in Montgomery, Alabama, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses the election of officers and the rental of a synagogue in Montgomery. Signatories include P. Krans (VP), Emanuel Lehman (Secretary), Henry Weil (Treasurer), M. Englander (Trustee), and Charles Levy (Trustee). This letter pertains to the establishment of the first synagogue in Montgomery, Alabama, initially organized as the Orthodox Congregation Kahl Montgomery.

Three-page letter written on February 13, 1836, by Eleanor L. Carlile of Lexington, Kentucky, to Sarah Ann Minis Hays in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter contains personal matters and gossip, including a reference to a Jewish phrase. Sarah Ann Hays later married Major Alfred Mordecai in 1836.

A three-page letter written by E. Pyke from Kingston, Jamaica to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on February 16, 1847. The letter details Jewish institutional matters in Jamaica, family events, and lists subscribers to *The Occident*.

A one and a half page letter written in German (with English translation) from Isidor Bush in New York City to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated February 16, 1849. Bush apologizes to Leeser for starting a competing Jewish weekly newspaper, *Israel's Herald*, expressing concern about its impact on Leeser's *The Occident*. Bush discusses the newspaper's short-lived existence and his subsequent move to St. Louis.

A four-page letter written by Mariam Gratz Hays in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on February 2, 1834, to Sarah Ann Minis (later Hays) in Savannah, Georgia. The letter details local gossip, family matters, and preparations for Sarah Ann's upcoming marriage to Dr. Isaac Hays on May 12, 1834. It mentions a house located at the corner of 8th and Sansome Streets.

A three-page letter written in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on February 20, 1810 by Sarah Gratz (1779-1817) to her brother Joseph Gratz in Hamburg, Germany. The letter provides family news, including the recovery of her ill sisters Rachael (1783-1823) and Frances (1771-1852). Sarah, as the eldest daughter living at home after the death of her mother in 1808, acts as the matriarchal head of the family. Her father was to die in 1811.

One-page letter from W. B. Simmons in St. Thomas, United States Virgin Islands, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated February 3, 1848. Simmons discusses ordering matzos and themurim from James Henry in New York City and the sale of Leeser's books. A postscript mentions Charleston's interest in obtaining books.

A five-page letter written in German by Rabbi Bernard Henry Gotthelf of Louisville, Kentucky, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on March 20, 1850. The letter details Gotthelf's experiences and observations about his congregation, including the size of the student body at the local school (80-100 students), the religious observance of the community (many stores closed on Sabbath), and the composition of the congregational board. A full English translation is included.

A letter written by Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise of Albany, New York to Rabbi Isaac Leeser of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 22, 1850. The letter discusses Wise's opinions on Dr. Raphael, a figure involved in a debate with Reverend Pozanski in Charleston, South Carolina. The letter offers insight into the diverging views of Wise and Leeser, foreshadowing their later falling out.

Three-page letter written by Isaac Leeser to his uncle, Zalma Rehine, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 27, 1837. Leeser expresses concern over the blame placed on Jews for the Panic of 1837, discusses business failures in New Orleans, and mentions sending copies of his discourses through David Judah with thanks to Philip Cohen of Baltimore for his support.

A two-page letter written by Isaac Leeser to his uncle, Zalma Rehine, on April 10, 1835. Leeser details his anxiety awaiting a position with Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia and the letter was sent care of Judah Block in Baltimore, Maryland. This letter is one of approximately 15 letters written by Zalma Rehine to Isaac Leeser and seven written in response.

Two-page letter dated April 11, 1853, from Isaac Hart in New Orleans, Louisiana, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses the election of new trustees for the Shanarai-Chasset Congregation, financial contributions from Mr. Block of Washington, Arkansas, the vacancy of a minister in the Portuguese Congregation, and a gift presented to Mr. Marks. Hart also mentions his reluctance to accept further office within the congregation.

A one-page letter from A. J. Satz in St. Louis, Missouri, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated April 8, 1851. Satz requests a detailed list of subscribers for the purpose of collection.

A two-page letter written in German from B. Wurmser in Boston, Massachusetts to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 15, 1848. The letter discusses the election of officers for the first congregation in Boston (established 1844), the proposed introduction of a three-year cycle in religious observance, the progress of a religious school, and the activities of the Ladies Hebrew Benevolent Society.

A two-page personal letter written by Mrs. A. Bloch to Isaac Leeser on May 22, 1835. The letter was written from Baltimore, Maryland, and discusses Mrs. Bloch's feelings about not hearing from Leeser, her family life, and her sadness related to a recent loss in Leeser's family. It offers insight into Leeser's relationships with friends who had immigrated from Europe to the United States.

Autograph letter from Jacob De la Motta to Isaac Leeser discussing the publicity for De la Motta's recently published book, *Instruction in the Mosaic Religion*, and expressing regret over the illness of Etting. The letter was written in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and sent to Charleston, South Carolina on May 27, 1830.

A one and one-quarter page letter, written in German with a translation, from Isidor Bush in St. Louis, Missouri to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on May 6, 1857. Bush requests Leeser to review an article and includes personal commentary.

Four-page letter written on June 17, 1829, by Rebecca (1778-1864) and Sally Moses (1787-1859) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Sarah Ann Minis Hays in Savannah, Georgia. The letter discusses personal matters and expresses regret that Sarah will not be joining them in Philadelphia for the summer. Provides insight into the lives of this prominent Northern Jewish family and their Southern relatives.

One-page letter written by Zalma Rehine from Warrenton, Virginia to his nephew, Isaac Leeser, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on June 24, 1839. Rehine describes his vacation with his ailing wife at the Barkley Springs resort, detailing the cost and amenities. A sketch is included on the blank page of the letter.

A one and a half page letter dated June 8, 1852, from Lewis Abraham in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Abraham inquires about various synagogue practices in the United States concerning seating charges and ownership, noting the 'thoughtless management' of Jewish legislation on the continent. He mentions forming a committee to consider policy in Cincinnati and plans to contact other religious leaders and laity.

This archival item consists of two letters written to Isaac Leeser on a single sheet. The first letter, dated September 4, 1845, is from Abraham Lewis in Cincinnati, Ohio. The second, more substantial letter, dated September 6, 1845, is from Joseph Jonas, also in Cincinnati, to Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Jonas, an English Jew who arrived in Cincinnati in 1817, discusses the challenges of establishing a Jewish Institute in Cincinnati, expressing his disappointment in the 'rude and uneducated' recent German Jewish immigrants. He also mentions charitable contributions made for those affected by the Great Pittsburgh Fire. Jonas's letter further reveals his plea to simplify the content of Leeser's *Occident* magazine to make it more accessible to less educated Jewish readers. This collection offers a rare glimpse into the experiences of early Jewish settlers in the Ohio River Valley and the complexities of the Jewish community in the mid-19th century.

Four-page letter written by Mariam Gratz Hays to Rebecca Gratz on July 1, 1841. Hays writes from Bordentown, New Jersey, to Gratz in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses family matters and provides insight into their lives. This unpublished letter was found tipped into Rebecca Gratz's family Bible.

Two-page letter written by Emanuel Sampson to Reverend Isaac Leeser on July 19, 1847, from New Orleans, Louisiana, to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Sampson recounts a charitable act by Joseph Andrews in Memphis, Tennessee, who provided a burial plot for Sampson's deceased son and suggests that this act be reported in the Occident.

A four-page letter written on July 22, 1834, by Phillipa Minis in Savannah, Georgia, to her sister, Sarah Ann Minis Hays (also known as Sally), in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter details personal matters and discusses a fever outbreak in Savannah. It offers insight into the lives of a prominent Southern Jewish family. Sarah Ann Minis Hays was married to Dr. Isaac Hays, a leading physician, editor of the *American Journal of Medical Sciences*, and founder of the American Medical Association. Her aunt was Rebecca Gratz.

A one-page letter written by Mendes I. Cohen of Baltimore, Maryland to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 22, 1849. Cohen writes on behalf of Rev. S. M. Isaacs of New York City, requesting Leeser to publicize the job search of Rev. Professor David M. Isaacs of Liverpool, England, who was seeking a position in the United States.

A one-page letter written by Henry Labatt in New Orleans, Louisiana to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 1, 1848. The letter details Labatt's book business, including a book request from Juda Touro and his 10% commission.

Autograph letter signed by Michael Nesbit to T. I. Tobias. Written in New York City on August 13, 1835. The letter contains both personal and business matters. Nesbit was a partner in the Philadelphia firm of Cohen & Nesbit. This is one of three letters written in the same month.

Two-page letter from M. W. (Morris) Strouse, Corresponding Secretary of the newly formed Congregation B'nei B'rith in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, to Isaac Leeser. Dated August 14, 1849, the letter outlines the resolutions of the congregation, announces its consecration on August 31, 1849, with Reverend S. M. Isaacs delivering the sermon, and requests the sale of prayer books on commission.

Three-page letter written by Reverend Henry Lowenthal to Isaac Leeser on August 17, 1860, from Macon, Georgia. Lowenthal details his difficulties with Congregation Kahal Kadosh Beth Israel, describing the mismatch between the congregation's expectations and his own, and his subsequent decision to seek another position. The letter also includes historical information about the founding of Congregation Kahal Kadosh Beth Israel in Macon.

A three-page letter written by Isaac Leeser to Solomon Nunes Carvalho on August 23, 1852, discussing details of local events and offering advice on handling attacks against Leeser in the *Asmonean*, a Jewish periodical. The letter highlights Leeser's involvement in religious controversies and the support he received from his friends.

A letter written by Michael Nesbet to T. I. Tobias on August 27, 1835, from New York City. The letter contains both personal and business matters, and references Nesbet's involvement in the Philadelphia firm of Cohen & Nesbet. This is one of three letters exchanged between the two men in August 1835.

Autograph letter signed by Michael Nisbet to T. I. Tobias, written in New York City on August 28, 1835. The letter discusses both personal and business matters. Nisbet was a partner in the Philadelphia firm of Cohen & Nisbet. This is one of three letters exchanged between the correspondents in August 1835. Nisbet was active in Jewish affairs.

A one-page letter written in German (with a provided translation) by Louis Spanier of Albany, New York, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on August 4, 1850. Spanier expresses his disdain for Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise and urges Leeser to publicly censure him. The letter foreshadows a contentious event at Beth-El in Albany the following month.

A letter written by Zalma Rehine in Baltimore, Maryland to his nephew Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 7, 1835. Rehine discusses family matters, including David's (possibly Judah's) rheumatic pain and his upcoming vacation with his wife at Berkeley Springs, near Warrenton, Virginia.

A one and a half page handwritten letter from Reinah (Judah) to Isaac Leeser, dated December 25, 1848, in Baltimore, Maryland. The letter discusses Reinah's financial difficulties, her business selling bitters, and social conditions in Baltimore and Richmond. It also mentions family members, including cousin David, and alludes to Leeser's past kindness.

A three-page letter written by A. Kohn of Chicago, Illinois, to Isaac Leeser in New York City on September 23, 1849. Kohn expresses concerns about the state of Judaism in America, emphasizing the need for Jewish institutions such as hospitals, colleges, and Sabbath schools. He also discusses the attitudes of younger Jews and the lack of support from wealthy members of the community.

Four-page letter written on September 6, 1835, from Richea Gratz Hays and Ellen Hays in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Sarah Ann Minis Hays in Lexington, Kentucky. The letter details the death of Reyna Hays, discusses family matters, and mentions visitors. Richea Gratz Hays's portion constitutes three pages, while Ellen Hays's comprises one page.

Printed invitation to the tenth anniversary celebration of the Home for Jewish Widows and Orphans, located at the corner of Jackson and Chippewa Streets in New Orleans, Louisiana. The invitation is hand-addressed to Reverend Isaac Leeser. Published in 1865.

Draft minutes of the first annual report of the Jewish Hospital Association of Philadelphia, dated January 14, 1866. This twelve-page document (9.5" x 12") details the early history of the association, including its founding, first officers, and initial location. The document includes a final page signed by Alfred T. Jones, President, and Founder of the Jewish Record.

This ketubah (Jewish marriage contract) is written in Hebrew and Aramaic on parchment in brown ink. It documents the marriage of Shelomoh ben Simhah and Braynah bat Yosef, which took place in 1835 at Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The ketubah is significant for being officiated by Isaac Leeser as Hazan (cantor) and Abraham Hart as President (parnas). This may be the earliest known ketubah signed by Rev. Leeser, offering a significant glimpse into early 19th-century American Jewish life. The description includes a comparison with a similar ketubah from 1848 sold at auction.

Ornate deed for a seat at Congregation B'nai Israel, located at 521-527 Lombard Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The deed, dated circa 1910, features an engraved depiction of the temple building. The document is in English and Hebrew.

Printed promissory note dated December 23, 1772, in which Archibald Mercer loans Michael Gratz nine hundred and fifty-seven pounds and eight pence. The note is signed by Michael Gratz, Levy Andrew Levy, and Judah Philip. The verso details payments made on the loan. The note is from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with additional notations referencing New York, New York.

Promissory note on a printed form, documenting a loan of 823 pounds, 11 shillings, and 8 pence from Michael Gratz & Company to Robert Callander. Dated December 7, 1767, in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and witnessed by Joseph Simon. The verso records three payments on the loan, each signed by Michael Gratz. This note is from the Gratz Collection in Canada, Nathan Family Archive.

A $25 bond issued on February 19, 1861, by the Kahal Kadosh Beth El Emeth Congregation in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The bond notes that 'G.D' is spelled out. The names B. Spatz, A. Kalin, and W. Florance appear on the bond.

Check drawn on Girard Trust for the Bank of North America, dated January 21, 1848, and made out to I. B. Nones. The check was likely a dividend payment. Joseph B. Nones (1787-1887), a Jewish American, was a notable figure who served in the US Navy during the War of 1812 and the First Barbary War. Later in life, he became an importer in Philadelphia and also served as a commissioner for various states, signing legal documents in those capacities.

Check drawn on the Schuylkill Bank, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated October 12, 1825, and endorsed by Sarah Nathans. The description notes that Sarah Nathans was the mistress of Moses, bore three sons, and later converted to Judaism at Mikveh Israel.

Check drawn on the Schuylkill Bank in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated October 25, 1821, and endorsed by Sarah Nathans. The check's description notes that Sarah Nathans was the mistress of Moses and bore him three sons before converting to Judaism at Mikveh Israel.

Promissory note dated November 1, 1861, in which Lydia Moss promises to pay Andrew T. Goodman an unspecified sum. The note is countersigned on the back by Moses A. Dropsie. The note was created in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Promissory note dated December 31, 1849, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The note was signed by Enos Walker and subsequently transferred to Moses Dropsie.

Check drawn on the Kensington Bank in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated December 5, 1844. The check was endorsed by Joseph Gratz and signed by the treasurer of the Northern Liberties Gas Works. Joseph Gratz was the brother of Rebecca Gratz.

Check drawn on the Schuylkill Bank on March 12, 1819, and endorsed by Sarah Nathans. The check's description notes that Sarah Nathans was the mistress of Moses and bore three sons before converting to Judaism at Mikveh Israel.

Check from the Northern Liberties Gas Works, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated March 18, 1839. The check is signed by Joseph Cresson Jr., and Joseph Gratz signed as chairman.

Check drawn on the Bank of Virginia by Mayer, Strouse & Baum, dated March 23, 1860. The check features a vignette of Native Americans. This check was issued from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Check for an unspecified amount drawn by H. I. Levy on the Bank of the United States in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated March 3, 1834.

Check drawn on the Northern Liberties Gas Works, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated June 15, 1838. The check is signed by S.V. Merrick and Joseph Gratz, chairman.

Check drawn on the Northern Liberties Gas Works, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated June 29, 1838. The check is signed by S. V. Merrick as chairman. Note that S.V. Merrick was the first president of the Pennsylvania Railroad and brother of Rebecca Gratz.

Check drawn on the Schuylkill Bank, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated July 12, 1821, and endorsed by Sarah Nathans. The check's description notes that Sarah Nathans was the mistress of Moses, bore three sons, and later converted to Judaism at Mikveh Israel.

Check drawn on the Northern Liberties Gas Works, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated July 13, 1838. The check is signed by Isaac Hays, Chairman of the Works, and S. Merrick, the first president of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Hays was a founder of Mikveh Israel.

Check dated August 31, 1840, issued by Uriah Hendricks Levy to John D. Wendel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Levy was the owner of one of the finest apothecaries in New York City.

Check drawn on the Kensington Bank in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated September 10, 1844. The check is endorsed by Joseph Gratz and his brother Jacob Gratz, and signed by the treasurer of the Northern Liberties Gas Works.

Check drawn on the Kensington Bank, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, by Ell L. Moss on September 12, 1844, payable to Northern Liberties Gas Works.

Check dated September 12, 1844, made payable to Julia Moss and drawn on the Kensington Bank in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The check's memo line indicates payment from the Northern Liberties Gas Works.

Check drawn on the Schuylkill Bank in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated September 30, 1819, and endorsed by Sarah Nathans. The check's description notes that Sarah Nathans was the mistress of Moses, bore him three sons, and later converted to Judaism at Mikveh Israel.

Two dollar Continental Currency note printed by Hall and Sellers in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 2, 1776. The note is signed by Benjamin Levy, one of two Jewish signers of colonial notes.

Six-dollar Continental Currency note printed by Hall and Sellers in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on February 26, 1777. The note is signed by Benjamin Levy, one of two Jewish signers of colonial notes.

Demand note for a loan of $866 payable in 90 days from Pragers & Co. to E. Datith & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated April 15, 1793.

Pair of uncut lottery tickets issued by the Continental Congress on November 18, 1776, to fund the Revolutionary War. Endorsed on the back as paid to Aaron Levy and Andrew Levy. One of the earliest known extant Jewish-American lottery tickets.

Note payable for 110 pounds sterling, discounted to 88 pounds sterling, issued by Cohen & Isaacs of Richmond, Virginia to Robert Morris on October 25, 1787. The note is docketed on the reverse in Yiddish. Accompanied by a later engraving of Robert Morris.

Payment order dated March 2, 1781, instructing John Gibson to pay 50 pounds to Samuel McLane from funds received from Virginia's Military Fund. Accepted by Barnard and Michael Gratz for payment in Virginia state bonds. The verso records a November 1787 purchase of a desk and bookcase from Gibson and a transfer of accounts receivable. Signed by Barnard and Michael Gratz. This document exemplifies post-war bond transactions involving the Gratz brothers.

Stock certificate for 24 shares in the Northern Liberties Gas Works, issued to David Samuel on December 20, 1852, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The certificate was later signed over to Clara and Eleanor Samuel.

Stock certificate for 100 shares of Lit Brothers, dated December 9, 1905. The certificate is signed by Samuel Lit and Jacob Lit. The back of the certificate shows it was assigned by both Samuel and Jacob Lit and Julia Goldsmith (or Smith?).

Stock certificate for nine shares in the Northern Liberties Gas Works, issued to Joseph Gratz on March 11, 1845, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Joseph Gratz was the brother of Rebecca Gratz and connected to Mikveh Israel.

Stock certificate for nine shares in the Northern Liberties Gas Works, issued on September 12, 1855, to David Samuel, trustee for Eleanor and Clara Samuel. The certificate is signed by David Samuel.

Stock certificate for 100 shares of Lit Brothers, signed by Samuel Lit and Jacob Lit. Issued on July 26, 1926 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Stock transfer certificate for the Northern Liberties Gas Works, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated December 20, 1838, this document records the transfer of stock from Henry M. Phillips to E. L. Moss. The transfer was signed by G. Moss, attorney for H. Phillips. The family of Henry M. Phillips was involved in early Philadelphia shipping and merchant activities.

A set of five stock transfer certificates for the Northern Liberties Gas Works, the first gas works in the United States. The certificates are dated February 17, 1842; February 18, 1842; March 3, 1842; and March 12, 1842. Three of the certificates are signed. Two are made out to Catherine Bache, stepdaughter of Benjamin Franklin. The certificates include the names of Joseph Gratz, Benjamin Baker, John Keating, Catherine W. Bache, Thomas Sergeant, and Andrew C. Barclay.

Stock transfer certificate for the Northern Liberties Gas Works, the first gas works in the United States. This document, dated March 1, 1845, and including additional transfers dated April 3rd and 21st, 1845, records transfers to various Samuel children. The certificate is signed by Joseph Gratz, Thomas Sergeant, George David Rosengarten, Angus N. McPherson, John Robb, and David Gibb.

Stock transfer sheet for the Northern Liberties Gas Works, the first gas works in the United States. Dated March 1, 1845, this single-sheet transfer document shows the transfer of stock to Julia Moss, wife of Joseph Moss, son of early Philadelphia Jewish ship owner and merchant, Samuel David Moss.

Issue of *The American Centinel and Mercantile Advertiser*, a Philadelphia newspaper, published on September 19, 1817. This issue contains articles by or mentioning F. Montmollin and S. Moses. The newspaper covers commercial and other news.

Newspaper advertisement from Dunlap's American Daily Advertiser, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on October 18, 1792. The advertisement promotes the Franklin Tavern located at 2nd and Race Streets.

Issue of Dunlap's American Daily Advertiser newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 11, 1793. This issue contains an advertisement for curing deafness, an advertisement for new merchandise at 14 South Front Street, and mentions of Samuel Israel and Benjamin Nones, suggesting a possible connection to Mikveh Israel.

Issue of Dunlap's American Daily Advertiser, a Philadelphia newspaper, published on July 2, 1793. This issue contains advertisements, including one for a cure for deafness and another concerning back taxes. Potential connections to Mikveh Israel Synagogue are noted in the original description.

Issue of Dunlap's American Daily Advertiser, a Philadelphia newspaper, published on July 24, 1793. This issue includes an advertisement for merchandise at 14 South Front Street and mentions Benjamin Nones in relation to Mikveh Israel Synagogue.

Issue of Dunlap's American Daily Advertiser, a Philadelphia newspaper, published on July 9, 1793. This issue includes an advertisement for curing deafness by Samuel Israel and an advertisement for new merchandise at 14 South Front Street, with a possible connection to Mikveh Israel.

Issue of Dunlap's American Daily Advertiser newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 1, 1793. The issue includes advertisements for merchandise at 14 South Front Street and mentions Benjamin Nones and Praegers.

Issue of Dunlap's American Daily Advertiser newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 13, 1792. This issue contains an advertisement for the Franklin Tavern located at 2nd and Race Streets.

Issue of Dunlap's American Daily Advertiser newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 13, 1793. This issue contains an advertisement for a cure for deafness placed by Samuel Israel.

Issue of Dunlap's American Daily Advertiser newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 16, 1793. This issue contains advertisements for new merchandise at 14 South Front Street and for back taxes owed. It also includes mentions of Mikveh Israel Synagogue and individuals Benjamin Nones and Levi Aaron.

Issue of Freeman's Journal, or, the North-American Intelligencer, a newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 11, 1782. This issue includes an advertisement for Haym Salomon, broker to the Office of Finance, the Consul General of France, and the Treasurer of the French Army.

Issue of Freeman's Journal, or, the North-American Intelligencer, a newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 11, 1782. The newspaper includes an advertisement by Salomon and a notice regarding two runaway indentured servants owned by Jacob Myers of Lancaster.

Issue of Freeman's Journal, or, the North-American Intelligencer, a Philadelphia newspaper, published on March 27, 1782. This issue includes an advertisement for Jonas Phillips, a prominent Jewish merchant.

Newspaper advertisement from the April 20, 1791, issue of the *Gazette of the United States*, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The advertisement promotes the brokerage services of Manuel Noah, who buys and sells Continental and State Certificates. The *Gazette of the United States* was an organ of the Federalist Party.

This issue of the *Gazette of the United States*, a Federalist newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 7, 1791, features an advertisement by Manuel Noah for the buying and selling of Continental and State Certificates. The advertisement is located on page 4, column 3.

Newspaper issue of the *Gazette of the United States* and *Philadelphia Daily Advertiser*, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on January 20, 1798. The issue includes advertisements for the sale or charter of a ship and for a play titled "The Jew" at the New Theatre.

Issue of the *Gazette of the United States, and Philadelphia Daily Advertiser* newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 8, 1798. This issue contains advertisements for the sale or charter of a ship by Pragers & Co. and for the sale of 10,000 Nankeens by Samuel Hays.

Newspaper advertisement from the *General Advertiser*, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 28, 1797. The advertisement mentions Patrick Rice, a Jewish clerk working for David Frank, and also contains an advertisement for rice.

A single page from Grotjan's Philadelphia Public-Sale Report, a newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 2, 1782. The page lists public sale announcements, including names of individuals and businesses involved in sales.

Issue of *The Independent Gazetteer, or, The Chronicle of Freedom*, a newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 6, 1784. This issue includes advertisements, notably one placed by Haym Solomon for an apprentice. Moses Cohen and Benjamin Nones are mentioned as executors of Solomon's estate.

Issue of *The Independent Gazetteer, Or, the Chronicle of Freedom*, a newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on June 29, 1787. This issue contains an advertisement for the purchase of stock, currency, and land certificates, and mentions a connection to Mikveh Israel.

Issue of The Independent Gazetteer, Or, the Chronicle of Freedom newspaper, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on January 31, 1784. This issue contains advertisements from Haym Salomon, Lyon Moses, Benjamin Nones, and Lazaramine Barnett, as well as a mention of Moses Cohen and a reference to a lost note endorsed by Barnett.

Newspaper advertisement from the *Independent Gazetteer, Or, the Chronicle of Freedom*, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 22, 1783. The advertisement is by Haym Salomon and concerns the sale of two slaves. News regarding the British abandoning New York City is also included.

Issue of the Independent Gazetteer; or, the Chronicle of Freedom newspaper, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 24, 1782. This issue contains advertisements for Salomons and Nones & Cohen.

Notice to creditors regarding the estate of Michael Gratz, published in the *Legal Intelligencer* newspaper on February 22, 1850, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This notice is found within Volume C, Page 24 of the Gratz Collection.

Issue of the *Pennsylvania Journal and the Weekly Advertiser* newspaper, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on June 17, 1789. This issue includes an advertisement by S. Isaac Franks.

Newspaper clipping from the *Pennsylvania Gazette*, January 14, 1784, featuring an article concerning Joseph Cauffman, a landlord who evicted early congregants of Congregation Mikveh Israel from their Cherry Street building in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The article also notes that Cauffman may not have been Jewish. A Simon Cauffman is mentioned as a donor to Rodeph Shalom in 1811.

Advertisement published in the Pennsylvania Gazette on August 19, 1772, by Michael Gratz announcing the auction of a property. The advertisement is printed in English.

Issue of the Pennsylvania Gazette newspaper, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 6, 1750. Includes an advertisement by Levy & Franks detailing items for sale. Printed by Benjamin Franklin.

Issue of the Pennsylvania Gazette newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 16, 1754. This issue includes a full-page advertisement for a ship sailing to London, and another advertisement regarding claims on the estate of Nathan Levy.

Issue of the Pennsylvania Packet, or, the General Advertiser newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on January 29, 1780. The issue includes a large advertisement for the Proprietors of Indiana, a land speculation company, with David Franks listed as president. The advertisement calls for a meeting.

Newspaper advertisement from the *Pennsylvania Packet and Daily Advertiser*, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 30, 1790. The advertisement features Solomon Lyons, a prominent financier and member of Mikveh Israel Synagogue.

Page 4 of the *Pennsylvania Packet, and Daily Advertiser*, a newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on February 21, 1789. The page features advertisements from Hart & Co.

Issue of the Pennsylvania Packet, or, the General Advertiser newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 20, 1782. This issue contains an advertisement for Jonas Phillips, a broker.

Issue of the Pennsylvania Packet, and Daily Advertiser newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on October 21, 1789. This issue contains an advertisement by Jonas Phillips, a prominent figure in both the Jewish and general public affairs of Philadelphia.

Issue of the Pennsylvania Packet and Daily Advertiser newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 10, 1789. The issue contains several advertisements, notably those placed by Hart & Co. or Cavenough & Hart, a leading merchant and banking firm that relocated to Philadelphia from Easton, Pennsylvania in 1782.

Issue of the Pennsylvania Packet and Daily Advertiser newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on June 13, 1789. This issue contains an advertisement by Jonas Phillips, a prominent Jewish merchant active in both Jewish and general public affairs, and President of Mikveh Israel.

Issue of the Pennsylvania Packet and Daily Advertiser newspaper, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on June 15, 1789. This issue contains a commercial advertisement by Jonas Phillips.

Issue of the Pennsylvania Packet and Daily Advertiser newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 14, 1789. This issue contains advertisements, including one for an auction and advertisements by Hart & Co. and a leading merchant and banker in Easton, PA. who moved to Philadelphia in 1782.

Issue of the Pennsylvania Packet and Daily Advertiser newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 17, 1789. This issue contains advertisements, including one for an auction, and mentions Jonas Phillips and Myer Hart.

Issue of the Philadelphia Mercantile Advertiser newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 7, 1814. This issue contains advertisements for the auction of a prize ship, The Sisters, and real estate by F. Montmollin & S. Moses.

Issue of Poulson's American Daily Advertiser newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on October 27, 1810. The newspaper includes advertisements for Humes & Etting (a partnership that lasted only two years, 1809-10/29/1811), and Simon Gratz & Co. This issue is part of the collection of the University of Pennsylvania Libraries.

Three advertisements for the mercantile firm of Humes & Etting, published in Poulson's American Daily Advertiser on November 1, 1810, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The partnership lasted only two years. The advertisements are included within a larger periodical, *Accounts of the Guardians of the Poor and Managers of the Alms House of and House of Employment*.

Issue of the National Gazette and Literary Register, a Philadelphia newspaper, published on April 4, 1826. This issue contains a report on the failure of Goldschmidt's Bank and the subsequent financial panic of February 15, 1826. Rothschild's appointment as one of the trustees is also mentioned.

Issue of Freeman's Journal, or, the North-American Intelligencer, a newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on April 24, 1782. This particular issue contains an advertisement by Jonas Phillips.

Issue of the *Gazette of the United States, and Philadelphia Daily Advertiser* newspaper from January 8, 1798, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The issue contains advertisements, including notifications to shareholders of the Pennsylvania Population Company, an advertisement to sell or lease the ship "Good Hope," and an advertisement by booksellers H & P Rice.

Issue of the *Pennsylvania Chronicle, and Universal Advertiser* newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 9, 1767. This issue includes an advertisement offering a reward for a runaway indentured servant, John George Herman.

Newspaper clipping from the *Pennsylvania Chronicle and Universal Advertiser*, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on April 11, 1768. The clipping features a notice placed by Hannah Levy, widow of Isaac Levy, regarding his estate and application for charity funds from Mikveh Israel in 1782.

Issue of the Pennsylvania Gazette newspaper from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated December 25, 1766. This issue contains a report listing brokers who have legally signed notes and mentions a connection to Mikveh Israel.

Issue of the Pennsylvania Packet and Daily Advertiser newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on April 22, 1788. This issue includes advertisements and mentions of Solomon Cohen, Samuel Hays, Isaac Franks, and P. Marks, as well as a notice regarding delinquent taxes.

Newspaper clipping from the Pennsylvania Packet and Daily Advertiser, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 21, 1790. The clipping includes a bankruptcy notice for Simon Nathan and an advertisement for Isaac Franks, a money changer. The article notes that Nathan, once wealthy, lost his fortune between 1788 and 1791, along with 300 others in Philadelphia, before relocating to New York City and regaining his wealth.

Newspaper clipping from Poulson's American Daily Advertiser, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on October 26, 1822, featuring an extensive obituary and details of the bequests of Abraham Touro.

Issue of Poulson's American Daily Advertiser newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 25, 1822. This issue includes a letter to the editor of the New York Commercial Advertiser (dated November 22, 1822), praising an exhibition by David G. Seixas and his students before the New Jersey Legislature. An advertisement for Simon Gratz & Brother is also featured on the front page.

Issue of Poulson's American Daily Advertiser newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 27, 1822. This issue contains a resolution passed by the New Jersey Legislature expressing appreciation for the skills demonstrated by David G. Seixas and his students in an exhibition presented before the Legislature on November 22, 1822. Further details on the exhibition can be found in item 21.162.

Issue of the *Gazette of the United States* newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 6, 1791. The newspaper contains an anti-Semitic poem, potentially marking its first appearance in a US newspaper. The *Gazette of the United States* was a Federalist newspaper.

Full-page memorial to Isaac Leeser in the Jewish Messenger, published February 7, 1868, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and New York, New York. The newspaper includes contributions by S.M. Isaacs.

Issue of the Occident and American Jewish Advocate newspaper, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on January 17, 1861. The newspaper features news, articles, and advertisements related to the Jewish community in the United States.

Newspaper issue of The Occident and American Jewish Advocate, Vol. XVIII, No. 31, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on October 25, 1860. Includes an advertisement by S. N. Carvalho.

Issue of the Occident and American Jewish Advocate, Volume XVIII, Number 32, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 1, 1860. This newspaper includes an advertisement by S. N. Carvalho.

Issue of *The Occident and American Jewish Advocate*, a newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 1, 1859. Volume XVII, Number 36. This issue includes a sermon on Rosh Hashanah by Rev. Wechler of Indianapolis.

Issue number 37, Volume XVII of *The Occident and American Jewish Advocate*, a newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 8, 1859. This issue features a sermon on Rosh Hashanah by Rev. Wechler of Indianapolis.

Issue of *The Occident and American Jewish Advocate*, a periodical newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on February 7, 1861. This issue is Volume XVIII, Number 46.

Issue of the Occident and American Jewish Advocate newspaper, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on April 21, 1859. The newspaper contains numerous Jewish advertisements for various goods and services, as well as articles on topics relevant to Jewish literature and religion. It also includes announcements regarding the need for rabbis in San Francisco and a boarding school for Jewish girls.

Issue of the Pennsylvania Gazette newspaper, printed by Benjamin Franklin, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 1, 1753. Features a letter supporting the British Parliament's act allowing Jewish naturalization and an advertisement by Myers & Levy.

This newspaper clipping from the *Pennsylvania Packet and Daily Advertiser*, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 16, 1788, features an article about two Jews from Jamaica who are collecting funds for Jews in Hebron. The article is found on page 3, column 2.

This newspaper clipping from the Philadelphia Mercantile Advertiser, dated February 28, 1814, features an advertisement for a Hebrew book intended for Gentile readers. The advertisement is found on page 3. The clipping also mentions conversations in Hebrew and an M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania.

Newspaper advertisement from the *Philadelphia Mercantile Advertiser*, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on June 2, 1814. The advertisement announces the first American edition of the Hebrew Bible without points.

Issue of Porcupine's Gazette, a newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on October 23, 1797. This issue includes a report on the yellow fever epidemic, notes the death of Mr. Smith, mentions James Brown's residence near the Jewish burying grounds, and lists Israel Israel as a city commissioner.

Issue of Poulson's American Daily Advertiser newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 14, 1804. This issue contains a death notice mentioning Morris, an Algerian Jew who taught Hebrew at Cambridge University, and an advertisement for Israel as an auctioneer.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) photograph depicting a bust view of Confederate General Richard S. "Baldy" Ewell. The reverse of the photograph is inscribed "Levy & Cohen...Landscape Photographers; N. W. Corner Ninth & Filbert Street." The image is one of a series taken by Levy & Cohen in Richmond, Virginia in 1865, documenting sites of historical interest during the American Civil War. This specific photograph is exceptionally rare.

Two carte-de-visite (CDV) photographs of Abraham Sulzberger, a hazzan (cantor) and co-founder of the Jewish Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The photographs are undated, but circa 1875 based on the donor's information. They were taken by Menderoth & Co.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) portrait photograph of Bess Kohn. The photograph's reverse features a full advertisement for F. Gutekunst, located at 712 Arch Street, Philadelphia. Kohn's address, 754 Franklin Street, is also noted on the back. The photograph is undated, but is estimated to be from circa 1875.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) portrait photograph of Mrs. Goldman. The verso of the card features an advertisement for F. Gutekunst, located at 712 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The photograph is undated, but based on Gutekunst's career, it is likely from between 1860 and 1917. Mrs. Goldman is identified as the sister of Mrs. Edward Loeb, suggesting a connection to the Mikveh Israel community.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) portrait photograph of Henry M. Frank. The photograph is by Frederick Gutekunst, 712 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The back of the card features an advertisement for Gutekunst's photography studio. The photograph is undated, but based on Gutekunst's career, it is likely from the period between 1850 and 1917.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) portrait photograph of Mrs. Ellis. The verso of the photograph features an advertisement for F. Gutekunst, located at 712 Arch Street, Philadelphia. The photograph is related to Schuller and has a connection to Mikveh Israel. The photograph is undated, but based on Gutekunst's career, it is estimated to be from circa 1875.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) portrait photograph of Marie Bechtel Liebman, daughter of Harriette DeYoung. The photograph was taken by Broadbent & Co., located at 814 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1875.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) portrait photograph of Marie Bechtel Liebman, daughter of Harriette DeYoung, taken by Frederick Gutekunst at his studio located at 704 & 706 Arch Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1875.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) portrait photograph of Mary Abrahams (Mrs. Berg), taken by Wenderoth & Taylor in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1875. The photograph displays the photographer's address: 912, 914 & 916 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. The sitter is identified as the daughter of Harriette DeYoung.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) photograph of Marie Bechtel Liebman, identified as the mother of L. Liebman. The photograph was taken by Wenderoth & Taylor, located at 912, 914, & 916 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The photograph is undated but is from the collection's estimated date range of 1875.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) photograph of Sophia De Young, taken by Broadbent & Co. at 814 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1875. The photograph is part of the 'E' Collection at the University of Pennsylvania Library.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) portrait photograph of Mary Ann De Young (Mrs. Oppenheimer), granddaughter of Isaac De Young, who allegedly fought in the American Revolution. The photograph was taken by Broadbent & Co. at 814 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1875.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) portrait photograph of Brena De Young, identified as Mrs. Sam'l R. Hunter. The photograph was taken by Wenderoth & Taylor (formerly Broadbent), located at 912, 914 & 916 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Circa 1875.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) portrait photograph of Esther De Young. The photograph was taken by Broadbent & Co., located at 814 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1875.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) portrait photograph of Liebman, taken by Frederick Gutekunst at his studio located at 712 Arch Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1875. The photograph is part of a larger collection of Gutekunst's work.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) photograph of Hannah Blanche Liebman, taken by Schreiber & Son at 818 Arch Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1875.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) portrait photograph of Rose Loeb. The verso of the photograph features a full advertisement for F. Gutekunst, located at 712 Arch Street, Philadelphia. Rose Loeb was the wife of Sam Loeb. The photograph is dated circa 1875.

Cabinet card photograph of Isaac and Carrie Langfeld, taken in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on October 5, 1893. The photograph is part of a presentation folder commemorating their 50th wedding anniversary and includes a connection to Mikveh Israel.

Sheet music titled "Sung by the Nurses to the Wounded in the Hospitals," published by Sep. Winner at 933 Spring Garden Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1854. The composer is Jefferson Henri Nones.

Sheet music for the song "Sung by the Nurses to the Wounded in the Hospitals," published by Sep. Winner in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1862. The music was composed by J. H. Nones and arranged by Albert H. Bassler.

Sheet music for the song "And Eyes Will Watch for Thee," composed by Jefferson Henri Nones. Published by Lee & Walker in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1862. The cover art is consistent with other sheet music from the same period. The sheet music was sung by nurses to wounded soldiers in hospitals.

Sheet music for a Schottish, as performed by Hassler's Band, composed by Mark Hassler. Published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1855. The piece is attributed to a well-known Philadelphia musical family, with Mark Hassler thought to be the first in the USA to use Johann Strauss's style for dances.

Sheet music for "Society Schottish," composed by Mark Hassler and dedicated to the Hebrew Literary Association. Published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1857. Considered the first instance in the USA where Johann Strauss's music was used for dances.

Business Card of Moses A. Dropsie, watchmaker, located at 57 North Third Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card is undated, but based on biographical information, it likely dates from between 1840 and 1845, before Dropsie transitioned to a career in law. This is considered a rare example, possibly unique.

This trade card advertises Dalsheimer Bros., a shoe merchant with locations in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Camden, New Jersey. The front of the card features a large, central illustration of a shoe. [The back of the card contains a detailed map of the streets where the Dalsheimer Bros. stores are located.] The business address is prominently displayed at the top of the card: 410 MARKET STREET, PHILADELPHIA. WEST & HARTMAN STS. CAMDEN N.J.

Trade card advertising the clothing business of C. Oppenheimer, located at 332 Market Street, below Fourth Street, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card is undated, but likely dates from around 1860 based on stylistic elements and business practices of the period.

This trade card advertises B. Eiseman, a clothier located at 1602 Market Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a hand-drawn illustration of a man in a suit and a top hat. The man is standing with his arms crossed and is looking directly at the viewer. The illustration is on a white background. The card is bordered in black with a red and white strip. The back of the card is blank.

Trade card advertising Ben. Israel, Furrier, located at 806 Arch Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card is printed on yellow stock and features a cartoon on the reverse. The date of publication is unknown, but it is estimated to be around 1870 based on the style and context.

This business card advertises Herman, Schwab & Co., wholesale and retail dealers in fancy goods, located at 26 North 8th Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card's front is printed on coated white card stock and features the business' name and description prominently displayed. The text is simple and elegant, characteristic of business cards from the late 19th century. The back of the card is blank.

This orange trade card advertises S. Rothschild, a French boot maker located at 168 South Fourth Street in Philadelphia. The front of the card features the business' name and address, printed in what appears to be a dark ink. The text is simple and straightforward, highlighting the specialty of the shop – French boot making. The back of the card is blank.

Trade card advertising J. Cohn's Shirt Emporium, located at 249 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a graphic of a shirt and indicates that shirts are made to order. The card is blue and dates from approximately 1870.

This trade card advertises Jacob Kahnweiler's Ladies Bazaar and Shuttle Sewing Machine Establishment located at 8 South 8th Street, West Side below Market Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features the business name and address printed in a decorative font. The background of the card is a textured, beige color. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Jas. A. Haas & Co., jewelers and watchmakers located at the Southeast corner of Second and Fairmont Avenues in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an elegant design, likely showcasing the store's refined products. The style of the design and typography suggests a late 19th-century aesthetic. The text clearly indicates the business name and address. The back of the card is blank. Additional information on the card mentions E. Zothe as the designer and engraver.

This trade card advertises the services of Henry Phillips, Jr., an archeologist and numismatist. The front of the card displays his address: No. 524 Walnut Street, Room No. 20, Philadelphia. The back of the card is blank. [Henry Phillips Jr. was born in Philadelphia on September 6, 1838, and died in June 1895. He was the son of Jonas Altamont Phillips and was renowned for his expertise in folklore, philology, and numismatics, both in the United States and Europe. His contributions to the study of American paper currency are particularly noteworthy, with his work cited by the United States Supreme Court. His publications include "History of American Colonial Paper Currency" (1865), "History of American Continental Paper Money" (1866), and others.]

This trade card advertises the services of Louis E. Levy, a general outdoor photographer. The front of the card features a stylized image of a camera lens on a black background. The back of the card provides more information about the business, including the address: 622, and Levy's specialization as a publisher of 'Levy's Photographic Advertising Albums.'

This trade card advertises Janentzky & Co., purveyors of mathematical instruments and drawing supplies. The front of the card (Image 1) showcases an elegant design, possibly incorporating illustrations of some of their products. The text clearly displays the business' name and address: 1125 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. The back of the card (Image 2) mentions a "Centennial Exhibit," indicating the card likely dates to the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. The back may contain additional details related to their participation in the exposition.

This trade card advertises the grand opening of Kohn, Adler & Co., a clothing retailer located at 722 and 724 Market Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card is printed in black and white. The front of the card features an announcement of the store's opening on Tuesday, March 8th, while the back is blank.

This trade card advertises Brandes & Bro., a wholesale notion house located at 317 Market Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card is predominantly text-based. The business name, "Brandes & Bro." is prominently displayed, along with their description as a "WHOLESALE NOTION HOUSE" and their street address. The design is simple and functional, typical of trade cards from the late 19th century. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises I. Bedichimer, a retailer of clocks, watches, jewelry, and house furnishings, located at 160 North Second Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a detailed drawing of the store front. The image shows architectural details suggesting a late 19th-century commercial building. The business name and address are clearly visible. The back of the card is blank. There is a note on the card record that indicates that there are other trade cards by the same business.

Trade card advertising L. Kohn, a men's clothing store, located at 264 & 336 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card highlights "UNDERWEAR A SPECIALTY" and identifies the business as "THE LEADING GENT'S FURNISHER." Circa 1885.

This trade card advertises Snyder, Harris, Bassett & Co., wholesale clothiers located at 525 Market Street and 522 Commerce Street in Philadelphia. The card features the business name printed in bold letters at the top with the address printed in a smaller font below it. The card's back is blank.

This trade card advertises the business of A. J. Weidener, a furnisher located at 36 South Second Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a lithographic illustration of a stone archway with crashing waves in the background. The colors are predominantly shades of blue, green, and white. The card has a red border.

This trade card advertises the services of Julius Brandis, an engraver, designer, and illustrator located at 131 South Fifth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features the business name and address, along with a brief description of his services. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises David Seidmann, a furniture dealer located at 323 North Second Street in Philadelphia. The card is simple in design, featuring a white background with black lettering. The front of the card prominently displays the name “David Seidmann,” followed by the phrase “Furniture Dealer,” and the address. [David Seidmann's business is known to have been located at this address in Philadelphia in the 1880s, so the trade card can be dated to roughly that time period.] The card appears to be from a collection of 19th-century trade cards. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises S. Steinberg, a secondhand dealer located at 2500 N. Second Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features the business name and address. The back of the card provides a list of fire alarms in the city. The front of the card features a decorative border. The back of the card features a decorative border.

This trade card advertises Behrens & Co., dealers in embroideries, white goods, hoop skirts, hosiery, and gloves. The card is a simple, straightforward design. The front of the card features the business name, 'Behrens & Co.,' prominently displayed, along with a list of the goods they sell: "Embroideries, White Goods, Hoop Skirts, Hosiery, Gloves...". The address is also clearly printed: 144 North 8th Street, below Race, Philadelphia. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises S. Meyers, a manufacturer and wholesale dealer in clothes located at 244 North Second Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card has a simple design, with the company name and address printed on the front. The back of the card is blank. The front of the card features the text 'Manufacturer & Wholesale Dealer in Clothes' at the top and the address at the bottom. There is a decorative banner around the company name and address.

This trade card advertises H. Muhr's Sons, manufacturing jewelers, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card announces the relocation of the business, stating the previous address (163 N. Second Street) and the new location (N.W. Corner Fourth & Race Streets). The card prominently displays the business name, "H. Muhr's Sons Manufacturing Jewelers." The back of the card is blank. [Information about the Muhr family, if available, would be added here].

This trade card advertises Mrs. Heinaman's Boarding and Lodging House in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features simple text, advertising the establishment and its location: 3437 Chestnut Street, between 34th and 35th Streets. The text boasts "BOARDING & LODGING HOUSE...TERMS REASONABLE & ACCOMODATIONS FIRST CLASS." The card's design is minimalist, focusing primarily on conveying essential information. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Max Elfman & Co., a men's clothing store located on Market Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card (Image 1) shows an illustration of a building, possibly their store, with the address: 4811 Lombard Street and Market Street. The style of the building and typography suggest a late 19th or early 20th-century origin. The back of the card (Image 2) contains a brief obituary for Max Elfman, noting his 45 years in the business at 4th and Market Streets, his death on January 8th, 1959, at age 70, and his survivors. The back of the card also includes some philosophical musings related to life, suggesting a personal reflection added after the fact.

This trade card advertises Janentzky & Co., importers and dealers in artists' materials. The card features a dark, red and white border with decorative flourishes in the corners. The text states that the business is located at 1125 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The back of the card is blank. The card appears to be from the late 1800s, circa 1885.

This trade card advertises Schymik & Lauer's Havana Cigar Factory, located at 50 North Fifth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features the text "HAVANA CIGAR FACTORY" prominently displayed, along with a "Red Seal" logo, suggesting a premium or quality brand of cigars. The imagery and design of the card suggest it hails from the late 19th century. The back of the card is blank.

This black trade card advertises I. Bedichimer, a jeweler located at 616 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card is decorated with various society emblems and designs, including a stylized Masonic compass and square and a crescent moon, suggesting that Bedichimer specialized in jewelry for fraternal organizations or those who wished to display their affiliation with these groups. The card has a simple design and layout. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Stern Bros., a gents furnishing business located at 4448.50 Frankford Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card advertises that the store is located next to the New Bank, and features knit jackets as a specialty. The image, likely from the front of the card, shows a man in a dark suit and bowtie. He's carrying a walking stick and wearing a top hat. He is positioned on the left side of the card, with the business's name, address, and information about the store’s specialties to his right. The background is comprised of geometric shapes and a stylized cityscape.

This trade card advertises N. Snellenburg & Co. The card features a simple, rectangular design with a red border. The company's name appears on the top line, and the location, MARKET, ELEVENTH TO TWELFTH STREETS, is displayed below. The card is labeled as being presented by a salesperson. It is possible this is a promotional or discount card intended for customer use.

This trade card advertises C. D. Rishel, specializing in "Job Lots and Remnants." The front of the card displays text-based advertising, prominently featuring the address "2407 N. 6TH STREET" and the phrase "JOB LOTS AND REMNANTS A SPECIALTY." The design is simple and straightforward, typical of trade cards from the late 19th century. The back of the card is blank.

This rare trade card from P. Fleischner & Co. features a raised gold border and an illustration of two firemen, an eagle, and a fire engine. The card's design is indicative of late-19th-century printmaking techniques. The company's address, 1026 Chestnut Street, is prominently displayed on the card. The back of the card is blank. The image provided shows the front of the card.

This trade card advertises S. Jacobson, a jeweler located at 142 N. 8th Street in Philadelphia. The front of the card shows a black and white drawing of a clock with Roman numerals and a bell. The back of the card lists the business's telephone number as Bell, Walnut 4319. It is a blank white card.

This trade card advertises Harry Cohen, a metal goods merchant at 250 South Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a simple design, with the name, address, and telephone number printed in black lettering on a white background. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises the Standard Hosiery Co., located at 1310-1326 Lawrence Street, Philadelphia, PA. The front of the card features a good quality lithograph of the company's office and mills. The buildings depicted are multi-storied structures, suggesting a significant industrial operation. The image likely showcases the scale and success of the Standard Hosiery Co. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card for T. T. Cohen, a builder in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is a simple, straightforward design. The front of the card is primarily text-based and displays only the name "T. T. Cohen" prominently. There are no images or illustrations. The text is simple and clean, suggesting a design from the late 19th century. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card, printed in English, advertises H. J. May & Bro., a clothing merchant located at 300 North Second Street, corner of Vine Street, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a full advertisement promoting their fall line. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card is for Edward Stern. The front is a plain print card. [Stern was the first officer of the Federation of Jewish Charities of Philadelphia.] The back of the card is blank.

An advertisement for tracing paper and packages from Cohen's, a stationery store in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The advertisement consists of a yellow envelope containing both tracing paper and an impression. The label on the envelope includes instructions. Circa 1850. Possibly a unique surviving example.

This trade card advertises the Lion Clothing Hall, a men's clothing store owned by Sol. Aarons. The front of the card features a large, vivid illustration of a lion set against a blue background. The image is framed by a red border. The card's address is 1020 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The reverse of the card is blank.

This folding trade card advertises Friedberger & Strouse, dealers in dress trimmings and findings. The card is designed like a business card, and when unfolded, reveals a full advertisement in letter form. The front of the card displays the addresses: 733 Arch St. and 113 & 115 North Eight Street, Philadelphia. The back of the card indicates the date: Fall 1879. The inside of the card (when opened) features a detailed advertisement, although the specific content of the advertisement is not fully visible in the available images. The images show the details of the card are printed in dark ink on cream-colored cardstock.

This trade card advertises Fleischner's and features a greeting for Thanksgiving Day 1880. The front of the card is printed in green with a black figure of a man holding a goose and a basket of food. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Fleischner's, located at 1026 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It's a New Year's greeting card for 1881. The card is green and features a jester and two boys. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Shoneman's New Store, located at 1018 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia. The front of the card features a simple design: a single rose in a water glass is depicted, accompanied by the text "VISIT NEW STORE 1018 CHESTNUT STREET." The back of the card is fully covered with an advertisement that focuses on Christmas gifts and is positioned opposite the Chestnut Street Opera House. The overall style suggests a late 19th-century aesthetic.

This trade card advertises Cohen's Clothing, located at 204 South Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features an image of a mother duck and her ducklings. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Gerson's, a retailer of dress accessories located at 40 and 42 North 8th Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of two birds perched on a flower, with a decorative border around the edges. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises H. Kayser, a hatter located at 10 South Second Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a biblical scene on the front. It is likely depicting the story of the prophet Daniel in the lion's den. The card is printed in black ink and features a red border around the edges of the front. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises I. Bedichimer, a watchmaker and jeweler located at 616 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia. The front of the card features a young boy dressed as Uncle Sam. He is holding a watch and a small American flag. He is wearing a red, white, and blue suit with a star on his jacket. The background features a cityscape with buildings. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Sternberger's, a bedding store located at 1218 Market Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of a bull engaging in a comical fight with a fox. The bull is standing on its hind legs, paws in the air, and the fox is in a defensive posture, with its head lowered. The scene is likely meant to be humorous and is likely meant to represent the idea of Sternberger's being 'tough' on the competition. The back of the card includes a full advertisement for Sternberger's bedding products.

This trade card advertises Sternberger's, a furniture dealer located at 1218 Market Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an image of a carnation with the business name printed across the top. The back of the card has an advertisement for bedding.

Trade card advertising the shoemaking business of Sylvan Dalsheimer, located at 31 North Ninth Street, between Filbert and Arch Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card is dated circa 1885. The front of the card features the text "COMMON SENSE SHOEMAKER," and the back includes a full advertisement and an image of a foot.

This playbill advertises a performance of "The Two Orphans" at the Walnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia. The front of the program features an image depicting a mother and child, evocative of the play's themes. The text prominently displays the theatre's name and the title of the play. The back of the playbill lists the full cast of the production. The style suggests it is from circa 1885.

This trade card features a yellow rose embossed on the front. The back of the card contains the advertisement for C. Roth's clothing business located at 1230 North Second Street in Philadelphia.

This trade card advertises S. Rothschild, a clothier located at 415 South Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card is somewhat damaged, but features an illustration of a boy with a butterfly net. The back of the card is blank.

The front of this trade card advertises P. Fleischner & Co., a clothing store located at 1026 Chestnut Street and 208 North Eighth Street, Philadelphia. The card lists the business name and address in a simple, bold font. There is a small drawing of a dog in the upper right corner, but the rest of the card is blank. The back of the card features a calendar for January through June of 1880, providing a valuable historical reference for the year it was printed.

This trade card advertises the services of Armand Dalsemer, a merchant tailor located at 136 North 8th Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a lithographic illustration of a woman. The back of the card contains the full advertisement for the business. The woman's fashion and pose suggest this card dates to the late 19th century.

This trade card advertises Sternberger's Furniture and Bedding Store, located at 1218 Market Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a stylized illustration of a lily, a symbol of purity and beauty, often associated with the home. The back of the card includes an advertisement for bedding. The image is in shades of blue and green, and features a stylized floral design. The card is bordered in blue.

This trade card advertises Blitz's, a business located at 2216 N. Front Street, Philadelphia. The front of the card features a stylized illustration of a purple shoe adorned with flowers. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Isaac Casseres, a clothier located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card (Image 1) showcases a simple design featuring primarily text. The business name, "Isaac Casseres," is prominently displayed, along with the address: "N. W. Corner Eighth and Race Street." The text on the card is predominantly black lettering on a cream-colored background, suggesting a simple and somewhat austere aesthetic. Image 2 shows the back of the card, which is blank.

This trade card for A. Loewenthal, a clothier located at 805 South Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, features a snow scene. The card is printed in black and white. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Shoneman Brothers, located at 116 & 118 N. 8th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a stage with a red curtain drawn back. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Sternberger's Furniture Store, located at 1218 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a woman riding a bucking mule. The woman is wearing a long dress and a hat. She is holding onto the mule's reins. The mule is bucking, and its legs are in the air. There is a large pile of bedding on the mule's back. The card is damaged. The back of the card is a full advertisement for bedding.

This trade card advertises O. V. Handy & Bros., a poultry dealer based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card is a calendar intended for farmers, detailing Jewish holidays and the most popular fowl in demand for each holiday. It is likely that Handy & Bros purchased poultry from farmers for resale. The front of the card features a calendar with the holidays and fowl listed in a table format. It has a red border with the name and address of the company. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Rosenberg's, a business in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a picturesque scene of an old mill stream, with a flowing river, trees, and a stone bridge. The illustration is in a light brown tone and creates a sense of tranquility. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises S. Bernstein, a jeweler in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a humorous illustration of a woman standing before a judge, likely a scene from a popular play or story of the time. The woman appears to be pleading her case with a dramatic gesture. The card has a red border. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card features a man dressed in a colonial style suit. He is standing in a slightly posed position, and the design of the suit and the hair style suggests an earlier period. The text on the card is not visible in the image, but it likely advertises the business of Samuel Cohen, a merchant tailor based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

This trade card, one of two in the record, advertises the Eckstein Brush Co., located at 412 Arch Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a charming illustration of two children watching a turtle seemingly dance. The style of the illustration is whimsical and child-like. The text 'ECKSTEIN BRUSH CO., NO. 412 ARCH STREET' is prominently displayed on the card. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card for S. Wertheimer, a dry goods merchant, features a child holding a balance scale. The card includes the address 701 & 703 North 2nd Street. The back of the card is blank. There is a second trade card with the same information, but it has a slightly different design.

This trade card advertises the printing business of Benj. Rosenblatt, located at 11 North 3rd Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features an illustration of a dog with a prominent collar. The verso of the card includes a list of prices for various printing jobs, including cards, letterheads, and envelopes.

This trade card advertises Kammerer & Weber, a fine furniture store located at 927 Market Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an artist's palette with paintbrushes. The trade card names C. Weinmann as the owner. The back of the card is blank.

Trade card advertising the umbrellas and parasols manufactured by I. Kratzenstein in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card depicts flowers and a small umbrella. Circa 1885.

Set of two trade cards for A. Ostheim & Bro., clothiers located at 510 Market Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The cards are bell-shaped. One depicts a cottage scene with a canoe; the other shows a cottage scene with mountains. The cards are undated, but based on stylistic elements, they are circa 1885.

A set of three trade cards issued by H. & D. Cohen, located at 123 N. Eighth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The cards depict children in comical scenes. The cards are undated, but the style suggests a date of circa 1885.

A set of three trade cards advertising H. & D. Cohen, located at 123 N. Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The cards feature floral designs. The cards are undated but are estimated to date from circa 1885 based on the style of the cards and other related materials in the collection. The cards are part of the collection Arc.MS.56, Volumes 33, Pages 11 and 14.

This trade card advertises E. Hartenstein, an importer of cigars and tobaccos located at 609 Girard Avenue in Philadelphia. The front of the card features a simple black and white illustration of a child holding a lyre. The card has a black border. The back of the card is blank.

Trade card advertising Fleischner's Old Stand, located at 208 N. 8th Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features the business name and address. Circa 1885.

This trade card for the American Watch Depot, owned by George S. Katz, features a charming illustration. The front of the card depicts a blue bird perched on a branch amidst a winter scene. The text "AMERICAN WATCH DEPOT" is prominently displayed, along with the business address: 1929 Germantown Ave. The style of the illustration and typography suggests a late 19th-century origin, aligning with the circa 1885 date. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises the American Watch Depot owned by George S. Katz. The front of the card features a charming winter scene with a robin perched on a snow-covered branch. The illustration is likely meant to evoke a sense of peace and tranquility. The text on the card clearly displays the business name, "AMERICAN WATCH DEPOT," and the street address: 1929 GERMANTOWN AVE. The back of the card is blank.

Set of three identical trade cards issued by P. Ostheim & Son. Each card features an illustration of a girl with a snowball and is triangular in shape. The cards display the address 1102.1104 Germantown Ave., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The cards are undated, but are circa 1885 based on other contextual information. The cards are part of a larger collection of trade cards.

Set of two trade cards issued by P. Ostheim & Son, located at 1102.1104 Germantown Ave., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Both cards are shaped like a pallet. One depicts a child hunting, and the other shows a child with a snake. The cards were displayed at the Library of Congress Exhibit in Cincinnati (AJA) in 2005. Circa 1885.

This trade card, from P. Ostheim & Son, clothiers, is located at 1102-1104 Germantown Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a woman in an oriental dress that is based on a stereotype of women of Asian descent. This stereotyped figure is meant to attract customers and potentially promote the image of the store as a supplier of fashionable or exotic clothing. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises P. Ostheim & Son, a clothing retailer located at 1102-1104 Germantown Avenue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a young boy wearing a hat. He is the central focus of the image. The background is a simple design with a faded, decorative patterned border. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card for S. Bernstein, a jeweler and watchmaker, features a comical illustration of a man with a startled expression looking at his watch. The illustration is surrounded by a border in the shape of a keystone, possibly referencing the business' location in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The address 1214 N. 2nd St. is printed below the image. The card is likely dated to the late 19th century.

This trade card advertises Stern Bros., a clothing business in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a simple design with two dogs. The back of the card includes advertising for the store. No address is listed on the card.

The front of the card features a stylized design of a floral arrangement on a dark background. The card advertises Rosenbaum, formerly Fleischner's Old Stand, located at 208 North 8th Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

This trade card advertises Rosenbaum & Co., a dry goods store located at 208 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features an elaborate floral design with roses as the prominent motif. The card's text is in a decorative typeface. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises P. Fleischner & Co., located at 1026 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. The front of the card features an illustration of two boys singing and playing a violin. They are dressed in suits and are positioned in front of a large, ornate window with a view of the city. The illustration is in a colorful, stylized art style with bold lines and vibrant colors.

This trade card advertises Abe Weil, a clothier located at 114 North 9th Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card depicts a young woman wearing a light-colored dress and a large hat. She sits with a book open on her lap, and appears to be reading poetry. She is surrounded by daisies. The front of the card features a dark green background and the name of the business in white lettering. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Abe Weil, a clothier located at 114 North 9th Street in Philadelphia. The front of the card features a charming illustration of a young woman sitting and reading a book of poetry in front of a stand of lilies. The image is likely meant to evoke a sense of refinement and elegance, associating the clothing store with beauty, leisure, and culture. The back of the card is blank.

Trade card advertising I. Guggenheimer's dry goods store located at 2647 Germantown Avenue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card depicts a child with a roll of cloth. Circa 1885.

This trade card advertises Borgenski's, a clothing store located at 458 North 2nd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a woman, possibly a store clerk, in a portrait-style image. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Samuel Cohen, a clothier located at 9 North 8th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of three young girls playing with a cat. The back of the card is blank.

This is a four-sided fold-out trade card advertising the services of Leon Meyers, a publisher of advertising novelties. The card explains his line of advertising cards. The front of the card (image 1) shows the address 302 Chestnut St. The back of the card (image 2) features a great comical poem. The images are likely from different sides of the folded card. The style and text suggest a late 19th-century origin.

This trade card advertises the dry goods store of C. Weisenberger, located at 1732 South 4th Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a simple illustration of a vase with a bouquet of flowers. The background is mostly blank, leaving space for the business name and address. The card is printed in black and white. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises L. Steiner's located at 1937 Germantown Avenue, Philadelphia. The front of the card features a floral pattern, with flowers in a variety of colors. It appears to be a decorative card used for promotional purposes, although it is difficult to discern the exact nature of L. Steiner's business.

This trade card, likely dating to the late 19th century, advertises Levi Brothers, a clothing store located at 6th and South Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a whimsical illustration of two young girls looking at a jack-in-the-box. The card is printed in shades of pink, blue, and green, with a gold border. The card has a blank back.

This trade card advertises M. Rosenblatt & Son, Keystone Printing House, located at 136 North 3rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a cartoon illustration of a bathhouse attendant on a beach. The attendant is holding a towel and appears to be waiting on customers. In the background, there is a view of the beach with a pier. The back of the card provides a price list for various types of printing, including cards. The card also includes a note stating that they print 5000 cards for $8.75.

This trade card advertises Fleischner's Bazar, a business located at 1026 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of a vase of flowers in front of a decorative backdrop. The card's text also notes that the business offered steel engravings, gold frames, and colored pictures. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Philip Grossman, a dealer in fine cigars, located at 517 Callowhill Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features the text "DEALER IN FINE CIGARS" prominently displayed within a decorative floral border. The address, 517 Callowhill St., is clearly visible below the main text. The overall style and design suggest a late 19th-century origin. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card for N. Snellenburg & Co., located at Fifth, South & Passyunk Avenue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, features a charming illustration of a child getting a shave with a razor. The card is printed in black and white and is rectangular in shape. The front of the card features the company name and address, along with the illustration. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises H. & D. Cohen, clothiers located at 123 N. Eight Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a vase of flowers. The card is a cream color with a black border. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Max Jasner, a retailer of silks, shawls, and dress goods located at 419 South Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card boasts that the business has been established for 36 years. The card features an image of an Indian scene. The text on the card is in English. [Max Jasner was active in Jewish affairs.]

This trade card for Shoneman Brothers, a "well known cheap trimming store," features a whimsical illustration on the front depicting children in a goat-drawn cart that has overturned, with a goat chasing a peacock. The scene is brightly colored and likely intended to be humorous. The business's address is clearly printed below the image: 116, 118, & 120 N. Eighth St., Phila. The back of the card contains a full advertisement, including mention of pocket books.

This trade card advertises E. Nunes, a clothing store located at the corner of 5th, Montgomery, and Germantown Avenues in Philadelphia. The front of the card depicts a child standing on the rigging of a ship. The back of the card lists various clothing items with prices. It also mentions that the store’s inventory was “slightly damaged by the last storm.” The image of the ship may represent a journey, and the mention of damage may refer to a storm that occurred recently in Philadelphia.

This trade card advertises E. Nunes, a clothing merchant in Philadelphia. The front of the card depicts a charming illustration of a child playing a drum aboard a ship. The image is likely meant to evoke a sense of childhood fun and adventure, possibly connecting the clothing sold to youthful energy and playfulness. The style of the illustration, along with the overall aesthetic of the card, suggests it dates from the late 19th century. The back of the card lists clothing items with prices and includes the address: Cor. 5th, Montgomery & Germantown Aves. A handwritten note on the back indicates, "Slightly damaged by last storm."

This trade card advertises H. Muhr's Sons jewelers at 633 & 635 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a young girl holding a jewel, captioned 'Emeraude.' The image is in a black and white style.

Trade card advertising H. Muhr's Sons, jewelers, located at 633 & 635 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card depicts a child with jewels and is dated circa 1885.

This trade card advertises Shoneman Brothers, a well-known cheap trimming store located at 116, 118, 120, and 122 North 8th Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a charming illustration of a young child selling chapbooks on the street. The card is bordered in red with decorative filigree. The back of the card provides more detailed information about the business.

This trade card advertises the Shoneman Brothers' trimming store located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a delivery person carrying a basket down a city street, suggesting the business offered delivery services. The text on the front states, "WELL KNOWN CHEAP TRIMMING STORE, 116, 118, & 120 & 122 N. 8TH STREET." The back of the card contains a more complete advertisement, offering further details about their goods and services. The style of the illustration and typography suggest a date in the late 19th century, consistent with the 1881 date provided.

This trade card advertises Cohen's, a clothing store located at 150 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia. The front of the card depicts a scene of girls gathering wood in a forest setting. The text on the card indicates that the store is located at Erskine's Old Stand. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises P. Ostheim & Son, a clothing store located at 1102-1104 Germantown Ave., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of a woman sitting on a bench. The woman holds a book, and there are flowers in the background. The woman is holding a card with an advertisement. The reverse side of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Rosenblatt, a clothier located at 304 & 306 North Second Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of Cupid with arrows and wings. The illustration is set against a green and white striped background with a thin, brown border. The back of the card provides more detailed information about the business.

This trade card advertises S. B. & M. Fleisher's "Star Braid" textiles. The front of the card features a charming illustration of a child riding a sled made of thread, with a butterfly nearby. This whimsical scene is likely meant to evoke the softness and lightness of the "Star Braid" product. The main text on the front indicates the company's address as 28 S. Sixth Street. The back of the card is also printed with more detailed information about Star Braid. The style of the illustration and the overall design suggest a production date in the late 19th century.

This trade card advertises Shoneman's, located at 116 & 118 N. Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a stylized image of a grasshopper. The back is blank.

This trade card advertises B. J. Potsdamer, a dealer in furs and skins located at 700 Arch Street in Philadelphia. The front of the card depicts a young girl in a blue dress painting an outdoor scene. The back of the card features a full advertisement for B. J. Potsdamer's business. The card is printed in a Victorian style, with a detailed border. The design features a mix of geometric shapes, florals, and a decorative cartouche.

This trade card, featuring a young girl in a red dress painting a scene, advertises B. J. Potsdamer, a retailer of umbrellas and parasols at 700 Arch Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card, which has a black border, is printed on thin cardstock and features a muted green and brown color scheme. The back of the card is a full advertisement for the business, featuring a list of goods offered: parasols, umbrellas, sunshades, canes, and walking sticks. It also includes the address, 700 Arch Street, and the words “Special attention given to repairing.”

This trade card advertises H. Kayser, a clothing manufacturer located at 10 South Second Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card is shaped like a pallet and features an idyllic pastoral scene. It is a landscape scene with a group of cows in a field.

This trade card advertises the Keystone Printing House located at 136 North 3rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a design of two cupids, with the Keystone Printing House name at the bottom and the address above. The back of the card lists prices for similar cards.

This trade card advertises P. Fleischner & Co., a Philadelphia business selling frames, leather goods, stationery, and other unspecified items. The front of the card features an illustration created by Ketterlinus depicting an old sailor in a rowboat, approaching a beach. An artist is seen begging a woman at the seashore, with a bag resting on the sand. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Friedberger & Strouse, a Philadelphia-based business specializing in cloaks, suits, and wraps. The front of the card features a whimsical illustration of a clown, a common trope in advertising of the late 19th century, holding a fan and creating soap bubbles. The image is likely intended to attract attention and associate the business with fun and lightheartedness. Below the illustration, the text clearly states the business name and two addresses: 113 & 115 North Eight St. and 733 Arch Street, Philadelphia. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Shoneman Brothers, a "well-known trimming & fancy goods store" located at 116, 118, 120, & 122 N. 8th Street in Philadelphia. The front of the card features a charming illustration of a dog playing on a beach. The dog is depicted in a playful pose, suggesting a lighthearted and approachable brand image. The illustration style and color palette suggest a late 19th-century aesthetic. Below the image, the business name and address are clearly printed. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises B. J. Potsdamer, a furrier located at 732 Arch Street in Philadelphia. The front of the card features an illustration of a boy dressed in colonial clothing. He stands in front of a brick building and holds a fur coat. The background features a stylized cityscape. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises L. Potsdamer, a dealer in umbrellas and parasols located at 700 Arch Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card depicts a young boy with a spade, standing in the foreground. Behind the boy, a red brick building with a large storefront and signage can be seen, likely representing Potsdamer's shop. The back of the card provides a more detailed advertisement for the business.

This trade card advertises B. J. Potsdamer, a dealer in furs and skins, located at 732 Arch Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a charming illustration of a young girl wearing a colonial-style dress. She appears to be standing on a porch or inside a home, as suggested by the balustrade behind her. The card is bordered with floral embellishments. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises P. Fleischner & Co., purveyors of paper products. The front of the card depicts a whimsical illustration of a boy attempting to steal a pig. The scene is lighthearted and comical, suggesting the playful nature of the business. The style of illustration, combined with the color palette (as seen in the available image), places this piece in the late 19th century, consistent with the estimated date. The business's address, 1026 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, is prominently displayed on the card. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card for Stern Bros. features three cats sitting on a bench. The card does not include an address, but does have an advertisement on the reverse side. The front of the card is printed on a white background, and features a black border. A black border is featured around the advertisement on the back.

This trade card advertises M. H. Moses & Co., purveyors of teas and coffees. The front of the card features a whimsical illustration of a girl comically playing a trombone. The illustration is likely meant to evoke a sense of fun and lightheartedness, which may be associated with the brand's image. The text on the card highlights the company's claim of being "The Oldest and Most Reliable House for Teas and Coffees." Below the illustration is the address: 1530 Third Av., Corner of 86th. The back of the card is blank. There is a second image associated with the record but it is not described in the metadata.

This trade card, featuring a child with a basket of flowers, advertises Jos. Lilienthal, a dry goods store located at 614 N. Second Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card is simple in design, with a white background and the address and name of the store printed in black lettering at the bottom.

This trade card, shaped like an envelope, advertises Fleischmann's Vienna Model Bakery, located at 253-259 North Broad Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features the text “Compliments of Fleischmann's Vienna Model Bakery” and includes the name of the proprietor, C. Edelheim. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Rosenbaum & Co., a dry goods store located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a charming illustration of a basket overflowing with white flowers. The text on the card prominently displays "Fleischner's Old Stand" and the address "208 N. 8th St." The use of flowers suggests a focus on elegance and quality merchandise. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises P. Fleischner & Co., a business described as "The Leading and Popular House." The front of the card features the business's address, 208 North 8th Street, Philadelphia, and the name of their product, "Lilies." The text is elegant and the overall design suggests a late 19th-century aesthetic. The back of the card is blank. Note: The card's description mentions other cards from individuals who purchased their stand; this may suggest a market or fair context for this business.

This trade card advertises Shoneman Brothers' "Cheap Trimming Store." The front of the card features a decorative illustration of dogwood flowers and bluebells, typical of late 19th-century floral designs. The text 'Cheap Trimming Store' is prominently displayed. The back of the card contains the full advertisement, including the business's street address: 116 & 118 North 8th Street, Philadelphia.

This trade card advertises Marks Bros., a manufacturer of ladies' and children's cloaks and suits, located at 8th and Arch Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features two dogs dressed in formal attire. One dog is large and the other is small, sitting in a stately pose on a decorative rug. The smaller dog's paws are crossed, while the larger dog sits with its left paw on the rug. The illustration is detailed and includes elements such as the dogs' collars and the pattern on the rug. The back of the card has the address and business name printed in the lower right-hand corner.

This set of four trade cards advertises Kaufman's, a dry goods store located at 25 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of each card features a floral design. One card shows white lilies, another card shows bluebells, and two cards show smaller lily designs. The backs of the cards provide more detailed information about the business.

This trade card advertises Levi Bros., a clothing store located at 6th & South Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an image of a young girl enjoying a day at the seashore, holding a shovel. The girl is wearing a dress and a bonnet. The back of the card provides a more detailed advertisement, including pricing for the clothing items offered by Levi Bros.

This trade card advertises Levi Brothers, a clothing merchant located at 6th and South Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of three girls at the seashore, looking toward the ocean. The girls wear long dresses with wide, ruffled skirts. The illustration is framed by a blue border with a stylized white wave motif. The back of the card provides more detailed information about the business.

This trade card advertises Samuel Cohen's clothing store located at 9 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia. The front of the card depicts a young girl in a blue dress feeding goldfish in a bowl. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises N. Snellenburg & Co., merchant tailors, located at the southeast corner of Fifth and South Streets in Philadelphia. The front of the card features a whimsical illustration of a cat dressed in human clothing. The cat is depicted sitting upright, and appears to be wearing a jacket, waistcoat, and perhaps trousers. The style of the illustration is characteristic of late 19th-century advertising. Below the illustration, the text 'Merchant Tailors' is clearly visible. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card for Sternberger's Feather, Mattress and Bed Clothing Depot depicts three elves standing in a meadow amongst flowers, one holding a large butterfly. The card is bordered in blue and features a white background. The back of the card contains a full advertisement for the store, including the business's address: 1218 Market Street, Philadelphia.

This trade card advertises Sternberger's, described as the "Old Reliable Feather, Mattress and Bed Clothing Depot." The front of the card features a prominent illustration of a pansy, rendered with considerable detail, suggesting a focus on floral motifs and possibly hinting at the quality and craftsmanship of the bedding products. The back of the card contains an advertisement for the business. The card lists the business' address as 1218 Market Street.

This trade card advertises the clothing store of A. Rosenblatt, located at 304 & 306 North Second Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a child playing a drum, standing in front of a banner with a star of David. The card is surrounded by a decorative border. The back of the card includes a full advertisement for A. Rosenblatt's clothing store.

This trade card advertises N. Rosenau, a dealer in umbrellas, parasols, and canes located at 23 North Eighth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a large, stylized horseshoe and a small illustration of a bird. It's likely that this card is from the front, as the back is blank.

This trade card advertises K. Schuhmacher, a grocer located at 2012 Ridge Avenue in Philadelphia. The front of the card features a portrait of the owner, K. Schuhmacher, facing the viewer. The card also lists two additional locations in Philadelphia: Stalls 201/203 2nd. Ave. and 175/176 Oxford Street. The back of the card features several advertisements for other merchants.

This trade card advertises S. Hirschberg, a jeweler located at 230 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a single red rose, which is the primary subject of the image. The card has a red border. The back of the card is blank.

Trade card advertising Levi Bros., clothiers, located at 6th and South Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card depicts a winter scene. The reverse side contains an advertisement. Circa 1885.

This trade card advertises P. Fleischner & Co., artists' materials dealers, located at 1026 Chestnut Street & 208 North Eighth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of a canoe on a lake. The illustration is in a classic, almost whimsical style, similar to a children's illustration. It is printed in shades of gray, with a dark border. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Sylvan Dalsheimer, a clothier located at 122 North 8th Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a charming illustration of a young girl making a snowball. She wears a red dress and has long, flowing hair. She is surrounded by snow-covered trees and a picket fence. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Eichmann & Meier, a clothing store located at 506 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a design with a vase of roses and lilies. The background has a dark checkered pattern, and the top of the card is a decorative red and white border. The card is printed on heavy stock, typical of trade cards of the period. The back is blank.

This trade card advertises Shoneman Brothers, a millinery and fancy goods store located at 116, 118, and 120 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a sailing ship approaching a city skyline. The city's buildings are detailed, creating a realistic portrayal of an urban scene. The ship, with its billowing sails, appears to be navigating a harbor. The scene evokes a sense of progress and industry, suggesting that Shoneman Brothers is at the heart of a thriving commercial center. [The business is believed to have been active around 1885.]

This trade card advertises P. Fleischner & Co., an art studio located at 1026 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a simple yet elegant design. Red roses with leaves are displayed prominently, tied together with a blue ribbon. The front of the card features a red border. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Fleischner's, a business located at 208 North Eighth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a charming illustration of three children ice skating on a frozen pond. The background is a winter landscape with snow-covered trees and buildings. The illustration is drawn in a simple style, typical of trade cards from the late 19th century. The back of the card is blank.

The front of this trade card features a colorful floral design with red roses. The text on the front indicates the business is located at 25 North Eighth Street. The back of the card includes a full advertisement that lists the products sold by Charles Kaufman's, including laces of all descriptions, gloves, and buttons.

This trade card advertises Charles Kaufman's, a clothier located at 25 North Eighth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a charming illustration of three puppies nestled in a basket of red flowers. The back of the card provides more detailed information about the business.

This trade card advertises Jas. K. Simon, a bookseller located at 29 South Sixth Street above Chestnut Street in Philadelphia. The front of the card features a charming illustration with ducks, frogs, and flowers. The back of the card features a full advertisement for books, encyclopedias, children's books, and standard authors.

This trade card, advertising Rosenbaum & Co., clothiers, at 208 North 8th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, features an Easter-themed illustration. A young boy sits on a large egg, riding the waves of the ocean. A ship is visible in the distance, adding a sense of scale and whimsy to the scene. The illustration evokes themes of new beginnings, growth, and a joyful holiday. The card is likely from the late 19th century.

This trade card advertises H. Sundheim, a dry goods store specializing in ladies' and children's coats. The front of the card features a simple design of a rose and leaves, possibly printed in a muted color palette.  Below the floral motif, the business name, and a description of the goods sold, "Dry Goods, Ladies', and Children Coats," are prominently displayed. The address, 318 N. Second St., is also clearly visible on the card. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Shoneman Brothers, located at 116, 118, & 120 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card displays an illustration of two men in a forest hunting. One man is holding a bow and arrow while the other carries a dead deer. The back of the card lists the store's products: ornaments, silks, fringes, buttons, handmade leather satchels, and pocketbooks.

This trade card advertises I. Bedichimer, a jeweler located at 160 North Second Street, Philadelphia. The card features a black background with delicate white flowers and a lilac branch with white flowers. The business name, 'I. Bedichimer,' is displayed prominently, along with the address. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises N. Snellenburg & Co., a hatters and furnishers located at Fifth, South & Passyunk Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features the flag of Turkey in the upper right corner. The back of the card has an advertisement for the company with an abbreviation, possibly for a business related to a Masonic group.

This trade card advertises Julius Sichel's millinery goods store located at 105, 107, and 109 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a charming illustration of two white kittens nestled inside a basket. A sprig of red roses is perched on the edge of the basket.

Trade card advertising the Atlantic Clothing House, located at 204 North Second Street, above Race Street, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card depicts a caricature of two Black boys falling off a donkey, with a man observing in the background. Circa 1885.

Trade card for the Atlantic Clothing House located at 204 North Second Street, above Race Street, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card depicts a caricature of Black boys chasing chickens. The date is circa 1885.

Trade card advertising the Atlantic Clothing House, located at 204 North Second Street, above Race Street, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card depicts a caricature of two Black boys attempting to rouse a donkey. The approximate date is circa 1885.

This trade card advertises Shoneman Brothers, a clothing store located at 116, 118, and 120 N. Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a simple illustration of three puppies sitting outside of a basket. The text on the card reads 'WELL KNOWN ESTABLISHMENT'. The back of the card provides more information about the business.

This trade card advertises N. Snellenburg & Co., a clothing store located at 318 South Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a woodland scene with a turkey. The back of the card is blank. This card was exhibited at the Library of Congress in Cincinnati during 2005.

This trade card advertises N. Snellenburg & Co., a clothing store located at 318 South Street, Philadelphia. The card features a boy hunter with a turkey behind him and a rabbit at his feet. The card has a red border with gold lettering and a gold background with black lettering. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Friedberger & Strouse, a dress trimming business in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features two large, brightly colored birds perched on a branch of a stylized tree. The birds have golden crowns, blue bodies, and yellow throats. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises D. Cohen, a clothier located at 31 & 33 North Eighth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of a girl in bed clothes sitting on a sofa reading a book. She is wearing a white dress and has long, dark hair. The girl's left hand rests on the book, while her right hand rests on a red cushion. The card is printed in black and white, with a red border. The back of the card is blank. The card has a red border around the illustration.

This trade card advertises M. Kaufman's, a dry goods store located at 25 North Eighth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a charming illustration of a young girl gathering water from a well. She is wearing a blue and white dress, holding a pitcher in one hand, and a bucket in the other. There are trees and shrubs in the background. The back of the card is fully printed with advertisements.

This trade card advertises Shoneman Brothers, a trimming and fancy goods store located at 116, 118, 129 & 122 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a stylized image of a dog lying on a beach, with its paws resting on a piece of bark. The dog's head is turned slightly to the right, and its tail is curled around its body. The background is a simple design of sand and water, and the overall aesthetic is fairly simple and understated. The back of the card is blank.

This fan-shaped trade card advertises Mme. D. Potsdamer's millinery shop. The front of the card features a charming illustration of a branch of red roses.  The text on the front indicates that the shop specialized in trimmed hats and bonnets for Spring and Summer of 1880. The address, 440 North Eighth Street, is prominently displayed. The back of the card is a full advertisement, though the details are not visible in the provided image.

This trade card advertises the shoe store of S. Eckstein located at 841 South Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card is adorned with decorative floral illustrations, framing the business's advertisement and the information that S. Eckstein is the first shoe store below Ninth Street.

This trade card from Fleischner's, a clothing store located at 1026 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, celebrates Thanksgiving. The card is a promotional advertisement that features a charming illustration of a girl teaching a dog tricks using treats. She holds up her right hand and points to the dog, while holding a stick in her left hand. The dog appears to be retrieving the stick. The card is part of a series of three, as indicated by the inscription “Three of three”.

This trade card advertises Ely, Hunsberger & Ely, dry goods merchants located at 1220 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of three children playing. A young boy walks off with a girl. The card has a decorative border.

This trade card for L.J. Levi, a Philadelphia-based retailer at 1809 Ridge Avenue, is a vertical card with a red border. The front of the card displays a vase of red and white roses against a textured background. The back of the card advertises a large assortment of toys, wood willow and tinware, and offers wringer and basket repair services.

This trade card advertises Rosenbaum, an artist's studio located at 208 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a frog holding a hat with a hole in the bottom. Two children, doll-like in appearance, are nearby. The card is printed with gold and green colors. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Rosenbaum & Co., located at 208 North Eighth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts two birds perched among flowers. The text '100,000 Gifts' and 'Moderate Prices' are also displayed, indicating the wide selection of items and competitive pricing offered by the store. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Kaufman's, a dry goods and notions store located at 25 North Eighth Street, Philadelphia. The front of the card depicts two boys. The boy at the top of the card is standing on a tree branch, while the boy below him is positioned on the ground. The back of the card lists the items for sale: gloves and notions of all kinds.

This trade card advertises Shoneman Brothers, wholesale and retail clothiers, located at 116, 118, 120, 122 North Eighth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of two children playing in the sand. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Sellheim's, located at 1222 Girard Avenue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card advertises the sale of embroideries, silks, and art in needlework. The card also states that the business provides stamping and embroidering services. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises DeYoung & Bro., a jewelry store located at 704 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a woman sitting on a leaf, holding a fan. The text on the card states that the store sells watches, silverware, clocks, and toilet sets. They are also offering $250,000 in reductions. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card for P. Fleischner & Co., clothiers, features a whimsical illustration of a cat dangling a string out of a window. A bug sits on the string below. The cat is shown knocking a kitten off of a table, which is depicted as a different scene on the back of the card. On the back of the card, several kittens are sleeping on a table, with a cat looking at a bug dangling from a string. The cat and kittens are depicted in sepia tones, adding a vintage feel to the image.

This trade card advertises Samuel Cohen, a ladies' and children's clothing merchant located at 9 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a simple illustration of a girl's head in the center. Her dress has a pointed collar. The back of the card is blank.

This fan-shaped trade card advertises Mme. D. Potsdamer's millinery shop. The front of the card features a design of roses on an open fan. The back of the card states that the shop specializes in hats and bonnets and includes the date L890 (likely 1890). The address, S. W. Cor. Eighth and Nobel Street, 440 N. Eighth, is also printed on the card.

This trade card advertises J. Rothschild, located at 1022 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts six children dressed in Scottish attire, holding a flag. The image has a red border. The back of the card is blank.

This is one of six trade cards for J. Rothschild, a business located at 1022 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of this card features a boy and a girl holding a red and gold flag and waving it in the air. There is a red border on the card. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises J. Rothschild, a dress goods store located at 1022 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia. The front of the card features a charming illustration of a young girl and boy in a park-like setting. The girl is wearing a green hat with a bow, and the boy is holding a green flag. The back of the card is blank.

This is one of six trade cards for J. Rothschild, a retailer located at 1022 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a whimsical illustration of a boy and a girl ice skating. They are wrapped in a flag, adding a patriotic touch to the scene. The front of the card is in color and the back is blank.

This trade card advertises J. Rothschild, a dress accessory retailer located at 1022 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a colorful illustration of a girl and a boy holding a green, white, and red flag. The flag is a prominent feature of the card, suggesting a patriotic theme. The back of the card is blank.

This is one of six trade cards, advertising J. Rothschild, a retailer of dress accessories located at 1022 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of a boy and a girl in uniform, wrapped in a flag. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Miss E. Levy, a dealer in leather goods and fans, located at 1018 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a sprig of autumn leaves in the center and a white background. The front of the card displays the business name and address in a simple font. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises M. Kaufman's, a fancy goods store located at 25 N. Eighth Street, Philadelphia. The front of the card features an illustration of a young girl giving her doll a bath. The doll is seated in a porcelain bathtub, and the girl is holding a pitcher, while the doll's head is immersed in the water. The back of the card lists the store's inventory, which includes gloves, threads, ornaments, buttons, and other fancy goods.

This trade card advertises Friedberger & Strouse, a clothing store located at 113 & 115 North 8th Street and 733 Arch Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a young girl standing on a large snowball. The girl is dressed in a dark coat with a white collar and a white bonnet. She is holding a small package. The image appears to be part of a larger illustration, as only the girl's lower half and the snowball are visible. There is no text on the back of the card.

This trade card advertises Harry Kayser, a hatter located at No. 10 Sputh Second Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an interesting illustration of two vegetable-like figures. A large cauliflower and a large bean with a face are standing on a giant foot with a shoe. A fly is hovering above them. The back of the card is blank.

This is one of two trade cards for H. Muhr's Sons, jewelers located at 633 & 635 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a woman in a blue harem-style dress standing on a turquoise leaf. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises H. Muhr's Sons, jewelers located at 633 & 635 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a woman in a yellow harem-style dress standing on a stylized, topaz-shaped leaf. The front of the card is dominated by the image of the woman; the business name and address are at the bottom. The reverse is blank.

This trade card for B. J. Potsdamer, a furrier located at 732 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, features an illustration of a polar bear attacking a seal. The front of the card also includes a poem advertising Potsdamer's services. The back of the card provides further advertising information. The back also features an image of a woman standing in front of a coat, with the inscription “B. J. Potsdamer, Fashionable Furs & Fur Trimmings, 732 Arch Street.”

This trade card advertises Fleischner's, a paperhanging firm located at 1026 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a charming illustration of a cherub sitting on a tree branch, with plums falling from a can. The image is surrounded by a decorative border. The front of the card is the only side depicted.

This trade card, likely from around 1885, advertises Fleischner's clothing store located at 1026 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a New Year's greeting illustration of a boy flying on a large red kite. The kite has a large, black number “1” with a smaller “9” on the bottom. The boy is wearing a black and white cap and a long, black coat. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card from Fleischner's, located at 1026 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, offers a New Year's greeting. The front of the card depicts a charming illustration of a boy interacting with a grasshopper. The style of the illustration and the overall aesthetic suggest a late 19th-century origin. The back of the card is blank. The card advertises paper products.

This record contains a trade card from the Matinee Cigar Factory, offering a coupon for a nickel watch. The front of the card shows a small illustration of the watch, with text indicating that sending $1.00 will redeem the coupon. The text on the front also advertises "Matinee Cigars." The back of the card (image 2) is a full advertisement for the Matinee Cigar Factory. The advertisement is largely text-based, promoting their cigars and the watch offer. The style suggests a late 19th-century origin.

This trade card advertises S. Simon, a clothier located at the corner of 12th and South Streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of a ball player in blue and black sepia tones. The illustration is detailed and appears to be part of a larger scene that has been cropped for the card. The back of the card includes additional information about the business.

This trade card advertises S. Bernstein, a jeweler located at 1214 North Second Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a charming illustration of a boy with messy hair speaking to a dog near a fence. The illustration is printed in blue sepia on white. The back of the card is blank.

Trade card advertising the business of S. Bernstein, jeweler and optician, located at 1214 North Second Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card depicts a scene with a man falling, and is circa 1885.

This trade card advertises S. Bernstein, a jeweler and watchmaker located at 1214 North Second Street, Philadelphia. The card features an illustration of a sailboat in shades of blue, yellow, and pink, and a smaller illustration of a clock and watch. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises the business of S. Bernstein, a jeweler located at 1214 North Second Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a colorful illustration of a gondola adorned in blues, yellows, and pale reds. The gondola is positioned in the center of the card, with a decorative border surrounding it. The front of the card features a border of a geometric design. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises S. C. Levy & Co., a jewelry store with locations at 1817 Ridge Avenue, Philadelphia and DeKalb and Airy Streets, Norristown, Pennsylvania. The card features a sepia-toned illustration of a woman wearing a large hat with a wide brim. The woman's hair is styled in a bun, and she is dressed in a dark, possibly velvet, dress. The background of the card is a simple design, possibly a light blue or a light green. The back of the card contains more detailed information about the business.

This trade card advertises P. Fleischner & Co., located at 1026 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features an illustration of a woman wearing a shoe that serves as a boat while children sit on the edge of the shore. The woman is surrounded by water and palm trees. On the back of the card, there is information about the business.

This trade card advertises P. Fleischner & Co., a clothing store located at 1026 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a charming illustration of a young boy proposing to a young man. An older woman (presumably the man's mother) is watching. The card is printed in sepia tones on a gold background.

This trade card advertises P. Fleischner & Co., a paper goods manufacturer located at 1026 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. The front of the card depicts a young man proposing to a young woman, while an older woman looks on. The couple is standing in a park-like setting. The text 'ACT 2' is visible on the front of the card. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises P. Fleischner & Co., an artists' studio located at 1026 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. The front of the card features a charming illustration of a young man proposing to another young man, with an older woman looking on. The scene suggests a romantic engagement or a playful scene of two men in courtship. The illustration is set against a green background. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Henry Peritz, a clothier at 1721 Ridge Avenue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a decorative illustration of a flower vase with white, pink, and yellow peonies. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises P. Fleischner & Co., a retailer of fancy leather goods located at 1026 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of 'Jack and Jill' going up a hill with a bucket, and a group of geese. There is also a gold background on the card. There is no text on the back of the card.

This trade card advertises I. Bedichimer, a retailer of watches, jewelry, and silverware. The front of the card is simple in design. A sprig of red flowers is depicted at the top. The business name and address, 616 Chestnut Street, are prominently displayed. The card's quality appears to be cardboard. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Wiener Brothers, grocers located at 1227 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. The front of the card features an intricate illustration of a cityscape, with buildings, a church, and a horse-drawn carriage. The back of the card lists the services offered by Wiener Brothers, including fancy fruits and groceries for weddings and parties. The card is printed in black ink on white paper with a decorative border.

Trade card advertising Fleischmann's Vienna Model Bakery, located at 253-259 North Broad Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card depicts two fashionably dressed little girls. The date is circa 1885.

This trade card advertises Shoneman's, a Philadelphia business selling job lots from auction. The front of the card features text predominantly. The text indicates the business's location: "Eleventh Street, half square below Chestnut; formerly Jones Old Stand." The style suggests a late 19th-century origin. The back of the card is blank. There is a second image in the record, but it is not described in the metadata.

This trade card advertises N. Snellenburg & Co. located at Market and 12th Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card is a cut-out design of three children facing away from the viewer with their backs to the viewer. The children are wearing colorful clothing. The back of the card depicts the same three children looking over a fence, with a cat on the ground and a butterfly in flight. A boy in the scene has a butterfly net. The card features soft pastel colors.

This trade card advertises Jesse Rosenbaum, a clothier located at 119 North Eighth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a portrait of John Hancock in black sepia. The back of the card provides more detailed information about the business.

This trade card advertises J. Meier & Bro., a clothing store in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a summer scene with three children and a dog playing in a garden. The children are dressed in bright clothing and are enjoying themselves outdoors. The card has a pink sepia tone and is printed on gray paper. The back of the card contains a full advertisement for the store.

This is a trade card for J. Meier & Bro., a clothing merchant in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts three children and a dog playing in a spring setting. The image has a pink sepia tone on a gray background. The back of the card features an advertisement for the business. This is card 2 of a set of 2.

This trade card, one of two, advertises Jesse Rosenbaum, a clothier located at 119 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a sepia-toned portrait of John Adams. The back of the card provides more details about the business.

This record contains two trade cards for Jesse Rosenbaum, a ladies' and children's clothing retailer located at 119 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia. The front of the first card features a sepia-toned illustration of a girl's head and shoulders, her hands clasped under her chin. The second card displays a full advertisement on the back, which is not visible in the provided image. The front of the second card is not visible in the provided image. The business name and address are visible on the back of one card, and the name 'Marie Louise' is also noted on the back.

This trade card advertises the clothing business of Jesse Rosenbaum, located at 119 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a black and sepia illustration of a woman’s head with a Turkish-style headdress, set against a background of floral motifs. The back of the card is a full advertisement for the business and includes the name Millie Cook. A second, blank card is also included in this record.

This trade card advertises S. Hirschberg, a watchmaker and jeweler located at 230 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of a young girl in a red dress holding a pillow with flowers. She is wearing red boots. The back of the card contains a full advertisement for the business, including the date of its establishment, 1860.

This trade card advertises Bedichimer's Jewelers located at 616 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a painting-like illustration of a young boy and girl in a garden. They are looking directly at the viewer, as if out of the picture. The background features a grassy lawn with trees in the distance. The card's border and the background of the picture are gold.

This trade card for Shoneman Brothers, a well-known cheap trimming store, features a hand holding roses and a large, bold text box announcing the store's address: 116, 118, & 120 North 8th Street, Philadelphia. The card also has text in smaller type, suggesting a more detailed advertisement on the back. The front of the card is framed with a red border. The back of the card is not included in the images.

This trade card advertises Ph. J. Cohn's, a business located at 244 N. Second Street, Philadelphia. The front of the card features a large, stylized rose in the center. The rose is in a yellow-orange color with a white center, and the petals are outlined in black. The back of the card provides more detailed information about the business.

This trade card for H. Sundheim, a dry goods merchant, features a large rose illustration. The address, 318 N. Second Street, is printed below the rose. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card for H. Sundheim, a dry goods retailer, features a small rose in a blue bow. The address, 318 N. Second Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is printed on the card. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises S. Shoneman, a dry goods and dress accessories store located at 101 South Eleventh Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a young girl sitting on a stone bench with two dogs at her side. The scene includes flowers, a rabbit, and a brick wall. The back of the card includes a full advertisement for the business.

Trade card advertising Samuel Cohen's fine shoe store, located at 7 & 9 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features an illustration of a boy and girl in Greek attire walking in a park. The card notes that there are "NO BRANCH STORES." The card is undated, but its style suggests it dates from circa 1885. The card is from the collection of Judaica Americana.

This trade card advertises N. Snellenburg & Co., a merchant tailor located at the southeast corner of 5th and South Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a young woman holding a bouquet of flowers. She wears a black dress and white collar, with her hair styled in a bun. The card includes the text 'Merchant Tailors' in an elegant font. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises the business of Chapman Raphael, a clothier located at 213 & 215 South Second Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a caricature of a Black man playing a horn while wearing striped pants. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Adolph Heller, a manufacturer of ladies' and children's clothing located at 21 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia. The front of the card features a single red rose with a green stem and leaves on a plain background. The back of the card provides more detailed information about the business.

This trade card advertises Kaufman's, a clothing and dry goods store located at 25 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a stylized red rose on a branch, adding a touch of elegance. The card has a red border and the business name is written in black in a simple, bold font. The back of the card contains a more detailed advertisement.

This trade card, one of two, advertises Samuel Cohen, a clothing merchant located at 9 North 8th Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of a soldier looking in the window of a shop. The image is simple but evocative, suggesting the quality and variety of goods available at the store. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Samuel Cohen, a clothier located at 9 N. 8th Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a woman walking a dog on a leash. The woman appears to be passing by a butcher shop. The back of the card contains more information about the business.

This trade card advertises Samuel Cohen, a clothier at 9 N. 8th Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card is printed on yellow paper and decorated with a rose and sprigs. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Morris Myers, a clothier located at No. 16 N 2nd St, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of a boy hunting a turkey and a rabbit with a bow and arrow. The back of the card is blank, with a full advertisement of Morris Myers’ business.

This trade card advertises Morris' Myers, a clothier located at No. 16 North 2nd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a storefront scene with a tall man standing by a window that showcases balloons and other goods. There are women visible inside the store. The back of the card contains an advertisement for the business. This card is one of five in the set.

This trade card advertises C. I. Rosenau, a clothier located at 23 North Street and Girard Avenue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a simple black and white illustration of a young messenger boy carrying a package. The back of the card contains the business advertisement.

This trade card, one of five in the set, advertises Morris' Myers, a clothier located at No. 16 N 2nd St., Philadelphia. The front of the card features a charming illustration of children looking at a street scene. The back of the card contains advertising for the business.

This trade card advertises Sternberger's Furniture at 1218 Market Street, Philadelphia. The front of the card features a stylized red rose on a branch. The back of the card contains a full advertisement for the business.

This trade card advertises Shoneman Brothers, milliners and fancy goods merchants located at 116, 118, and 120 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of a hand holding red roses. The back of the card is a full advertisement. This is one of seven trade cards that are in this record. The other cards in the record include trade cards from Joseph Jacobs and M.L. Rosenberg & Co. The other cards in the record also have illustrated fronts and blank backs.

This trade card advertises Philip Effinger's, a dry goods store located at 1050 N. Second Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card is rectangular and features a sprig of flowers in the center. The business name is written at the top of the card in a script font. The back of the card is blank. The front of the card is printed on thin paper with a slightly yellowed tone and the flowers appear to be printed in shades of purple, blue, and green. The card is smaller than average. The card is approximately 2.5 inches by 3.5 inches.

This trade card advertises Friedberger & Strouse, a wholesale dress trimming and millinery goods business located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a stylized image of a sprig of flowers framed by two clasped hands. The front of the card lists the business's addresses: 113 & 115 Eigth Street (presumably for retail) and 33 Arch Street for wholesale. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises N. Snellenburg & Co., described as "One Price Clothiers." The front of the card is predominantly red, featuring a simple design of a sprig of daisies in the upper left corner. The business's name and address are clearly printed: N. E. Cor. 5th and South St., which indicates the location in Philadelphia. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Morris Myers, a clothier located at 16 N 2nd Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a decorative border with a pattern of birds and flowers surrounding the text. The back of the card is filled with an advertisement.

This trade card advertises Morris Meyers, a clothier located at 16 N. 2nd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a charming illustration of people picking apples in an orchard. There are three figures in the illustration. The back of the card provides more detailed information about the business.

This trade card advertises P. Fleischner & Co., a dealer of fancy articles, located at 1026 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a decorative design of blue and red flowers. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises P. Fleischner & Co., located at 1026 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features an illustration of daisies on a red background, and text that reads “Holiday Goods.” The front of the card also features a red border. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Shoneman Brothers, a business specializing in dress trimmings, located at 116, 118, & 120 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features two kittens nestled in a basket, surrounded by a sprig of roses. The back of the card contains a full advertisement for the business.

This trade card advertises Shoneman Brothers, a dress trimming and button store located at 116, 118, & 120 N. Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a simple, black and white illustration of a dog in front of a doghouse. The dog is facing the viewer and has a playful expression. The back of the card provides more detailed information about the business.

This trade card advertises Shoneman Brothers, a dress accessory store located at 116, 118, & 120 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features two, elegant, colorful rose illustrations. The back of the card provides more detailed information about the business.

This trade card advertises Shoneman Brothers, a clothing business located at 116, 118, & 120 N. Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a whimsical illustration of a dog and a bird perched on a sprig of flowers. The background of the card is not pictured and it is unclear if it is plain or if it contains another image. The back of the card is full of advertising copy, which is not pictured in the image.

This trade card advertises Shoneman Brothers, a dress goods store in Philadelphia. The front of the card depicts a baby sitting in a highchair. The baby is holding a quill pen and a small bottle of ink and is seemingly writing in a book on the table. The back of the card contains a full advertisement. This image appears to be a second card from the same company. The image on the second card is not as clear but depicts a man on the left and a woman on the right holding some sort of drapery or fabric.

This trade card advertises the clothing and dry goods business of N. Rosenau & M. M. Newman, located at 23 North Eighth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a charming illustration of two children playing in a field of wheat, with a dog lying in the foreground. The background includes a fence and a house. The card is bordered in gold, with a small blue banner at the top, reading 'Rosenau & Newman.' The back of the card features an advertisement for the business.

This trade card advertises M. Sessler, a clothing retailer specializing in suits and cloaks. The front of the card features an illustration of a young girl blindfolding a dog. The scene appears to be taking place in a park-like setting with a fence in the background. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises N. Snellenburg & Co., showcasing their selection of "The Best American and Foreign Woollens." The front of the card features a depiction of a storefront or display case filled with bolts of fabric. The display shows an assortment of textiles with several national flags visible near the materials. The business's address, Market and Twelfth Street, is indicated on the card. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises S. Shoneman's store, located at 101 South Eleventh St., Philadelphia, PA (first store below Chestnut St.). The front of the card features a whimsical illustration of a Black man shaving a pig. The image is a caricature that uses humor to promote the business; however, it is important to acknowledge the racist imagery present. The illustration is predominantly in black and white, with simple linework and shading, highlighting the contrast between the barber and his unusual client. The back of the card is fully covered in additional advertisement text, although the content is not visible in the provided image.

This trade card advertises the clothing store P. Ostheim & Son, located at 1102-1104 Germantown, Corner Second Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a well-dressed man. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises L. Meyerhoff's clothing store located at 222 South Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a humorous illustration of people ice skating. Figures wearing colorful hats and clothing are shown skating on a frozen pond. One figure has fallen down on the ice and is being helped up by another. The text '222 SOUTH STREET' appears on the card below the skating scene. The back of the card contains a full advertisement.

This trade card advertises I. Bedichimer, a jeweler located at 616 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a decorative arrangement of flowers. The background is a soft, muted color. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises J. A. Goldbeck, a furniture dealer located at 426 North Second Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a detailed illustration of a large, ornate singer sewing machine. The back of the card is fully dedicated to advertising the business and lists several types of furniture sold, including bedroom sets, parlor suites, and dining room furniture.

This trade card for P. Fleischner & Co. features a comical illustration of a man at the beach holding a bathing girl aloft on a long rod. The style is whimsical and light-hearted, possibly intended to be humorous. The image is in color, with bright, saturated hues. Below the illustration, the address is clearly printed: 208 North Eighth Street...Fleischner's Old Stand. The card's text mentions the card was part of the Library of Congress Exhibit in Cincinnati (AJA) during 2005. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises S. Hirschberg, a jeweler located at 250 North 8th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a girl picking roses in a garden setting, suggesting a sense of elegance and beauty associated with the business. The back of the card lists prices and includes other details about the business.

This trade card advertises D. Klein & Bro., a clothier with locations in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Manayunk, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of a boy in a colonial-era costume. He is dressed in knee breeches, a waistcoat, a powdered wig, and stockings. The card announces the address of the Philadelphia store: 1112 Market Street. The card also announces the location of their branch store: 4327 Main Street, Manayunk, Pennsylvania. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises D. Klein & Bro., a clothing retailer located at 1112 Market Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features an illustration of a woman in colonial dress. The front of the card includes an ad for the business' branch store located at 4327 Main Street in Manayunk, Pennsylvania. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises G. A. Weisgerber, located at 225 Dock Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. [Weisgerber's store was located opposite the Exchange Building.] The front of the card features a young girl holding a bouquet of flowers. She is wearing a dress with a floral pattern. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Gerson's, a millinery store located at 42 North 8th Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features an illustration of a woman's bust, wearing a large hat and a decorative lace collar. The bust is surrounded by a floral pattern. The business's address is printed below the bust. It is not clear if the back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Rosenblatt, a retailer of ladies' clothing, located at 304 & 306 North Second Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card displays the name "LILLY" prominently, which might be a brand name or a reference to a specific item or style of clothing sold by the store. The address is clearly printed beneath it. The back of the card is fully printed with additional advertising details, although the text is not legible in the available image. The style of the card suggests it's from the late 19th century.

This trade card advertises Rosenbaum & Co., a dry goods retailer located at 208 North 8th Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a basket of blue flowers. The card is likely from the business that took over the space previously known as 'Fleischner's Old Stand'. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises P. Fleischner & Co., artists' material dealers located at 1026 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a simple illustration of a boy and a girl reading. The image is in black and white. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Shoneman Brothers, a “Cheap Trimming Store” located at 116 & 118 North 8th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a child sitting in a highchair. The back of the card has a full advertisement for the business.

The front of this trade card advertises Gerson's, a business selling dress accessories. The card features a pleasant illustration of a young woman dressed in a white dress and standing in a beach scene, looking out at the ocean. The card's text is partially cut off, but the address, 42 N. 8th Street, is visible. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Gerson's, a retail establishment at 42 N. 8th Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a young girl holding a pair of ice skates. The back of the card is blank.

A folding trade card for the Chicago Corset Company, featuring Adelina Patti, circa 1885. Printed on all four sides and advertising the company's location at 11 N. Eighth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Part of the collection of Judaica Americana.

This trade card advertises Rosenbaum & Co., a dry goods store located at 208 N. 8th Street in Philadelphia. The front of the card features a comical illustration of a child, holding a wooden sword, being knocked over by a broom. The child is wearing a blue dress and a black hat. The illustration is surrounded by a border. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Isaacs' One Price Clothing House in Philadelphia. The front of the card features a charming illustration of a cherubic figure holding a flower. The address, 1726 Ridge Avenue, is prominently displayed below the image. The back of the card features a full advertisement for Isaacs' One Price Clothing House.

This trade card advertises S. R. Weil, a clothing dealer located at 2138 North Front Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a charming illustration of children in a sailboat. The sailboat is white with yellow sails and is surrounded by water and sky. There is a small figure standing in the water in front of the boat. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Merscher Bros., clothiers located at 521 Poplar Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a winter scene with a family walking toward a church. The family is dressed in warm winter attire and the background includes snow-covered trees and a church steeple.

This trade card advertises M. Mendelsohn, located at 320 N. Second Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card displays a delicate illustration of a bird feeding its chicks, set against a colorful background. The text on the card proclaims 'HAIR GOODS A SPECIALTY.' The back of the card is blank.

This trade card is shaped like an envelope. It is a printed advertisement for Fleischmann's Vienna Model Bakery, located at 253 to 259 North Broad Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a birds nest. The back is blank. The proprietor of the business is C. Edelheim.

This trade card advertises M. Kaufman's, a dry goods store located at 25 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a cherub with a wreath. The back of the card includes a full advertisement.

This trade card advertises A. Ostheim & Bro., a clothing and tailoring business located at 510 Market Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of children fishing with a net in a river. The card is surrounded by a red border and has a red and blue logo. The back of the card is blank.

This die-cut trade card, shaped like a pallet, depicts a lively scene of a boy engaged in a fight on the deck of a ship. The image is dynamic, with the boy shown in a moment of action. The style of illustration and the overall aesthetic suggest a late 19th-century origin.  The card also prominently displays the business address: 616 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Mme. D. Potsdamer, a dressmaker located at the Southwest corner of Eighth and Noble Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a die-cut design in the shape of a fan. The illustration shows a young boy talking to a girl over a fence. The card has a green border. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises N. Snellenburg & Co. The card is printed in black and white and features a humorous image of a dog seated in a chair reading a newspaper. The dog wears a hat, a bow tie, and a vest and holds a monocle. The front of the card also lists the company's address, located at Fifth, South & Passyunk Ave and Market & 12th Streets. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises George S. Katz, a jeweler located at 1929 Germantown Avenue, Philadelphia. The front of the card features a large pink rose with green leaves. The design is set against a cream background. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card, a souvenir from a business opening, depicts a picturesque lake scene with sailboats. The front of the card features a serene landscape, likely intended to evoke a sense of tranquility and prosperity. The business's address is printed at the bottom, clearly stating "31 N. EIGHT ST...FACING FILBERT." The back of the card includes an advertisement, announcing "RECENTLY COMPLETED IMPROVEMENTS." The style of the illustration and typography suggests a late 19th-century origin. The back of the card is not blank; it contains an advertisement.

This trade card advertises P. Fleischner & Co., a paper products company located at 1026 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a comical illustration of a boy and a girl under an umbrella on a seaside beach with a sailor in the background. The boy and girl appear to be trying to listen in on a conversation. The image includes a ship in the distance.

This trade card advertises the business of N. Rosenau, located at 23 North 8th Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a small sailboat as the primary image, with a simple illustration of a sailboat with a red sail. The front of the card includes the address and the store name. The back is blank.

This trade card advertises the clothing business of Samuel Cohen in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a charming illustration of a young girl smelling a red rose bush. The text on the card indicates Cohen's location at 7 & 9 North 8th Street, above Market Street, on the east side. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Rosenau & Cohen, Milliners and Dressmakers, located at 23 North 8th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a charming illustration of two children walking through a hay field. The children are wearing clothing typical of the late 19th century. The card has a red border. The back of the card has a full advertisement for Rosenau & Cohen.

This trade card for N. Snellenburg & Co. features a whimsical illustration related to the phrase "Over the Garden Wall." The specific illustration is not described further in the source material. The card also includes the business's address: Fifth, South & Passyunk Ave, Philadelphia. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Rosenbaum & Co., a dry goods merchant located at 208 North Eighth Street, Philadelphia. The front of the card depicts a baby standing in a crib. The background is a light blue color with a red stripe at the bottom. The back of the card contains an advertisement. The back of the card is not blank.

This trade card advertises C. Raphael, a clothier located at 213 & 215 South Second Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of a boy playing a flute. The back of the card contains a full advertisement for the business.

This trade card advertises A. Heineman, a clothier located at 140 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a simple design with a young boy looking at a snail on the front. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Friedberger & Strouse, a Philadelphia retailer of dress trimmings. The front of the card features a colorful illustration of a butterfly perched on a flower. The design is framed by a decorative border with the business name in a prominent display at the top. The card includes the address: 113 & 115 North Eighth Street, Philadelphia. The back of the card contains a full advertisement for the business, along with a 1877 calendar. This card is likely from 1877, as the calendar on the back includes a date of 1877.

This trade card advertises S. Leopold & Bro., a clothing store located at 504 Market Street in Philadelphia. The front of the card features an illustration of a carnation, a symbol of love and affection. The back of the card is blank.

Trade card advertising I. Kratzenstein's dry goods store located at 1040 North Second Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features an illustration of cats playing ball and the text "MY TURN NEXT". Published circa 1885.

This trade card advertises Jos. A. Mastbaum, a clothing retailer located at the southeast corner of 6th and South Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of a young girl dressed as a maid, holding open a box that appears to contain clothing. The illustration is simple and elegant. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Jos. A. Mastbaum, a clothier located at the southeast corner of 6th & South Streets in Philadelphia. The card features a child dressed in fancy clothing and holding a dress. The child appears to be wearing a skirt, blouse, and hat, and is holding a dress in their hands. The front of the card features a large, colorful illustration of the child and a small inscription with the business name and location. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Jos. A. Mastbaum, a children's clothing retailer located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card showcases a charming illustration of a well-dressed child holding a fan. The child's attire suggests the clothing sold by the business. The image is likely a depiction of a child wearing fashionable clothing. Below the image, the address is indicated as 'S. E. Corner 6th & South.' The back of the card is blank.

Trade card advertising Rosenbaum & Co., located at 208 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card depicts a comical man singing and mentions "Fleischner's Old Stand." The card is dated circa 1885.

This trade card advertises Armand Dalsheimer, a clothing merchant located at 134 & 136 North Eight Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a comical illustration of a man with an oversized head. The illustration appears to be a parody of traditional clothing advertisements. The card is primarily white with black ink, with a faint yellow background. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Samuel Cohen, a clothier located at No. 7 & 9 Eight Street, Philadelphia. The front of the card depicts a young girl in a pink dress playing jump rope. She is holding a string of flowers in one hand. She is wearing a white hat with a blue bow. She is jumping over the rope with a yellow hoop and wearing a pink skirt. The card is printed on thick, glossy paper. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Hassler's Factory, an umbrella maker located at 224 North Eight Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a detailed illustration of a sailboat docked next to the city skyline. The back of the card includes more information about the business, and its products.

This trade card advertises Chas. Kaufman, a dry goods and notions store located at 25 N. Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a large, stylized tulip. The image suggests a focus on textiles, possibly referencing the types of goods sold. The back of the card displays an advertisement; the specifics of the advertisement are not visible in the provided image.

This trade card advertises Newgarden Bros., a ribbon box located at 232 North 8th Street and 229 1/2 South Street in Philadelphia. The front of the card features two red roses against a cream-colored background. The back of the card provides the full business name, 'Eighth Street Ribbon Box,' and lists their addresses.

This trade card advertises H. Kayser, a hatter, located at 10 South Second Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a woman in an Oriental-style dress. The illustration is likely a stereotypical representation of Asian women, reflecting prevalent racial biases during that time. Below the illustration, the text clearly states the business's name and address, along with the phrase 'One Price Hatter.' The back of the card is blank. There is another image in the record that is also associated with the business.

This trade card, advertising D. Klein & Bro., features a comical illustration on the front of a tall man ice skating with the caption, “Low Bridge”. The image is likely intended to be humorous, possibly referencing the man's height and the challenges of navigating crowded streets or perhaps a popular form of entertainment from the period. The card also provides two addresses: 918 Market Street (next door to the New Post Office) and 4327 Main St. The back of the card is fully printed with additional advertisements and prices for various clothing items. This suggests the retailer had a fairly large selection of stock.

This die-cut trade card is shaped like a keystone. The front of the card features a whimsical illustration of a monkey hanging from a wall clock. The illustration is surrounded by a circle of text that reads 'National Card for Keystone'. The address '1214 N. 2nd St.' is printed below the illustration. The back of the card contains advertising information.

This trade card advertises Shoneman Brothers, a dry goods merchant located at 116, 118, and 120 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a charming illustration of a basket of puppies. The back of the card provides more detailed information about the business.

This trade card is for D. Cohen, located at 123 N. 8th St., Philadelphia, PA. The front of the card is a stylized illustration of a woman's bust wearing a lace or embroidered collar. The card is part of a National Card series, The Ladies Blackening, by G.H. Wood. This is a common format for trade cards of the period. The back of the card is blank. The other trade card in this record, a National Card series, is blank on both sides and has a small red border. The back of the card provides more detailed information about the business.

This trade card for E. Beerwald's features a charming illustration on the front. A woman, elegantly dressed, holds a riding crop, her expression suggesting amusement or disdain, and text reading “What a horrid little man”. The card also prominently displays the business's address: 3816 Lancaster Ave. The style of the illustration and the overall aesthetic suggest a late 19th-century origin. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises N. Snellenburg & Co., located at the corner of Fifth, South, and Passyunk Avenues in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A bust of a woman in a jester suit is the main feature on the card. Pink dogwood flowers are featured in the background. This is the front of the card. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises N. Snellenburg & Co. located at Fifth, South, & Passyunk Avenue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a bust of a woman wearing a jester's suit, with white daisy flowers around her. The background appears to be a simple pattern. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises W. Dewolf, a retailer of dress accessories located at 39 South Eighth, above Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of three kittens sitting in a basket. One kitten is looking out of the basket while the other two remain inside. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Hassler's, a dry-goods and umbrella store located at 224 North Eight Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a pink rose, a common motif found in advertising materials of the time. The back of the card contains further details about the business.

This trade card advertises A. Nathans, a clothing and furnishings store located at the Southeast corner of Seventh and South Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of a young boy playing with a dog. The back of the card has a full advertisement for A. Nathans' store.

This trade card advertises A. Nathans, a ladies' and children's clothing store located at the southeast corner of Seventh and South Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a young girl feeding birds in a garden setting. The birds are perched on a branch of a tree, and the girl is holding a small bag of seeds. The background includes trees and greenery. The back of the card contains an advertisement for the store, providing more details about the services offered.

This trade card advertises J. Borgenski's, a clothing store located at 458 North Second Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts two children playing at the seashore. One child is holding a basket, and the other is holding a doll. The children are standing on the beach with a wooden railing in the background. The image is simple and charming. The back of the card includes a full advertisement for the business, suggesting a large Jewish family was associated with the business.

This trade card advertises S. Shoneman, a dry goods store located at 1018 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a white lily in full bloom with its stem and leaves. The image is framed in a simple, black rectangular border. The back of the card is blank. The text on the front is in a cursive font with a decorative flourish, and reads: 'S. Shoneman - 1018 Chestnut'.

This trade card advertises Eichenberg's Millinery, a millinery shop located at 318 North Eighth Street, above Wood Street, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of a vase filled with pink and white peonies. Text on the front indicates that bonnets are made to order for fifty cents. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Samuel Cohen, a clothier located at 7 & 9 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a whimsical scene of two children. A young boy, holding a flower behind his back, comforts a young girl who appears to be distressed. A broken water jug lies on the ground in front of them. The back of the card provides the full address for the business. The image is rendered in a simple, detailed, line-art style.

This trade card advertises P. Fleischner & Co., paper dealers located at 208 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia. The front of the card features a floral design of red and yellow flowers, a sprig of leaves, and a brown background. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises P. Fleischner & Co., artists' materials dealers, located at 208 North Eighth Street, Philadelphia. The front of the card features a single red rose with a bud. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Shoneman Brothers, a "well-known trimming & fancy goods store." The front of the card features a comical illustration of a carriage driver wielding a whip. The style of the illustration suggests a late 19th-century aesthetic. Below the image, the text clearly states the business name and address: 116, 118, & 120 & 122 N. 8th Street, Philadelphia. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Wiener Brothers, a purveyor of Morning Glories, located at 1227 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a vibrant image of morning glories, a type of flower, showcasing the business's name. The back of the card provides more detailed information about the business. It is a colorful illustration in the style of a woodblock print.

This trade card advertises Wiener Brothers, confectioners located at 1227 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card is silver and features a cherub with a crown and wings on top of a woman angel with wings. The back of the card has a full advertisement for Friits Candies and Holiday Goods, as well as novelties for weddings and parties.

This trade card advertises Borgenski's, an interior decorator located at 22 North Ninth Street above Market Street, Philadelphia. The card features a large image of a red dogwood blossom and a rose bud. It's not clear what services Borgenski's provided, but the image suggests they specialized in flowers or floral arrangements. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Borgenski's, a clothing store located at 458 North Second Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a child's head peeking out from a tambourine, surrounded by red roses. The front of the card includes a full advertisement, highlighting the store's one-price policy for ladies', gents', misses', and children's clothing. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises N. Snellenburg & Co., located at Fifth & South Streets in Philadelphia. The front of the card features a charming illustration of a young girl. She wears a white collar, a red top, and a pink bow with a yellow flower. The back of the card is blank. The illustration style suggests a late 19th-century origin.

This trade card advertises Borgenski's, a shoe dealer located at 458 North Second Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a young girl in a pink and white dress with a pink ribbon in her hair. The girl has a feather near her mouth and holds a book. Flowers are on the windowsill behind her. The back of the card provides more details about the business and features advertising for satchels, trunks, and shoes.

This trade card advertises H. Levi, a Money Loan Office located at the southeast corner of 10th and South Streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a young woman leaning against a tree branch and holding a bird in a cage. The back of the card features an advertisement with the business name, 'Money Loan Office'.

This trade card advertises "The Champion Lamp," a product by A. J. Weidener located at 36 South 2nd Street in Philadelphia. The front of the card features a charming illustration of a baby nestled in a bird's nest. The text on the card emphasizes that the lamps are "Positively Non-Explosive" and "Made in Every Form." The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Fleischner's, located at 1026 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a green illustration of a man bowing to a woman. The card is a greeting for Thanksgiving Day 1880. The back of the card is blank.

This green trade card announces Fleischner's opening days on November 23rd and 24th, 1880. The card features a frog sitting on a cannon, with a cannonball behind the cannon. The card's front is printed in green ink. The text is printed in white. The address 1026 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, is located at the top of the card. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card announces the grand opening of Fleischner's on November 23rd and 24th, 1880. The front of the card is predominantly green and features the text "DON QUITIO...FLEISCHNER'S OPENING DAYS...NOV. 23RD & 24TH, 1880." The address, 1026 Chestnut St., is also clearly visible. The back of the card is blank. A second image shows what appears to be additional details of the advertisement, but the text is too small to make out clearly.

Trade card advertising Fleischner's, located at 1026 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a design of three children and a dog looking at their shadows and includes the greeting "Merry Christmas Greetings for 1880". Published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States in 1880.

This trade card advertises Fleischner's, an artist's studio and paper goods store located at 1026 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a festive Christmas greeting for 1881. A large man in a red suit sits in a chair in front of a large, cooked turkey. He wears a white chef's hat and has a mustache and goatee. The card is printed in green ink.

This trade card for Milton Wolf, an art dealer, features a basket of red roses. The card states that Wolf's business is located at 702 Chestnut Street, second floor in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card has a plain white background. The back of the card is blank.

An advertising trade token for the Continental Clothing Hall, located at 930 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The token was issued in 1876. The obverse features the business's name and address; the reverse depicts a Minuteman and the years 1776 and 1876.

A letter dated October 21, 1880, from A. Bacharach & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to R. Loewenstein & Co. in Mora, New Mexico, declining a $3.00 allowance for a damaged coat and offering $2.00 instead. The letter is contained within an advertisement envelope from A. Bacharach & Co. at 409 Market Street, Philadelphia. The letter was written by A. Bacharach and addressed to R. Loewenstein.

This trade card advertises Sternberger's Furniture Store, located at 115 North Second Street in Philadelphia. The front of the card displays the Sternberger's Furniture Store name in large letters, alongside the address and the phrase 'Fine Furniture.' The back of the card has full advertisement text.

This trade card advertises Fels & Co.'s toilet soaps, including Lilly's. The card features a woman holding a bar of soap and standing in front of a mirror. [The Fels family were active in the German-Jewish community of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and went on to found the brand Fels-Naphtha soap.] The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Shoneman Brothers, purveyors of fancy goods, located at 116, 118 & 120 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a comical illustration of a Black man hanging out of a window, possibly intended as a form of advertising or a humorous caricature. The imagery contains elements that some viewers might consider racist. The style of the illustration and the overall design of the card suggest it is from the late 19th century. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Shoneman Brothers, a clothing and dress accessories store located at 116, 118 & 120 North Eigth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a woman archer aiming her bow. The back of the card contains more details about the business.

This trade card advertises Bachman & Marx, clothiers located at the corner of 5th and Market Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a winter scene with snow-covered buildings and a horse-drawn carriage. The back of the card features a full advertisement for the business.

This trade card advertises Sternberger's Furniture, located at 1218 Market Street, Philadelphia. The front of the card features a wintry scene depicting a church and a graveyard. The background includes trees, snow, and a fence. The back of the card features an advertisement featuring a goose on a bag of feathers.

This trade card advertises Friedberger & Strouse, a Philadelphia-based retailer of dress trimmings and fancy goods. The card features a black maid holding a white baby who is crying. The front of the card includes the address: 111, 113, & 115 North Eighth Street. The back of the card is blank. This trade card is problematic and insensitive due to its racialized imagery. It is also worth noting that this image was likely a common form of marketing in this period and is an important document in the history of racial representation in American advertising.

This trade card advertises Friedberger & Strouse, wholesale and retail dry goods merchants located at 111, 113, and 115 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia. The card features a colorful image of a bouquet of roses. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Morris Myers, a clothier located at 16 North Second Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card displays an illustration of a figure, possibly Don Quixote, in a dark blue suit, a light-colored cravat, and a white-feathered hat, standing in a street setting. The figure stands on a stone pavement surrounded by ornate, brick buildings. The buildings are depicted in the background. The image is reminiscent of the Spanish romance of the 17th century by Miguel de Cervantes, _Don Quixote_. [Morris Myers, a prominent clothier in Philadelphia, was listed in the _Jewish Encyclopedia_ of 1906]. The back of the card displays the advertisement for the business.

This trade card advertises Isaacs', a clothing merchant located at 1726 Ridge Avenue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a delicate illustration of a woman's hand holding roses. The back of the card provides additional business information.

This trade card advertises Levi Brothers, clothiers located at the southwest corner of 6th and South Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a woman's hand holding a bouquet of roses. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises P. Fleischner & Co., a retailer of Japanese goods located at 1026 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. The card is one of five featuring Japanese woodblock prints. The image is a woodblock print featuring a Japanese woman dressed in kimono standing in a garden, with a mountain in the background. The card has a red border. The back is blank.

This trade card for P. Fleischner & Co., located at 1026 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, features a Japanese-style print. This is one of five cards in a set depicting Japanese scenes or imagery. The front of the card displays a Japanese print scene with a a central figure in the print is a young woman holding a fan and wearing a traditional Japanese kimono. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card is one of a three-card set, advertising P. Fleischner & Co., located at 1026 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Each card features a different Japanese print, featuring a variety of colorful scenes and figures. The card shown here portrays a group of figures gathered on a hillside overlooking a landscape. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises P. Fleischner & Co., importers of art. The card shows a Japanese print with a floral design, a red background, and a gold frame. The back of the card has been left blank. This card is part of a set of four trade cards featuring Japanese prints. The card lists the company's address at 1026 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia.

This is one of five trade cards featuring Japanese prints. The card advertises P. Fleischner & Co. located at 1026 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a reproduction of a Japanese woodcut print depicting a man and woman in a landscape setting. The card has a red border and is printed in black and white. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises N. Snellenburg & Co., a clothing store located at 5th South and Passyunk Ave. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an image of a boat on a pond. The back of the card is blank. [N. Snellenburg & Co. later became Snellenburg Department Store.]

This trade card advertises Rosenbaum & Co., a dry goods store located at 208 North Eighth Street, Philadelphia. The front of the card depicts a child tossing a pillow in the air with an exaggerated expression. The back of the card has a full advertisement.

This is one of five comical trade cards advertising E. Nunes, a clothier located on the corner of 5th, Montgomery, and Germantown Avenues in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This card features a skeleton dancing. The front of the card features a red background with black text. The back of the card features a Christmas story advertisement. The back of the card features black ink on a white background.

This trade card advertises D. Klein & Bro., a clothing merchant located at 918 Market Street in Philadelphia. The front of the card features a depiction of Santa Claus. The back provides additional advertising information and notes that the business was established in 1854. [Klein & Brother may have been a family business].

This trade card advertises Simon C. Levy, a jeweler with locations at 1817 Ridge Avenue and 1405 Fairmont Avenue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a rose. The back of the card is blank. [The donor collection also includes a gilded interior sign for the store at 1817 Ridge Avenue.]

This trade card advertises Benjamin Israel's business located at 806 Arch Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card (Image 1) shows an illustration featuring a design element suggestive of clothing or textiles, and an unusual punched-out section that may have been designed for needlework or a similar craft. The back of the card (Image 2) is blank. The card's design and style suggest an early date, consistent with the approximate date of 1875.

This trade card advertises Levi Brothers, a clothing store located at Sixth and South Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of two puppies standing side by side, looking to the right. The back of the card provides more detailed information about the business.

This trade card advertises Levi Brothers, clothiers located at Sixth & South Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a child dressed in what appears to be an oriental costume. The style of the clothing and the child's pose may reflect prevailing stereotypes of Asian cultures at the time. The back of the card features a full advertisement and is dated Fall 1891. The imagery on the front of the card is potentially problematic given its depiction of a child in stereotypical Asian attire. Further research is needed to properly contextualize and assess the full implications of this image.

This trade card advertises Marks Brothers, hatters and furriers, located at Eighth and Arch Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of two monkeys dressed in military uniforms. One of the monkeys is wearing a red hat with a feather. The back of the card provides a full advertisement for the business.

This trade card advertises Marks Brothers, clothiers located at Eighth and Arch Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features two stylized fighting cats. The back of the card has a full advertisement for the business.

Issue of the National Gazette and Literary Register newspaper from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated August 28, 1821. This issue contains mentions of a model of an Onalashka with bow and arrows, a fragment of the temple of Minerva by Levy, a drawing by Albert Davis at the Deaf & Dumb Institute, a gold coin of Portugal by M. Furst, and other news items. The newspaper was donated to the Franklin Institute. The issue highlights the work of Moritz Furst, a Jewish Hungarian engraver and medalist who worked in Philadelphia.

Three-page letter (8" x 9.5") written by Joseph Gratz to his brother Benjamin Gratz on November 9, 1810, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses family matters while Benjamin was traveling in Europe. It is an early example of correspondence between the two brothers, who were sons of prominent Philadelphia merchant Michael Gratz and the brother of Rebecca Gratz.

A half-page letter dated June 4, 1765, from Moses Michael Hays in New York to Michael Gratz in Philadelphia. Hays requests Gratz forward an enclosed letter (now missing) to Abraham Sarzedas in Charleston, South Carolina, via Isaac DaCosta. The letter also mentions an enclosed letter for Elias Miranda and Hays's wishes for Gratz's upcoming business trip to Curaçao. The cover is addressed to Gratz but notes it is "in favor Mr. Levy."

This trade card advertises Levi Bros., a clothing store located at 6th and South Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features two black figures holding a sign. The image is a caricature. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Friedberger & Strouse, clothiers with locations at 111, 113 & 115 North 8th Street and 733 Arch Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a storefront with a black man hanging a sign out of a window. The illustration style is somewhat caricatured. The back of the card is blank. The image reflects the social context of the late 19th century and includes problematic racial imagery.

This trade card advertises Wiener Brothers, importers and dealers in fine groceries at 1227 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card displays a stylized illustration of a harbor scene. It features a ship docked in a bustling port with boats, warehouses, and buildings in the background. The water and sky are depicted in shades of blue and green. The back of the card is blank.

Articles of Agreement between Levy & Benjamin S. Solomon & Company and Martin Ray, superintendent, regarding the manufacture and sale of tobacco, snuff, and chocolate. The agreement, dated November 21, 1818, includes a clause requiring Ray to maintain secrecy regarding the company's production methods. This three-page folio document (16" x 10") is part of a larger collection related to the Solomons brothers' business operations in Albany, New York, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

An advertisement for Cohen's Drug & Apothecary Stores, located at the Northeast corner of 4th and Spruce Streets and at 239 Market Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This advertisement appeared in the *National Gazette and Literary Register* on June 30, 1821. The issue also includes a lengthy article on the Moors in Spain, with a significant portion dedicated to the Golden Age of Jewry under Moorish rule, reprinted from a May 1821 article in the *Retrospective Review*.

Four-page broadside issued by Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia on December 25, 1859, documenting their appeal for funds to aid Moroccan Jewish refugees who had fled to Gibraltar. The first page announces the collection, listing committee members and contributors. The third page includes letters from Gibraltar and resolutions of British Jewish organizations.

Printed broadside advertising the annual sale of seats in Congregation Mikveh Israel synagogue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated 1881, it includes details on pricing for various seat classes (upstairs and downstairs), annual fees for members and renters, and rules for seat renters. The broadside also notes that unpurchased seats will be auctioned on September 11, 1881. Extracts from the Board of Directors' meeting minutes of March and June 1881 are included.

This trade card for Shoneman Brothers, clothiers, is located at 116 & 118 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a colorful depiction of birds in flight, with a floral motif below. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises the Philadelphia Button House, owned by S. Shoneman. The front of the card features a prominent display of the shop's name, "Philadelphia Button House," likely in a stylized font. A yellow rose is also depicted, possibly as a decorative element or a symbol of the business. The address, 101 S. 11th Street, is clearly printed. The back of the card contains a price list for buttons, providing a detailed catalog of various button types and their respective costs.

This trade card advertises D. Cohen, a clothier located at 31 & 33 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a dog that is embossed into the paper. The back of the card is blank. The card is vertically oriented and measures approximately 3.5 inches by 2.25 inches.

This trade card advertises Sternberger's, a furniture store located at 1218 Market Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a boy holding a flag, with birds flying around him. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Shoneman Brothers, located at 116, 118, and 120 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a charming illustration of a mother and child. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Gerson's, described as "The largest Clothing Store in the West." The front of the card depicts a Christmas scene featuring Santa Claus with a Christmas tree. The illustration style suggests a late 19th-century aesthetic. The back of the card displays the store's address: 2246 N. Front Street, Philadelphia.

The front of this trade card features a charming illustration of a mother and her children. The children are depicted playing in a garden or park setting, while the mother looks on. The back of the card lists the business's location at the corner of Fifth and Germantown Avenue in Philadelphia. The card also includes a full advertisement detailing the products and services offered by the business. This card is printed on thick, cardstock-like paper and features a yellow-orange border, while the main body of the card is white.

This trade card advertises David H. Solis, a children's clothing store located at 730 Arch Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a charming illustration of children in what appears to be a pastry shop or confectionery. The children are dressed in what seems to be contemporary clothing from the late 19th century, suggesting a connection to the business's focus on children's attire. The image is likely used to evoke feelings of childhood joy and connect the store with positive associations. The address, "730 Arch Street," is prominently displayed on the card. The back of the card is blank.

The front of this trade card advertises David H. Solis, a Fancy Grocer located at 730 Arch Street, Philadelphia. It features a lively illustration of children inside a bakery, showcasing a variety of pastries and baked goods. The background shows a pastry shop with a wooden counter and shelves stacked with treats. The children are dressed in colorful outfits, including red, yellow, and blue. This creates a vibrant and inviting scene that emphasizes the quality and abundance of the products offered by Solis. The back of the card is blank.

The trade card advertises Goldsmith's, a clothing store located at 726 Market Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of Jack and Jill, a popular nursery rhyme figure, with a red background. The bottom part of the card displays the business address. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Goldsmith's, a clothing store located at 726 Market Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a scene of children washing clothes. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Cohen's Cake & Cracker Stand. The front of the card features an illustration of a frog. The back of the card has a crude rubber stamp that reads "Cohen's Cake & Cracker Stand...1209 South 16th Street."

This blue trade card features numerous advertisements for businesses located on Ridge Avenue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front displays multiple advertisements, including one prominently featuring S. C. Levy & Co. at 1817 Ridge Avenue. Other businesses advertised include W. H. Longwell, F. J. Weiss, Great American 5 and 10 Cent Stores, and Baxter's. The types of businesses represented encompass a wide range of goods and services, suggesting a bustling commercial district. The back of the card features the lyrics to a song titled "A Violet from Mother's Grave."

This blue trade card advertises the business of Isaac Cohen, a loan broker. The front of the card displays a simple illustration of a dog in front of a small house. The address is listed as S.E. Corner Tenth and Parrish Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The back of the card contains a full advertisement with a sign of three balls, a symbol often associated with pawn shops. The three balls represent the three golden balls on the coat of arms of the Medici family in Florence, Italy.

This blue trade card advertises Benjamin Israel's business located at 806 Arch Street in Philadelphia. The front of the card features the address prominently displayed. The phrase "their is no place like home" is incorporated into a design that has been punched out, possibly for thread work or decorative purposes. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Blumenthal Bros. & Co., a clothing store located at 44, 46 & 48 North Third Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a lithograph of a new building. The card is orange and printed on blue card stock. The back of the card is blank.

This is a children's book, likely a giveaway item, published around 1890 by Levy Brothers & Co. of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It features Christmas stories and includes an advertisement for Levy Bros. & Co. on the back cover. The book cover is stamped with "Compliments of Levy Brothers & Co....211 to 217 N. Eighth Street, Philadelphia."

This is a catalog from the Philadelphia publishing firm Carey & Hart, published in 1839. It advertises a collection of English books described as "choice, rare, and valuable." The catalog lists titles and likely includes pricing information for each item, showcasing the diverse range of literature offered by Carey & Hart. The catalog was printed at the firm's location at the corner of Fourth and Chestnut Streets in Philadelphia.

Newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 24, 1789. This issue features the publication of the Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution, affirming that the enumeration of specific rights does not deny or disparage others retained by the people. The newspaper also includes advertisements, one notably calling for a meeting to pursue land claims for the Indiana Company.

A promissory note payable for $1500.00 in 90 days to John Brown. The note is dated June 17, 1795, and is endorsed on the verso by John Brown, E. Ewald, and Alex Fullerton. This is reportedly the only known commercial record of Abraham Lindo's presence in Philadelphia. Additional names mentioned in connection with the note are A. Lindo and Holmes & Rainey.

Carte-de-visite photograph depicting the Treasury Building in Richmond, Virginia, after the Confederate capital was spared from the flames of April 3, 1865. Published by Levy & Cohen of Philadelphia, this image is part of their series, "Levy & Cohen's Views of the Rebel Capital and its Environs." A cancelled two-cent stamp appears on the reverse.

Sheet music for "The First Love Schottisch," as performed by Hassler's Orchestra. Published by Charles W. A. Trumpler in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1866. The piece is attributed to G. Weingarten.

This letter, written in German and English, is from William Frank of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to the Jewish firm of Jacobs & Meyer & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated July 19, 1847, it concerns a three-hundred-dollar draft. The letter is significant as it's the earliest known correspondence from William Frank, a pioneer of Pittsburgh's Jewish community.

A letter dated August 26, 1861, written from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, by an individual named Tom to his sister. The letter discusses the Civil War, including the mobilization of troops and the commissioning of Lyon Levy Emanuel as a Second Lieutenant in Colonel Williams' regiment. The writer also mentions a ship launch and other family news.

Newspaper clipping from the Olean Advocate, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on June 10, 1837. The clipping features a full-column article detailing the history of Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, including its ownership by Hyman Gratz from 1812 to 1838 and its exploitation of saltpeter deposits during the War of 1812. The article also mentions the cave's subsequent sale to Franklin Gorin in 1838.

Autograph letter signed by L. Hirschfeld to Jacobs, Meyer & Co., dated July 24, 1847. The letter, primarily in German with some English, discusses a draft for three hundred dollars and orders textiles. Postmarked Pittsburgh and docketed July 19, 1847, by the recipient. One of the earliest extant letters from a Jew in Pittsburgh.

A broadside advertising produce and price ranges from Selser & Brother, located at 30 North Wharves, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The broadside also mentions A. H. Meyer, an importer and manufacturer of tobacco.

A one-page commercial letter, written on April 13, 1821, from J. M. Phillips in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to T. I. Tobias in New York, New York. The letter discusses merchandise, primarily dry goods, that were sent on consignment from New York to Philadelphia, including details about pricing and sales.

A single-page letter on the letterhead of the West Philadelphia Passenger Railway Company, dated January 23, 1873, sent to Moses Aaron Dropsie. The letter informs Dropsie of an annual pass and mentions a supplement in the Pamphlet Laws of 1865. The letterhead features an illustration of the company's headquarters and railway station.

A two-page broadside advertisement from Pitkin & Co. of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1875. One page advertises "Uniforms for the Presidential Campaign" (likely for Ulysses S. Grant), while the other lists surplus government property for sale, including military overcoats, jackets, blankets, and shoes. The broadside was mailed in its original envelope.

Receipt for a subscription to the United Hebrew Beneficent Society of Philadelphia. The verso contains a detailed account of monies owed for rent, interest, and expenses of several properties owned by Mikveh Israel, along with general expenses and income from Synagogue operations. Dated August 1, 1875.

A one-page letter, folded, addressed, and docketed on the verso, written by Brother Samuel Townsend to Israel Israel, R. W. Master of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, on June 4, 1804. The letter discusses Townsend's expulsion from Lodge #75, Pennsylvania.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) portrait photograph of Abraham Hart (1810-1885), a prominent Philadelphia publisher and Hebrew leader. Inscribed and signed to his friend, fellow publisher J. B. Lippincott. The photograph was taken by Frederick Gutekunst in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, likely between 1860 and 1885. Hart co-founded the publishing firm Carey & Hart in 1829 and was a leader in Philadelphia's Jewish community.

Power of Attorney document signed by Henry Drinker, witnessed by William Drinker and Abraham Mitchell, appointing John Ewing as his attorney. The document, dated March 3, 1807, pertains to a land matter in Northampton County, Pennsylvania, involving Drinker and the deceased Abel James. The document is written in legible ink on hand laid paper and features clear, bold signatures and seals.

Deed from George Wescott to Jacob Weissert concerning land in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated September 1, 1785. The land description mentions property adjacent to land granted or intended for Haym Salomon.

Sheet music for "The Grave of Uncle True," lyrics by Jefferson Henri Nones, music by H. S. Colman. Published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by Beek & Lawton in 1854. Based on a character from Maria Susanna Cummins' novel *The Lamplighter*. The sheet music features a pictorial cover depicting a graveyard scene.

Bill of exchange dated December 31, 1794, drawn by C. Dutih & Wachsmith in Rotterdam, Netherlands, and endorsed to Barnett & Co. of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The bill of exchange represents a transaction between businesses, highlighting international commerce between the Netherlands and the United States in the late 18th century. Nathan Barnett, who is mentioned in relation to this bill, was a member of Mikvah Israel and originally from Holland. His wife, Elizabeth (Sheprah) Barnett, later married Naphtaly Hart.

A handwritten receipt issued on June 23, 1773, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, documenting the purchase of clothing by Michael Gratz from Allen McLean. The receipt details the specific items purchased and their costs. The merchant's signature is distinct from the body of the text, suggesting that it may have been written by Michael Gratz himself.

Issue of the Pennsylvania Packet and the General Advertiser newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 6, 1772. This issue features a large advertisement offering a reward for the apprehension of Isaac Jacobs and Emanuel Lyon, Jewish peddlers accused of nefarious dealings. The advertisement includes woodcut illustrations of the peddlers and detailed descriptions of their activities. The newspaper's masthead includes an illustration of a sailing ship.

This document is a deed for a parcel of land located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated September 19, 1803. The deed was signed by Israel Israel, who is described as the Sheriff and later the Grand Master of the Masonic Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania. The deed is beautifully penned and lettered on large parchment. The property is described as being located at Broad and Third Streets in Center City, Philadelphia.

Invitation to attend the unveiling and dedication ceremonies of a monument emblematic of Religious Liberty at the Centennial Grounds, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, on Thanksgiving Day, November 22, 1876, at 12:00 PM. The invitation is a four-page, single-folded leaf printed with a bold heading and the names of the president, chairman, and other committee members. The monument was a statue by the sculptor Moses Ezekiel.

Six-page sheet music for piano, "THE PURIM POLKA Composed for the Piano by Harry York [dedicated] to Miss Annie Simons." Published in 1856 in Philadelphia by S. Winner & Co. The sheet music features an elaborate cover page. This may be the only known copy.

Six-page sheet music titled "General Siegel's March," composed by Adolph Birgfeld and published in 1861 by Lee and Walker in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The sheet music is dedicated to Major A. J. Cohen, Assistant Inspector General of the Philadelphia Home Guards. Features a portrait of Major Cohen on the cover.

A one-page letter written by Abraham Hart, President of the Jewish Publication Society of Philadelphia, to Solomon Solis, a member of the Society's Publication Committee, on December 18, 1850. Hart responds to Solis' previous note regarding the order of names on a committee list, emphasizing the importance of proper procedure and expressing willingness to cooperate.

A broadside announcing a sheriff's sale of the stock, goodwill, and fixtures of Israel Hyman's gents' furnishing, dry goods, and trimming store. Issued by the Sheriff's Office, Philadelphia, on January 24, 1876, the sale was scheduled for January 31, 1876, at 330 North Second Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Autograph letter signed by Isaac Moses to Moses Myers, dated August 8, 1784. Written from New York, New York, the letter discusses business matters, including the shipwreck of the North Britain, family news, and financial concerns. The recipient, Moses Myers, was a merchant in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This letter offers insight into colonial American Jewish life and business practices.

Three letters, dated June 28, 1841, concerning the sale of wines and champagnes at auction in New York and Philadelphia. The correspondence involves noted Jewish merchants Joseph Moss and E. S. Moss, and is addressed to T. I. Tobias. The letters discuss shipments, sales, and issues with the quality of the wines and champagnes.

Receipt from the Lippincott auction house to T. I. Tobias for the sale of wines and champagnes. The receipt, dated August 3, 1841, details the sale of Tobias's wines and champagnes at auction. Accompanying the receipt are two handwritten letters and an invoice discussing shipments, sales, and quality issues related to the wines and champagnes. The materials are addressed to Tobias in New York and involve the Jewish merchants Joseph Moss and Edward Moss.

Issue of Dunlap's American Daily Advertiser, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 6, 1791. This issue contains an advertisement for Isaac Cohen, a doctor and surgeon, who recently arrived from Hamburg and is staying with M. Hamburg. The newspaper also announces the opening of the First Bank of the United States.

This trade card advertises Shoneman Brothers, a store selling trimming and fancy goods, located at 116, 118, 120, & 122 North 8th Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a comical scene of a goat-drawn cart carrying children, highlighting the lighthearted spirit of the business. The design suggests a focus on children's goods, possibly toys or decorative items for children's rooms. The card dates from approximately 1882. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises the Girard Clothing House located at 1132 North 2nd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a drawing of a chicken and a dog fighting. This illustration appears to be a popular choice for trade cards. The card indicates that the Girard Clothing House is managed by S. Silberman.

Two-page, stampless letter written by Thomas Cooper from Northumberland, Pennsylvania to Aaron Levy in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 9, 1797. Cooper explains his inability to repay a debt to Levy. The letter suggests a pre-existing relationship between the two men.

Animated trade card advertising Dolly Madison 5-cent cigars by I. N. Carvalho & Co. of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a design that animates when opened, showing two dancers' legs and dresses. Date of publication is estimated to be around 1890 based on the style of the card and its imagery.

This pamphlet presents the report of the Philadelphia and Reading Rail Road Company's presidents and managers to its stockholders, dated January 12, 1847. The report details the company's activities, financial state, and likely projects for the coming year. It was printed by Isaac Moss in Philadelphia.

A partly printed bill of exchange for £369.6.8 Sterling, payable sixty days after sight, from Moses Castella in Philadelphia to Thomas Ewing in London, on account of Elizer & Jacob Montefiore in London. Dated July 26, 1796. Accompanied by a manuscript note detailing transaction fees and a notarized manuscript document. The document bears several cancelled endorsements and a blind-embossed tax stamp.

Shipping record from S. I. Isaacs & Soho Copper Co. documenting the shipment of finished copper to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from New York, New York on December 13, 1826. The record provides details of the shipment and is one of two related documents. The Soho Copper Refinery was founded by Hendricks & Isaacs (brother-in-law) in Soho, New Jersey.

Shipping record from S. I. Isaacs & Soho Copper Co. documenting the shipment of finished copper from New York to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 17, 1826. The record details the port of entry and is one of two related documents. The Soho Copper Refinery, founded by Hendricks & Isaacs (brother-in-law), was a significant contributor to the early American Industrial Revolution.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of finished copper from Harmon Hendricks in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to New York, New York on May 11, 1826. The record is associated with the Hendricks family's Soho Copper Refinery in New Jersey, a significant contributor to early American industrial development.

NOT ENOUGH INFO

A business letter from I. Hamburger & Co. in New York, New York, to H. Finn in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated June 14, 1878. The letter discusses various outstanding accounts and money owed. The letterhead shows the address 151 Water Street, New York.

A commercial letter written by Philip H. Ertheiler to I. Hamburger & Co. on July 23, 1877, concerning a note payable. The letter is written on a letterhead and mentions a business address at 259 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

A broadside listing 48 jurors for the Second Period, Nisi Prius in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 14, 1808. The broadside cites a court order regarding jury selection procedures. The names of many Pennsylvania residents are included.

One of ten six percent loan bearer bonds issued by the City of Philadelphia on November 7, 1854. This particular bond was issued to Joseph L. Moss. The bonds feature illustrations of Philadelphia City Hall, early locomotives, a wharf, George Washington, a cobbler, and Benjamin Franklin. Each bond bears the signatures of the City Controller and Treasurer. These bonds, issued in varying amounts from $100 to $9,000, were issued to Jewish organizations and investors in Philadelphia. Five are dated in the 1850s; four in the 1860s; and one in 1872.

One of ten intricately illustrated six percent bearer bonds issued by the City of Philadelphia. This particular bond, dated September 15, 1854, was issued to Henry Myer Phillips and Constant Guillon. The bonds feature detailed illustrations of Philadelphia City Hall, early locomotives, a wharf, George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and other imagery. The bond is part of a collection issued to Jewish organizations and individuals in Philadelphia during the 1850s and 1860s. The bonds show signs of age but are largely in excellent condition.

One of ten interest-bearing bearer bonds issued by the City of Philadelphia. This particular bond, dated September 15, 1854, was issued to "Har Nevah Lodge No. 12 in trust for K. Goldberg, Joseph Cohen, R. Brunswick, S. Hamerschlay and M. Reese." The bonds feature elaborate illustrations, including the Philadelphia City Hall complex, early locomotives, a wharf, George Washington, and Benjamin Franklin. Each bond bears the signatures of the City Controller and Treasurer. The collection includes bonds issued to various Jewish organizations and prominent Philadelphia Jewish individuals, including Henry Myer Phillips and his companion Constant Guillon.

Collection of ten interest-bearing bearer bonds issued by the City of Philadelphia. Each bond is elaborately printed and features illustrations of Philadelphia City Hall, early locomotives, a wharf, George Washington, a cobbler, and Benjamin Franklin. Issued in various denominations from $100 to $9,000, the bonds were issued to Jewish organizations and individuals in Philadelphia between 1854 and 1872. Notable recipients include Joseph L. Moss, Isaac J. Phillips (Treasurer of the United Hebrew Beneficent Society), S. Tobias, S. M. Etting, Philip Nathans, and Har Nevah Lodge No. 12 (B'nai B'rith). Two bonds are issued to Henry Myer Phillips, a prominent Philadelphia attorney and one of Pennsylvania's first Jewish congressmen, and his companion, Constant Guillon.

A six percent loan bearer bond issued by the City of Philadelphia on January 13, 1872. This bond, part of a collection of ten, was issued to "Har Nevah Lodge No. 12 in trust for K. Goldberg, Joseph Cohen, R. Brunswick, S. Hamerschlay and M. Reese." The bonds feature illustrations of Philadelphia City Hall, early locomotives, a wharf, George Washington, a cobbler, and Benjamin Franklin. The collection includes bonds issued to various Jewish organizations and investors in Philadelphia, with amounts ranging from $100 to $9,000. Five bonds are dated in the 1850s, four in the 1860s, and one in 1872. Prominent recipients include Joseph L. Moss, Isaac J. Phillips, S. Tobias, S. M. Etting, Philip Nathans, and Aaron J. Seligman. Two bonds are issued to Henry Myer Phillips and his companion, Constant Guillon.

One of ten bearer bonds issued by the City of Philadelphia for a Six Per Cent Loan. This particular bond, dated January 3, 1862, was issued to "Har Nevah Lodge No. 12 in trust for K. Goldberg, Joseph Cohen, R. Brunswick, S. Hamerschlay and M. Reese." The bonds feature illustrations of Philadelphia City Hall, early locomotives, a wharf, George Washington, and Benjamin Franklin. Each bond bears the signatures of the City Controller and Treasurer. The bonds in the collection vary in amounts from $100 to $9,000 and were issued to various Jewish organizations and individuals in Philadelphia between the 1850s and 1872.

One of ten interest-bearing bearer bonds issued by the City of Philadelphia. This particular bond, dated September 15, 1854, is issued "in trust for K. Goldberg, Joseph Cohen, R. Brunswick, S. Hamerschlay and M. Reese" of Har Nevah Lodge No. 12. The bonds feature illustrations of Philadelphia City Hall, early locomotives, a wharf, George Washington, a cobbler, and Benjamin Franklin. The bond bears the signatures of the City Controller and Treasurer. This collection of bonds were issued to various Jewish organizations and individuals in Philadelphia between the 1850s and 1872, and includes bonds issued to prominent figures such as Joseph L. Moss, Isaac J. Phillips, S. Tobias, S. M. Etting, Philip Nathans, and Aaron J. Seligman. Two bonds are issued to Henry Myer Phillips and Constant Guillon.

Collection of ten interest-bearing six per cent loan bearer bonds issued by the City of Philadelphia between the 1850s and 1872. Issued to various Jewish organizations and individuals, including prominent figures such as Isaac J. Phillips, Treasurer of the United Hebrew Beneficent Society; S. M. Etting; Philip Nathans; and Henry Myer Phillips. The bonds feature illustrations of Philadelphia City Hall, early locomotives, a wharf, George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and other imagery. Each bond bears the signatures of the City Controller and Treasurer. Bond denominations range from $100 to $9,000.

Collection of nine out of ten interest-bearing bearer bonds issued by the City of Philadelphia. Dated between May 22, 1855, and 1872, these bonds were issued in varying amounts from $100 to $9,000 to Jewish organizations and individuals in Philadelphia. The bonds feature illustrations of Philadelphia City Hall, early locomotives, a wharf, George Washington, a cobbler, and Benjamin Franklin. Each bond bears the signatures of the City Controller and Treasurer. Among the bondholders were prominent Philadelphians including Joseph L. Moss, Isaac J. Phillips (Treasurer of the United Hebrew Beneficent Society), S. Tobias, S. M. Etting, Philip Nathans, and Henry Myer Phillips.

Collection of ten interest-bearing bearer bonds issued by the City of Philadelphia between the 1850s and 1872. Each bond features illustrations of Philadelphia City Hall, early locomotives, a wharf, George Washington, a cobbler, and Benjamin Franklin. The bonds were issued in varying amounts, ranging from $100 to $9,000, to Jewish organizations and individuals in Philadelphia. One bond, dated April 1, 1861, is specifically made out to "Har Nevah Lodge No. 12 in trust for K. Goldberg, Joseph Cohen, R. Brunswick, S. Hamerschlay, and M. Reese". Other notable recipients include prominent figures such as Joseph L. Moss, Isaac J. Phillips (Treasurer of the United Hebrew Beneficent Society), S. Tobias, S. M. Etting, Philip Nathans, Aaron J. Seligman, and Henry Myer Phillips (a congressman and leading authority on colonial currency). Two bonds were issued to Henry Myer Phillips and his companion, Constant Guillon.

Hand-colored lithograph depicting a street scene on Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, east of Fifth Street. The view includes the stores of J. Levy & Co., Bailey & Kitchen, W. E. Warburton, and Wriggens & Warder, as well as a portion of Congress Hall. Published by Schnabel, Finkeldey & Demme in Philadelphia in 1856. The lithograph measures 225 x 290 mm and is framed. Provenance: Martin P. Snyder.

This trade card advertises Fernberger Bros., rye whiskey dealers located at 1230 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a black-and-white illustration of a man in a top hat sitting in a chair with a drink and a glass of water on a table. The card lists prices for rye whiskey and includes information about Fernberger Bros. [All the brothers were active in Jewish affairs.] The back of the card is blank.

A one-page court document (198 x 324 mm) from Philadelphia, dated October 3, 1746. The document details an account from March 1, 1743/4, by Philadelphia merchant John Wister for fabrics and clothing sold to Lyon Lepman. Partial payment was made by Messrs. Levy and Franks on Lepman's behalf. The document includes a complaint from Wister regarding an outstanding balance and notes that Lepman was a storekeeper in Frederick County, Virginia. The document is signed by Wister and Sheriff Septimus Robinson. This record is significant for its early representation of commercial activity between Jewish merchants in Philadelphia.

Autograph letter signed by George Allen, dated March 23, 1859, addressed to Dr. J. I. Cohen in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Allen discusses his inability to obtain a letter from Mr. Fiske and promises to provide a signature upon meeting in New York City.

A three-page letter written by prominent Philadelphia attorney Oscar B. Teller to noted Jewish scholar Cyrus Adler on September 13, 1889. The letter discusses historical research on the application of Blue Laws in Pennsylvania regarding Jews, and important Jewish matters in Europe, including Teller's diplomatic efforts and the Baroness Hirsch's failing health. The letter is on Teller's printed letterhead.

Two-page letter written by David C. Levy in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 13, 1848, to T. J. Tobias in New York, New York. Levy expresses gratitude for Tobias' hospitality in New York and describes his new life in Philadelphia, mentioning his family and social engagements.

A broadside (7 x 14 inches) advertising the appearance of Miss Sophia Phillips, a celebrated tragic actress, at the Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia on May 20, 1835. The broadside announces her performance in the tragedy *The Gamester* and also advertises a new play, *40 Winks, or, Blunders in a Bedroom*, for subsequent evenings. The broadside is dated 1835.

Five printed receipts, with ink completion, documenting charitable donations to Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia between 1850 and 1854. Each receipt includes the donor's name and signature; one receipt is incomplete. Receipts measure approximately 3 x 8 inches.

Five printed receipts, partially completed in ink, documenting charitable donations to Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia between 1850 and 1854. Each receipt includes the donor's name and, in at least one instance, the signature of Hyman Gratz, Vice President. The receipts are in English and contain partial Hebrew text. Two of the five receipts are present in this record.

Five printed receipts, three of which are complete, documenting charitable donations to Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia between 1850 and 1854. Each receipt includes the donor's name and signature. One receipt bears the signature of Hyman Gratz, Vice President of the Congregation. The receipts are partially written in Hebrew.

Five printed receipts, four complete and one partially completed, documenting charitable donations to Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The receipts span the years 1850-1854. Four of the receipts include the donor's name and signature. One receipt is signed by Hyman Gratz, Vice President. The receipts are written in English and contain partial Hebrew words.

Ink receipt (3 x 8 inches) issued by Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on November 2, 1853, to Philip Hanau for the rental of a seat for the years 1854-1855. The receipt includes partial Hebrew text and the signature of Hyman Gratz, Vice President.

A collection of blank receipts from Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The receipts, measuring approximately 3 x 8 inches, are printed with the name 'Mickve Israel' (with partial Hebrew words) and were used for seat rentals. Two examples are present in this record, with dates ranging from 1829 to 1855.

Receipt issued by Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 8, 1850, for a quarterly subscription. The receipt includes partial Hebrew text and indicates payment by M. Cauffman.

Printed broadside (5 x 8 inches) appealing for contributions to the Society of the United Hebrew Charities in Philadelphia. Dated "Phila.; Tishri 5641 / Oct. 1880," the broadside features a bold heading "TO THE CONGREGATION MIKVE ISRAEL" and two short paragraphs describing the urgent needs of the poor and requesting donations. The broadside includes a printed signature of Charles Cohen, Parnas, and instructions for sending pledges. This item is not recorded in Singerman's bibliography.

Billhead from Arnold, Nusbaum and Nirdlinger, a wholesale clothing warehouse located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated November 1, 1860. The billhead records the receipt of payment from Congregation Mikveh Israel for a quantity of 'silk' purchased from the store. The bill lists an item, likely a type of fabric. The billhead has a printed header with an ornate style of lettering. The address of the business is included on the billhead.

A colorful, gold-bordered lithograph depicting Camp Boas, 127th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, commanded by Colonel W.W. Jennings. The lithograph, measuring approximately 28 1/4" x 10 3/4", shows the regiment assembled on the camp's parade ground with an American flag and a fort in the background. Published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in November 1862 by L.N. Rosenthal.

Shipping record documenting the arrival of chemicals in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from Liverpool, England on September 6, 1873. The record indicates the port of entry and the involvement of Rosengarten & Sons.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of chemicals from Switzerland to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania via Antwerp, Belgium. The record indicates that Rosengarten & Sons were the consignees and that the shipment arrived on August 27, 1877.

Shipping record documenting the arrival of embroidery from Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 24, 1877. The record indicates the involvement of Guggenheim & Pulaski in the shipment, with M. Guggenheim's signature visible.

Shipping record documenting the arrival of goods or merchandise from Bremen, Germany to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 17, 1860. The record indicates Henry Cohen was involved in the shipment. The document is written in English.

Shipping record detailing the arrival of stationary from London, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 18, 1857. The recipient is Henry Cohen. The document is a broadside.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of goods from Hirsh & Bros. in Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 2, 1875. The record details the port of entry and indicates that Leopold Hirsh was involved in the transaction.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of goods from Hirsh & Bros. in Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on April 3, 1876. The record notes a date of September 2, 1875, possibly indicating an earlier date related to the shipment's preparation. The document includes details related to the port of entry and the involvement of Mason Hirsh.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of caustic soda from Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on January 13, 1868 by Guggenheim, Drefuss & Co. The record notes the port of entry as ASD and mentions Myer Guggenheim, founder of the Guggenheim mining empire.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of embroidery from Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by Loeb & Schoenfeld. The record includes dates of shipment (March 22, 26, and April 8, 10, 1884) and port of entry information.

Promissory note dated November 1, 1862, for $150.00 payable in 180 days to Gustav Isaac from Saller & Engel. The note includes two 5-cent revenue stamps. Because payment was not made, a judgement from the Manufacturers and Mechanics Bank, with a 25-cent revenue stamp, is attached. Isaac is identified as a teller for A. Nathan & Co.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of human hair embroidery from Antwerp, Belgium to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on May 17-18, 1881. The record indicates the port of entry as Philadelphia and lists Samuel Lehman in connection with the shipment.

Printed 8 x 12 official U.S. Government Customs form for the "District of Phila." detailing Charles Hyneman's services as Inspector of Customs for the three months ending October 1, 1840. The form lists various vessels and itemizes his services. Dated October 1, 1840. Shows Hyneman's signature as "Inspector."

Sheet music for "The Fairmount Quick Step," composed by Irenus Isaac Solomon and published in Philadelphia by George Willig in 1835. The piece is attributed to Irenus Isaac Solomon, author of "Remembrance of Strauss."

Sheet music for "Jakey Polka," composed by James Bellak and published in Philadelphia by E. Ferrett & Co. in 1848. The sheet music includes a woodcut illustration of a young peddler.

This trade card advertises Elias P. Levy's boys' and youth's clothing store in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features text-based design, clearly displaying the business name, 'Elias Levy Boys and Youth Clothing,' and its address, '434 North 8th,' and that it's a 'Liliputian Store for Youth'. The back of the card is blank. The overall style suggests a late 19th-century aesthetic.

Certificate of final payment issued to Private Leon Berkowitz of Company H, Second Regiment, Pennsylvania Cavalry Volunteers, for medical disability discharge. The certificate indicates enrollment in Philadelphia on January 2, 1862, discharge on December 13, 1862, and payment on December 15, 1862.

Manuscript will of Hyman Gratz, written in his hand on January 21, 1857, detailing the distribution of his estate. The will, written six days before his death, names Rebecca Gratz as the primary beneficiary, with further bequests to Horace Mose upon her death. The document, measuring 13" x 9", comprises two sheets written on both sides. It begins with the phrase "In the Name of the God of Israel Amen."

A broadside listing special jurors for the March Term of 1898 for the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania. Published April 18, 1898. The broadside was issued by the Court of Common Pleas and lists the names of the jurors.

An animated trade card advertising Dolly Madison 5-cent cigars by I. N. Carvalho & Co. of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a dancer's legs and dress kicking up when opened. Dated circa 1890s.

Issue of the *Philadelphia Aurora* newspaper from August 13, 1800, featuring Benjamin Nones's influential editorial, "I am a Jew." This editorial, a response to anti-Semitic attacks, is considered a landmark in American Jewish history. Published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Four-page deed of conveyance, dated March 24, 1818, from Solomon Moses to Isaac Moses for $1.00. This legal document transfers property from Solomon to Isaac and his son, Moses Levy Moses, following the dissolution of Isaac Moses & Sons. The deed lists the property owned by Isaac Moses at his death and includes mention of land on Long Island. Signed by Solomon Moses, his wife Rachel Gratz Moses, and witnessed by Benjamin Gratz and Reuben Etting. It also bears the signature of William Tilghman, Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court.

Issue of *The Independent Gazetteer; or, the Chronicle of Freedom*, a newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 30, 1788. This issue extensively covers the North Carolina Constitutional Convention, including the proposed "Declaration of Rights" and "Amendments" to the United States Constitution. The newspaper is significant for its historical record of the debates surrounding the ratification of the Constitution and the eventual addition of the Bill of Rights. The newspaper is complete in four pages and measures 9 x 11 inches.

Stock transfer certificate for the Northern Liberties Gas Works, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated January 26, 1844. The certificate was made out to Joseph Gratz and signed by Hyman Gratz, chairman of the board. This is noted as the first gas works in the United States. The document shows a connection to Mikveh Israel.

Broadside announcing the performance of "Il Trovatore" at the Academy of Music in Philadelphia on February 26, 1877, as part of the 20th anniversary celebration. The performance was conducted by Max Maretzek, featuring Marietta Gazzaniga, Pasquilino Brignoli, and other performers. The broadside lists ticket prices and the location of the box office.

Eight-page newspaper, *Campaign Dial*, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 26, 1864. Published by S.E. Cohen, the newspaper strongly endorses Abraham Lincoln for President and Andrew Johnson for Vice-President. The newspaper reflects pro-Lincoln sentiment during the 1864 presidential election and highlights the publisher's stance against slavery.

Issue of the Pennsylvania Packet, and Daily Advertiser newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 22, 1785. Includes a story titled "Anecdote of a Jew," detailing a German Jew's delayed repayment of a debt to his savior from a shipwreck.

A commercial letter from Newhouse, Rosenau & Co., a wholesale clothing warehouse located at 409 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated March 17, 1876, the letter features an illustrated letterhead.

This pamphlet is a catalog for the tenth annual exhibition of the Artists' Fund Society of Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, held in 1845. Hyman Gratz, a prominent Philadelphia merchant and one of the founders of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, is listed as a director on the first page. The catalog details the artworks exhibited, including artists' names and descriptions of their pieces. It was printed by King & Baird in Philadelphia.

A business letter written by J. M. Phillips to T. I. Tobias in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on April 15, 1821. The letter is part of the E collection at the University of Pennsylvania.

A promissory note dated April 1, 1774, from Abraham Franks to Samuel Griffin for forty-one pounds, ten shillings. The note was written in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and includes additional signatures of James Fletcher (on the note) and William Barnell and Richard Checkley (on the verso).

Insurance policy document for the ship "Live Oak" sailing from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Kingston, Jamaica in 1761. The policy, dated June 6 and June 17, 1761, lists Abraham Judah as the insurer, and Benjamin Mifflin, Samuel Massey, and John Ashmead as the insureds. The cargo is not specified. This document is considered possibly the earliest extant American Jewish document where a Jew acted as the insurer.

Carte-de-visite photograph depicting the ruins of the Galego Flour Mills in Richmond, Virginia, taken in 1865 by Levy & Cohen, Philadelphia photographers. This image is part of their series, "Levy & Cohen's Views of the Rebel Capital and its Environs," documenting the damage to Richmond after the American Civil War. The photograph is matted and mounted on card stock with descriptive information on the reverse.

Carte-de-visite photograph of the Confederate Treasury Building (now National Bank of Virginia) in Richmond, Virginia, taken by Levy & Cohen in 1865. This image is part of a series documenting the damage to the Confederate capital after the American Civil War. The photograph is matted and mounted on card stock with an informational panel on the back. The image is exceptionally rare; only approximately 20 different views from this series are known to have been sold commercially.

Autograph letter signed "Leonard Jacoby," Philadelphia, September 25, 1791, instructing John Klein to deliver orders to Salomon Raphael. Raphael's signature appears on the verso. The letter references business transactions between the parties.

Issue of the American Sentinel newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 16, 1833. This issue includes an advertisement for 'Seixas' Celebrated Roach and Bed Bug Bane' featuring a woodblock print of a woman using the product. It also mentions The American Porcelain Company (the name Judge Hemphil gave to the Tucker Factory).

Vellum deed documenting a property transaction in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The deed, dated October 25, 1844, records the purchase of a property by Hyman Gratz for $524.00. The reverse side details the subsequent sale of the same property on May 13, 1850, for $2,900.00, signed twice by Gratz. This document offers a rare glimpse into real estate profits in 19th-century Philadelphia.

This pamphlet presents the annual report of the Union Canal Company of Pennsylvania for the year 1828, its first year of operation (commencing March 17, 1828). The report details the company's activities, finances, and progress during that year. Jacob Gratz is listed as a manager (director) of the company in this report. Printed by Lydia R. Bailey.

Woodblock print depicting Mazeppa bound to the back of a horse, a scene made famous by Ada Menken's stage performance. Published by Turner & Fisher in Philadelphia and New York, circa 1855.

Stereoscopic view card depicting Rodef Shalom Congregation, the oldest Jewish congregation in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Part of an 1876 Centennial Series of American scenery. The card shows some soiling, staining, and sticker residue on the back. It advertised "De Young's Palace Dollar Store...established 1830."

Legal document detailing a claim filed by M. M. Marple & Co. of Philadelphia against the estate of H. Cohen on November 26, 1867, for unpaid merchandise, including women's hose, army blouses, and lamb's wool. The claim, totaling $294, was settled in 1871. The document includes an itemized list of goods and a sworn deposition by Mathias M. Marple.

Autograph letter signed by Salomon Raphael, written in Philadelphia on June 18, 1792, to Daniel Clymer in Reading, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses business matters, specifically a financial transaction involving Mr. Zeanley and Mr. Coleman, and arrangements for payment via a stagecoach to Philadelphia. The letter is written on one page and measures 6.5" x 7.75", with an integral hand-carried cover.

Part-printed court document from the Court of Common Pleas in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated January 15, 1841. The document concerns a published notice regarding Peter Parker, an insolvent debtor. It is signed "S. Hart", Prothonotary.

Printed form financial record filled in by hand, with a printed signature of Benjamin Nones as Notary Public. The document shows a transaction from the Mechanics Bank of Philadelphia to Jeremiah Emlen for money due and unpaid, dated June 2, 1824.

Undated portion of a letter to Michael Gratz from J.C. McPherson, an attorney in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter includes a draft reply in Michael Gratz's hand, signed "B[arnard] & M[ichael] G[ratz]". Notes on the cover refer to a potential investment syndicate, taxes, and a trip to England, mentioning I. Levy, M.M. Hays, and M. Seixas. A quarter of the page is missing; additional notes by Gratz are on the back. Moses Michael Hays (1739-1805) of Boston and Moses Seixas (1744-1809) of Newport, Rhode Island are likely referenced.

This manuscript is a handwritten journal by Abraham L. Hirsh, a Philadelphia student in the 1870s. The journal contains personal reflections on various topics such as opinions, honesty, friendship, wealth, cruelty, and pleasure. A few pages are dedicated to parsing (grammatical analysis). Part of the book was later used as an accounting ledger by another individual. The journal offers a glimpse into the thoughts and experiences of a young person in 19th-century Philadelphia.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) photograph depicting the ruins of Richmond, Virginia, after the American Civil War. Taken by Levy & Cohen in 1865. Shows the U.S. Customs House (Confederate Treasury Department). A revenue stamp is visible on the back. This image is part of a series of at least 33 views of Richmond taken by Levy & Cohen.

A one-page letter dated November 30, 1846, written by Michael Lazarus from Charleston, South Carolina, to C. P. Relf in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses cotton and rice market prices, offering bids and asks, and speculating on future cotton prices. The letter was written on the integral leaf of a stampless cover.

Pen-and-ink parchment deed dated March 30, 1817, in which Jonah Thompson, a Philadelphia merchant, conveys a tenant warehouse and lot located on the east side of Delaware Front Street, between Walnut and Spruce Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Joseph Gratz and Henry Sergeant, both merchants, for $6,250.00.

A one-page letter written by Jonas Phillips in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on October 24, 1782, to William Vernon in Boston, Massachusetts. The letter concerns a dispute over payment for silk, with accusations of non-payment and damaged reputation exchanged between the parties.

This document is a deed of sale, dated August 15, 1792, for 400 acres of land in Loyalsock Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania. Abraham Singer sold the property to Aaron Levy. The deed is a printed form completed in ink and signed by witnesses.

Check drawn on the Schuylkill Bank by Simon Gratz dated March 16, 1839, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This check is a financial record of a transaction involving Gratz and the bank.

Bank check drawn by Isaac Hays on the Kensington Bank in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated September 10, 1844.

Bank check issued by Moses Levy on the Schuylkill Bank, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated September 23, 1817. This financial record provides insight into the banking practices and commercial activities of the time.

Invoice dated May 26, 1857 from H. Cowperthwait & Company, publishers, booksellers, and importers, to the Hebrew Education Society. The bill lists various books purchased in quantities, prices, and totals for each item.

Invoice from H. Cowperthwait & Company, publishers, booksellers, and importers located at No. 609 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. Dated December 9, 1857. The bill lists items purchased by the Hebrew Education Society, including ‘Puckna Copy Bks’ and ‘Wind. Slates’. The billhead is printed on a thin sheet of paper and features a framed header.

Billhead from H. Cowperthwait & Company to the Hebrew Education Society in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated April 29, 1857. The billhead details numerous purchases.

Billhead from Charles Desilver, publisher and bookseller, located at 1229 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. The billhead is dated September 3, 1862, and lists a purchase of school supplies by the Hebrew Education Society. The bill includes a list of items, quantities, and prices, likely for various school books and supplies. The billhead is handwritten, and the business name appears at the top of the document.

Billhead for Charles Desilver, a publisher and bookseller, located at 1229 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. Dated December 10, 1862. The billhead states that the transaction was for the Hebrew Education School and lists numerous purchases, likely books. The billhead is decorated with a patterned border and a company logo featuring a book and a quill.

Invoice from Charles Desilver, Publisher and Bookseller, located at No. 1229 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated October 16, 1863. The bill lists several items purchased by the Hebrew Education School including copy books, Mitchell's Geography Atlas, blank books, and more. The billhead includes a printed list of books sold by the publisher. The list includes a mixture of educational, religious, and historical texts. There is a total amount listed at the bottom.

Invoice from Charles Desilver, Publisher and Bookseller, located at No. 1229 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. Dated June 4, 1864, for goods purchased from the Hebrew Education School. The bill lists a variety of items purchased, including inkholders, pens, copy books, and a U.S. Arithmetic book. The billhead is printed on blue lined paper, with a decorative header.

An invoice from Potsdamer & Co., a commercial lithographic and letter-press printing house, located at 231 Chestnut St. in Philadelphia. Dated September 7, 1876. The bill is for services provided to Congregation Mikveh Israel. The bill details the transaction, which includes the printing of 100 circulars, paper, and envelopes. The billhead is decorated with an ornate Victorian-style design with the company name and address printed prominently in the center. The invoice has been signed by representatives from both businesses.

Handwritten receipt from G. Wolkmar to the Hebrew Education Society of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated February 2, 1861. The receipt details numerous purchases.

Handwritten receipt from I. Weil acknowledging the receipt of $15 from Mayer Sulzberger for the dues of Abraham, Joseph, and Mayer Sulzberger to The Hospital Association for the year 1867. The receipt is written on the back of a blank printed receipt from Wallerstein, Weil & Co. Dated December 26, 1867. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Typewritten membership contract signed by Abe Lit of Lit Brothers Department Store to join the Union Republican Club of South Philadelphia on June 3, 1933.

This 23-page pamphlet contains the complete brief submitted by Moses A. Dropsie in the case of *Thomas Barlow et al. vs. William Patterson et al.*, argued before the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania during the July Term of 1869. The brief details Dropsie's legal arguments in the case.

Levytype Company portrait of Hyman Gratz, a prominent Philadelphia merchant and philanthropist. The oval portrait shows Gratz in a seated pose, with a facsimile signature. The print measures 6" x 9", with the image itself being 3.5" x 4.5". Created circa 1880 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Cabinet photograph of A. Bolof in an Usiglio opera, inscribed to S. Behrens. The photograph is dated circa 1880 and features the subject in a theatrical setting. The image was likely taken by C. M. Gilbert.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) photograph by Levy & Cohen, landscape photographers in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The verso displays a full advertisement for Levy & Cohen, located at the Northwest corner of 9th and Filbert Streets. The photograph depicts an actress; taken sometime between 1865 and early 1866, based on the partnership of Levy and Cohen.

Shipping record documenting the transport of one case of silks from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to New York, New York on November 14, 1857, by L. I. Levy & Co. The verso notes that the shipment was transported by railroad. The document mentions L. J. Levy & Co's 1857 suspension and subsequent debt repayment.

Shipping record documenting the transport of five cases of silks from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to New York, New York on November 14, 1857, by L. I. Levy & Co. The verso notes that the goods were transported by railroad. The record also includes a note referencing the company's later financial recovery after suspending operations in 1857.

A business letter dated April 4, 1870, from John S. Norton, President of the West Philadelphia Passenger Railway Company, to Moses A. Dropsie. The letter features a lithographed letterhead of the railway company and pertains to business matters. The letter was written in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

A business letter from Nenburger & Hochstadter in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Moses A. Dropsie, dated May 16, 1870. The letter concerns business matters.

A business letter dated January 7, 1871, from the Philadelphia & Atlanta Wine & Liquor Co. in Atlanta, Georgia to Moses A. Dropsie. The letter features an interesting advertising letterhead; the reverse side is covered with advertisements from various Atlanta merchants, including Eiseman & Bros. Clothiers.

A business letter from Kohn & Leberman in New York, New York, to Moses A. Dropsie in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated May 3, 1870. The letter discusses business matters, possibly related to the clothing trade or finance.

A business letter from the Union National Bank in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Moses Aaron Dropsie, dated May 27, 1870. The letter concerns financial matters.

A business letter, spanning one and one-quarter pages, written by F. H. Woolf in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Henry Tobias in New York City, New York on June 23, 1838. The letter details business transactions between the two correspondents.

A one-page business letter written by Samuel Etting of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Devol Dimay & Co. in Bristol, Rhode Island, dated November 12, 1856. Etting served as a Private in the War of 1812 and participated in the defense of Baltimore.

A one-page business letter written by A. J. Latz in St. Louis, Missouri, to Lazarus Mayer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on January 10, 1850. Latz explains his financial difficulties, heavy losses, and slow collections, stating his inability to continue business and assuring Mayer of his intentions to pay his creditors.

This document is a deed of sale for 400 acres of land in Loyalsock Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania. Dated August 15, 1792, the deed records the sale from Casper Haines to Aaron Levy. The deed is a printed form completed in manuscript ink.

Billhead from M. Thomas & Sons detailing the purchase of 53 book and magazine titles by Solomon da Silva Solis on December 8, 1854, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The invoice, totaling $26.96 and paid on December 20, 1854, likely represents acquisitions for the Hebrew Education Society of Philadelphia's library.

Billhead from L. Goldsmith, a manufacturer and dealer in domestic and foreign segars, located at No. 6 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. The billhead is dated July 13, 1865, and lists a purchase of 2000 and 100 segars, totaling $65.00. The billhead features an image of a Native American woman and a caucasian male, as well as the customary U.S. Internal Revenue Tax Stamp affixed. The date is written in German on the billhead.

A collection of legal documents outlining Moses Levy's opinions on land transactions involving the Knox family in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The documents date from 1808 to 1812 and detail the legal arguments surrounding land ownership and related issues.

This archival collection contains a three-page letter written by Alfred Cromelien to Col. Alexander Biddle in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 1, 1894. Cromelien, a Jewish Civil War veteran, details his financial hardship and requests a $100 loan. A notation on the letter's back suggests the loan should be given with repayment contingent on improved circumstances. The collection also includes an envelope addressed to L. Guggenheim in Virginia City, Nevada, postmarked November 5, 1897. Cromelien served in the Civil War and was a member of the Loyal Legion of the United States.

Issue of the Independent Gazetteer; or, the Chronicle of Freedom newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 23, 1783. This issue contains advertisements from Barnett & Moses.

French-language broadside listing clients of Philadelphia lawyer Moses Dropsie, dated February 1, 1862. The broadside lists prestigious firms and individuals who sought legal counsel from Dropsie. Printed on thin paper, it may have been distributed in France to attract business.

Four port of entry documents detailing shipments of raw materials to Rosengarten & Sons in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from Liverpool, England between October 1, 1873, and September 13, 1880. The documents are part of a larger collection that later describes the acquisition of Rosengarten & Sons by Merck of Germany and the subsequent formation of Merck & Co. in the United States after World War I.

Two separate Port of Entry documents for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, detailing the importation of cloth by Ostheimer Brothers from Vienna, Austria. The documents are dated August 5, 1886, and December 9, 1886.

Broadside documenting the port of entry to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania for Henry Cohen, importing sealing wax and steel pens. Dated April 11, 1866. Signed by Henry Cohen.

This is the cover of a pamphlet containing the eulogy delivered by Dr. David Einhorn at Kenesseth Israel Synagogue in Philadelphia on April 19, 1865. The pamphlet is in German. The cover provides only the title and some descriptive information, likely for the occasion of the eulogy.

Collection of five handwritten letters, primarily in German with one in Yiddish, from the Loeb family of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letters span the 1860s and 1870s and include correspondence between family members and others, referencing locations in Germany including Ungstein and Koblenz. Also included is a letterhead from Ludwig Loeb of Philadelphia, PA, with a handwritten list of family birthdays.

This archival collection contains two distinct items: an account book belonging to Israel L. Jacobs spanning the years 1840-1856, and a broadside advertisement for Madame Egerie Jules Martin's Private Dancing School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated November 5, 1866. The verso of the broadside includes a signed receipt from Madame Martin to Henry Cohen for 24 dance lessons, presumably for his daughter, Mary M. Cohen. The account book provides insight into the financial activities of Israel L. Jacobs, while the broadside offers a glimpse into Philadelphia's social life during the 19th century. Accompanying biographical information details the prominent Cohen family, including Mary M. Cohen's contributions to Jewish and women's causes.

Four-page letter from Liz Eldman (?), a relative in Liverpool, England, to Mathilda Samuel Cohen in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated circa February 27, 1850. The letter contains detailed family information and is one of six letters written to Mrs. Henry Cohen from various relatives, providing insight into the family's daily life.

Two-page letter written from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Matilda Cohen in Fort Hamilton, New York on July 24, 1848. The letter contains family details and is one of six letters written to Mrs. Henry Cohen from various relatives. This letter provides insight into the daily life of a prominent Jewish Philadelphian family.

Four-page letter from Ellen Solis in New York, New York, to her sister, Mathilda Samuel Cohen, in Fort Hamilton, New York, dated June 2, 1848. The letter contains detailed family information and is one of six letters written to Mrs. Henry Cohen from various relatives. This archive offers insight into the daily life of a prominent Philadelphia Jewish family.

An exhibitor's pass to the United States International Exhibition held in Philadelphia in 1876. The pass includes a photograph and was found among the papers of Charles Cohen, whose mother, Mrs. Henry Cohen, was associated with the Committee of Thirteen, which organized an art exhibit at the Centennial celebration.

A billhead for Charles J. Cohen, Dr., located at No. 617 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The billhead is dated March 1, 1897 and indicates that the business was established by Henry Cohen in 1838. The bill details a transaction for a 1/4 x 25 ft 6 1/2 cm item, and includes a handwritten note indicating that payment was received on 8/15/97. It also features a logo depicting a globe and envelope within a stylized frame.

Broadside advertisement for J. Navaratzky's Optical Depot, located at 518 1/2 North Eight Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The advertisement is undated, but based on other materials in the collection, it likely dates from 1889.

This 23-page pamphlet contains the complete legal brief presented by Moses Aaron Dropsie before the Judiciary Committee of the Pennsylvania State Senate in July 1869. The case, *Thomas Barlow et al. vs. William Patterson et al.*, concerned a challenge to a new state law aimed at preventing voting fraud in Philadelphia. Dropsie, representing the Philadelphia Aldermen, argued in favor of the law's constitutionality, addressing the lower court's decision that its application to Philadelphia alone violated the state constitution's guarantee of 'free and equal' elections. Dropsie's argument emphasizes the necessity of laws to prevent election fraud and protect the right to suffrage.

This collection comprises three undated trade cards. One card advertises the services of Rabbi J. Sechtzer, likely associated with Beth Israel Hospital in New York, New York. A second card features S. J. Englander, and the third, Joseph Grossman, both located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The cards are printed in English, Hebrew, and German, suggesting a diverse clientele and possibly reflecting the multilingual nature of the communities served by these individuals.

This trade card advertises Emanuel and Son, printers and Hebrew booksellers located at 528 South Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features the business name and description of services, prominently displaying "Hebrew Printing a Specialty." The back of the card displays an 1888 calendar.

Invitation to the wedding of Fanny Massman and Joseph G. Arnold, to be held at Musical Fund Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on Wednesday, April 22, 1868, at 4 o'clock PM. Issued by Mr. and Mrs. A. E. Massman.

Black-bordered invitation card announcing the funeral of Jacob Loeb, to be held at the residence of his brother, Joseph Loeb, at 1722 North Eighth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on June 8, 1888. Found among the Loeb family archives.

Three and three-quarters page letter written on Academy of Natural Sciences stationary by Angelo Heilprin to C. B. Norton on March 23, 1884. Heilprin, curator at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, offers observations and advice to Norton concerning a proposed exhibition of American art in London. The letter reflects the state of American art relative to European art during that period.

Billhead from Isaac L. Emanuel's business in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated June 14, 1890. The billhead displays business information and likely served as a receipt or invoice for goods or services provided.

This trade card advertises De Young's, a watchmaker and jeweler, located at 704 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. The front of the card features an elegant illustration of a young girl seated, adorned with floral decorations. The card notes that De Young's was established in 1830. The back of the card is blank.

Bookplate of the Library of the Hebrew Literature Society. Founded in 1885; located at 310 1/2 Catherine Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Undated; text in Yiddish and English.

This trade card advertises the business of Eugene Weiss, a florist located at the southeast corner of 8th and Arch Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a vase filled with flowers, with leaves and stems emerging from the vase in a stylized manner. The image is a simple, yet effective representation of a florist's business. The card is printed on thick, textured paper, and the image appears to be in black and white.

Shipping record detailing the transport of 131 gallons of gin from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to New York, New York. The shipment arrived in New York on July 23, 1861, and was withdrawn by Joseph F. Tobias & Co. on March 31, 1862.

A receipt issued by Hyman Gratz, Gabay of Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, acknowledging receipt of a $1.00 offering from Solomon N. Carvalho on October 23, 1854. The receipt is endorsed on the back by Carvalho. The year is also written as 5614 in Hebrew.

Printed invitation to Isaac Leeser to attend the annual meeting of the United Hebrew Beneficent Fuel Society in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The invitation, partially filled out, is dated November 3, 1853, and signed by Sec. L. Rains.

Broadside announcing a meeting or event of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia. Henry Phillips Jr. is listed as the Corresponding Secretary and Chairperson of the Numismatics Committee. Published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1868. Measures 9 3/4 inches x 5 3/4 inches.

Commercial letter from Strauss & Isaacs in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Jacobs, Myer & Co. in Louisville, Kentucky, dated March 16, 1848. The letter discusses business matters between the two firms.

A letter written in German from Joseph Jacobs to Jacobs, Myers & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 7, 1848. The letter is part of the E collection.

This trade card advertises Jacob A. Spitzer, a shoemaker located at 927 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a simple illustration of a bird. The background is plain, and the text includes the business name, address, and occupation.

This trade card advertises Rose Goldstrom, a dry goods store located at 807 South 6th Street and 813 Passyunk Avenue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a winter scene with a snowy landscape. The card also includes a border on the top and bottom with decorative elements and a floral design. [Rose Goldstrom was married to Louis, who was a member of the Hecht family from Baltimore.] The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Samuel Cohen, a clothier located at 9 N. Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a small illustration of a young girl watching an egg hatch in a bird's nest. This playful imagery is typical of trade cards from the late 19th century. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Sultzbach's One Price Clothing House, located on Ridge Avenue between Green and 13th Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a simple but charming illustration of a young girl wading in a stream. The front of the card is dominated by the business name and address, while the back is blank.

Newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 7, 1784. The newspaper contains advertisements from Haym Salomon and Moses Cohen, a report on the construction of a balloon in Edinburgh, and an obituary for Caesar Rodney.

Issue of *The Occident and American Jewish Advocate*, a weekly newspaper, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 6, 1859. Volume XVII, Number 15. The issue contains full-page advertisements and an article on the number of Jews in various countries.

This trade card advertises Goldman & Co., a Philadelphia clothing store. The front of the card prominently features the store's name and tagline: "Goldman & Co., 10 Per Cent Clothing House." The address, 4 & 6 North Second Street, Philadelphia, PA, is clearly displayed. An illustration depicts a man holding what appears to be a rifle or musket. The style of the illustration and typography suggests a late 19th-century origin. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card is a four-page booklet advertising the services of I. Bedicheimer, a jeweler at 160 North Second Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front page features a small illustration of a man and woman standing beside a table with a variety of jewelry. The second and third pages list various types of jewelry offered by the store, including diamonds, watches, and jewelry sets. There are several images illustrating the different types of jewelry. The back page of the booklet includes a list of the store's specialties, including diamond rings, watches, and jewelry repairs. The card was likely printed around 1885.

Business letter from the Philadelphia and Atlanta Wine and Liquor Co. in Atlanta, Georgia, to Moses Aaron Dropsie in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated May 27, 1870. The letter concerns a suit that Dropsie declines to represent.

A commercial letter dated September 8, 1864, from Gustav Isaac of Stern, Jonas & Co., located at 176 and 178 Water Street in New York, New York, to Moses Dropsie in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses business matters, potentially related to the tobacco industry or law, as indicated by subject tags in the original record.

This oversized trade card, die-cut in the shape of a pallet, advertises Gerson's Millinery located at 42 North 8th Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features two men riding horses. One man is wearing a straw hat and the other is wearing a top hat. The horses are elaborately adorned with feathers. The back of the card is blank. The card measures approximately 12.5 inches by 9.5 inches.

This trade card advertises Siedenbach & Cohen, a millinery shop located at the corner of 8th and Filbert Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card (Image 1) showcases an elegant design featuring a central image, possibly a logo or illustration of millinery items or a woman wearing a hat. The overall style suggests a late 19th-century aesthetic. The text includes 'Siedenbach & Cohen,' 'Millinery,' and the street address: Corner 8th and Filbert Streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The text also includes 'Palis Royal' which may be a reference to a style or name of hats, or indicate a business association. The back of the card (Image 2) is blank.

Invoice from I. Oppenheim & Co., wholesale jewelers located at 404 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated September 28, 1881. The bill lists various items and prices of jewelry purchased by William Hurst from Uniontown, Pennsylvania. The billhead includes decorative elements such as a printed header.

Billhead from I. Oppenheim & Co., wholesale jewelers located at 404 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated August 4, 1881. The bill lists purchases of jewelry made by William Hurst of Uniontown, PA. The billhead is printed on a small piece of paper with the company name at the top and the transaction details below in neat handwriting. The bill totals 265.2 cents.

This 1883 catalog from Eisner & Mendelson, located at 318 & 320 Race Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, advertises their selection of concentrated mother tinctures. The catalog lists the prices and likely descriptions of these imported herbal remedies. The business specialized in the import and sale of herbal tinctures.

A three-page letter written by Isaac Hays to his wife, Sarah Minis Hays, on November 21, 1837, from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter details the challenges of mail service between Philadelphia and Savannah, Georgia, where Mrs. Hays was visiting her parents, and discusses the logistics of her return trip.

A broadside advertisement for the Law and Collection Bureau for the United States and Canada, founded by Moses A. Dropsie. Published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania circa 1860. The broadside announces the bureau's services and notes that business may be conducted in German, French, and Dutch.

Commercial letter dated October 30, 1849, from David Gratz to James Alport. The letter, which includes a shipping invoice, details items shipped and their prices by Wane & Beidelman. The letter also contains personal comments. The letter is postmarked Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with a blue 5-cent cds.

A 1 ½-page stampless letter written by William Aylett to Dr. Isaac Hays on October 8, 1839, expressing distress over the outcome of cataract surgery performed by Dr. Hays on his son. Aylett questions the diagnosis and suggests malpractice, threatening to publish a report from Tuscaloosa physicians if Dr. Hays does not provide a satisfactory explanation.

A one-page, stampless letter addressed to Dr. Isaac Hays in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 6, 1837. The anonymous writer expresses admiration for an editorial by Dr. Hays in the Daily Chronicle, praising his courage and principles.

Two-page letter written on the letterhead of the London Journal of Medicine, dated December 13, 1848. Alexander Henry writes to Dr. Isaac Hays in Philadelphia, proposing an exchange of publications between the London Journal of Medicine and Hays's periodical. The letter includes a prospectus for the London Journal of Medicine.

A two and three-quarter page letter written by Dr. Alfred Stille to Dr. Isaac Hays on May 7, 1850, from Cincinnati, Ohio. Stille describes attending the American Medical Association (AMA) convention. This is the first of two letters from Stille chronicling the AMA convention; the AMA was founded in 1847.

A three and one-quarter page letter from Dr. Alfred Stille to Dr. Isaac Hays, dated May 9, 1850. Written from Cincinnati, Ohio, the letter discusses Stille's attendance at the American Medical Association convention. It suggests a close professional relationship between Stille and Hays. This is the second of two letters by Stille documenting the AMA convention; the AMA was founded in 1847.

Three-page stampless letter from Rebecca Gratz in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Miss Sarah Ann Minis in Savannah, Georgia, dated April 7, 1834. The letter discusses family affairs one month before Sarah's marriage to Dr. Isaac Hays.

One-page, stampless letter written by Richea Gratz Hays to her daughter-in-law, Sarah A. Hays, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 26, 1839. The letter discusses family matters while Richea is visiting her ill sister in Baltimore, Maryland.

This four-page letter, dated November 5, 1837, was written by Isaac Hays (1796-1879), a prominent ophthalmologist, to his wife, Sarah Minis Hays (1811-?), who was visiting her parents in Savannah, Georgia. The letter details personal matters and includes a reference to purchasing a boy from Georgia. It offers insight into daily life in the 1830s. The letter is unfolded and bears a Philadelphia town mark and a 25-cent postage rate. Sarah Minis married Dr. Isaac Hays on May 7, 1834. Isaac Hays' mother was Richea Gratz (1774-1858), sister of Rebecca Gratz (1781-1869). Therefore, Rebecca Gratz was Sarah Minis' aunt. Dr. Isaac Hays was a physician (ophthalmology), teacher, and editor of "The American Journal of Medical Sciences." He was a founder of the American Medical Association and the Franklin Institute, and a member of the prominent Gratz family of Philadelphia.

A letter dated July 6, 1852, from John Wagner to Mordecai & Co. in Charleston, South Carolina. The letter, which is a broadside with a cover from the M.C. Mordecai Co., discusses coal for their steamship Isabel bound for Cuba. The broadside also lists the signatures of agents of Mordecai & Co., including Moses Cohen Mordecai, J.R. Mordecai, Isaac Eger Hertz, and J.A. Enslow.

This trade card advertises A. Levy Lion Clothing Stores, located at 1307 Eleventh Ave., Altoona, PA and 248 North Second Street, Philadelphia, PA. The card features a giraffe and the phrase 'Lion Clothing Stores.' The back of the card is blank.

Invoice from A. Bacharach & Company, a wholesale clothier, dealer in cloths, cassimeres, and tailors' trimmings. Located at 409 Market Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The bill is dated October 15, 1885, and lists a number of purchases made by Honig & Schutter, likely for coats and pants. The bill also mentions a $2.25 credit on a previous bill, and the billhead is printed with an ornate Victorian-style header. The billhead has clear printed details of the business's name and address and specifies the terms for payment.

Invoice from S. H. & H. Levin & Co., commission merchants and wholesale dealers in fish, provisions, etc. The business is located at No. 154 North Wharves, Cor. Race Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated September 2, 1880. The bill lists a purchase of 1 bbl of mackerel, likely from T. J. Foulk & Bro. The billhead displays ornate Victorian-style lettering. Decorative elements include a framed header section with a company logo, and a banner graphic on the left side of the page advertising “Sole Agents for the Rising Sun Canned Goods.” The company also states that “No Claims allowed unless made immediately upon receipt of Goods.”

This trade card advertises Rosenau & Cohen, a dry goods store located at 23 North 8th Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts two children walking in a hay field. The back of the card features a full advertisement. [The store was previously owned by Newman's, and the owners were members of the Ansche Emeth synagogue.]

Billhead from Frank Brothers & Co., clothiers and jobbers of men's wear, located at No. 51 North Third Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated May 15, 1885. The bill lists a series of items purchased by D. E. Conrad. Each item is listed by number, description, quantity, and price, and the billhead is filled out by hand in an elegant cursive script. The billhead contains a header with details about the business, their location, and instructions for payments.

Billhead for Michael Hassler, manufacturer of umbrellas, parasols, and canes, located at 516 Market Street in Philadelphia. Dated September 16, 1885. The billhead displays ornate Victorian-style lettering and a clear business address. The bill is made out to Honig & Schutter in Hazleton, Pennsylvania. The bill shows an itemized list of purchases. The billhead also includes information on payment terms: “LESS 5 per Cent. in 30 DAYS, LESS 8 per Cent. in TEN DAYS.

Invoice from M. Frank, successor to Fox & Frank, jobber of hosiery, notions, furnishing and fancy goods, located at 39 N. 3rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated December 21, 1881. The bill likely lists the purchase of an item(s) from the business by Honig & Schutter, located in Hazleton, Pennsylvania. The billhead has a printed header and ornate lettering. The business name and address are neatly printed on the bill.

Bill from Theodore Weil & Co., importers and jobbers of hosiery, gloves, notions, etc., located at 345 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated June 25, 1881. The bill lists numerous items purchased from the business by Honig & Schutter, likely for clothing or textile production, and includes an itemized list of the transaction, unit prices, and totals. The billhead is written in cursive, has a printed header, and includes a small company logo above the business details.

Billhead dated June 16, 1881, from The Lisberger & Wise Pantaloon Manufacturing Co., located at 52 North Third Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The bill details a purchase made by Honig & Schutter, Hazleton, Pennsylvania, listing several itemized purchases and their corresponding prices. The bill also mentions a possible shipping charge. The billhead features a company logo with the name of the business printed in ornate Victorian-style lettering. The billhead is formatted with numbered columns and a printed header section.

Invoice from Isaac Levy, a manufacturer's agent for linen, paper, and cloth-faced collars and cuffs, and gents' neckwear. Dated April 8, 1881, this bill lists a purchase of collars from the Office Commercial Collar Co. The billhead features an image of a collar in the upper left corner and has a printed header section with a red line separating it from the invoice section.

Billhead from L. & S. Sternberger, Shirt Manufacturers, located at 503 Market Street, Philadelphia. Dated June 2, 1881. The bill lists several items, likely shirts, purchased from the business by Honig & Schutter in Hazleton, Pennsylvania. The billhead features an ornate Victorian-style script font for the business name. The bill is printed on fine white paper with a decorative header in purple ink.

Invoice from Kohn, Rosenheim & Co., wholesale clothiers, located at 312 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated April 9, 1881. The bill lists an itemized list of purchases made by Honig & Schutter of Hazelton, Pennsylvania. The billhead displays an ornate Victorian-style lettering and includes the printed header “Bought of Kohn, Rosenheim & Co., Wholesale Clothiers, 312 Market Street.” The billhead includes a statement: “Goods shipped at Purchasers risk. Claims for damage to be reported within Five days after receipt of Goods. ALL PAYMENTS TO BE MADE DIRECT TO THE FIRM. NONE OTHER RECOGNIZED.”

Billhead from Rothschild Bros., importers and dealers in liquors, located at 214 South Front Street, Philadelphia. Dated May 26, 1881. The bill includes an itemized list of a purchase of 1 case of sherry wine by Honig & Schutter, likely a retail establishment or business. The billhead has an ornate header section and details the address of the business.

Billhead from A. Bacharach & Company, wholesale clothiers and dealers in cloths, cassimeres, and tailors' trimmings, located at 409 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated July 5, 1881. The billhead also mentions Honig & Schutter.

Billhead from H. Muhr's Sons, diamond jewelers and watchmakers located at 633 & 635 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated February 24, 1881. The billhead also mentions Honig & Schutter.

Billhead for Blumenthal Bros. & Co., manufacturers of boys' clothing, located at 44, 46 & 48 North Third Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The billhead is dated September 27, 1887 and includes an itemized list for the purchase of a suit, with quantities, prices, and totals. It notes that payments are to be made within 5 days and sent only to the Philadelphia office. The billhead is printed in a period-appropriate ornate style with a depiction of the building for the business.

Part-printed legal document from the Philadelphia District Court, dated December 4, 1832. The document is signed in ink by Samuel M. Solomon, acting as a notary or court clerk.

A two-and-a-half-page letter dated January 27-28, 1834, from Henry Hays in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Seth Low & Co. in New York City. Hays details his financial troubles, promising to repay debts and outlining a plan for settling his accounts with creditors. The letter reflects the business practices and financial anxieties of the time.

This trade card advertises Chas. Freedman and David Cohen's "Leading One Price Shoe House" located at 31 North Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features text-based design, clearly displaying the business name, their claim as a "Leading One Price Shoe House," and their address: 31 North St. The back of the card is blank.

Sheet music for "The Favorite 'Blue Bird Polka Redowa,'" as performed by Hassler's Orchestra. Composed by G. Weingarten and published by Chas. W. A. Trumpter in Philadelphia in 1866.

Printed receipt form documenting a payment by E. Pollock to the Mercantile Line for shipping a box from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to New York, New York on January 20, 1822. The receipt measures 7.25" x 2".

Power of Attorney document appointing Henry and Charles Tobias of New York City as agents to transact business for the firm of J., W. & E. Ward of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated February 20, 1839. Measures 8" x 10.75".

Billhead from December 16, 1878, issued by Goldsmith Brothers, clothiers located at 335 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This billhead is a statement to M. Wertheimer & Bro. in Defiance, Ohio, covering three months (September 3, October 25, and December 16, 1878) and totaling $688.53. The billhead shows business transactions between Goldsmith Brothers in Philadelphia and M. Wertheimer & Bro. in Defiance, Ohio.

A one-page, stampless business letter written on May 1, 1849, from Alexander & Lowman of Cincinnati, Ohio, to Jacobs & Mayers (or Jacob & Meyer) Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter pertains to business dealings between the two firms.

One-page business letter, partially printed on letterhead, from Goldsmith Brothers, woolens merchants, to E. S. M. Kunis. The letter confirms receipt of a check. The letter is dated January 23, 1880, and was sent from 335 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Van Wert, Ohio.

A commercial letter written by Thalheimer & Hirsch, manufacturers of the Centennial Shirt, to Rhoades & Grosvenor on May 29, 1874. The letter, originating from 14 Bank Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, expresses dissatisfaction with received cloth. The letterhead features a patriotic design incorporating an eagle, the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, and a Star of David containing "C100", a registered trademark dating back to May 2, 1872. The letter measures approximately 12 x 8 1/2 inches.

Two-page letter written by Elijah Gratz Etting in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania on November 5, 1821, to Joseph R. Ingersoll in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses a lawsuit between Major Pierce Butler and Charles Huston, concerning an overdue promissory note. Etting enclosed a copy of the note and Huston's authorization to confess judgment. The letter includes a manuscript town mark "Bellefonte" and a double-rate 37 cents mark. A large red seal with Etting's initials "GE" is also present.

Billhead for I. Leopold & Bro., manufacturers of men's, youths', and boys' clothing, located at 19 & 21 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. Dated November 10, 1886, the billhead lists a transaction with Honig & Schutter, of Hazleton, Pennsylvania. The invoice includes a list of items, likely clothing, and includes a column for price and another for total amounts due for each item. The billhead is formatted with a printed header and handwritten details of the business, location, date, and transaction. The text uses clear, ornate Victorian-style lettering.

Trade card advertising M. Rosenblatt, a dealer in "Gents' Furnishing Goods," including gloves and knit jackets. Located at 1304 N. Second Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features lithographic illustrations of men. Circa 1885.

Trade card advertising M. Rosenblatt, a dealer in "Gents' Furnishing Goods," including gloves and knit jackets. The card features lithographic illustrations of men and specifies the business location as 1304 N. Second Street, Philadelphia. Circa 1885.

This trade card advertises Levi Bros., Fashionable Clothiers, located at 6th & South Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. The front of the card features a child in sailor suit garb sitting near the seashore with a sand pail and shovel. Sailboats can be seen in the distance. The reverse of the card features a testimonial about how the business reduces prices while you purchase.

Billhead from J. Wolff & Brothers, a paper hanging store in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The billhead advertises a large assortment of wall papers, satins, oaks, and decorations. It also notes that personal attendance is given to paper hanging. Dated July 8, 1865. The store was located at the southwest corner of Third and Noble Streets.

Billhead of Fox & Frank, jobbers of hosiery, notions, furnishing, and fancy goods, located at No. 213 Market Street, Philadelphia. Dated October 2, 1879. This is a bill from Fox & Frank to Honig & Schutter in Hazleton, Pennsylvania. The bill includes several itemized purchases, including a variety of clothing, for a total amount of $52.00, and notes a credit balance of $48.88. The billhead features a decorative heading in ornate Victorian-style lettering, an ornate logo for the business, and a framed header section.

Printed promissory note, signed, paying David Rittenhouse interest on a depreciation certificate. The note is dated November 5, 1785, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was issued by the Pennsylvania Council and countersigned by Charles Biddle and Jonathan Nicholson. The verso is signed by Nathan Levy, a private in the 6th Regiment of the Pennsylvania Line, for whom the payment was made. The note records a payment of 3 pounds, 17 shillings for one year's interest.

Vellum deed signed by the High Sheriff of Philadelphia, Israel Israel, documenting a land transfer from Henry Weissenbach on March 2, 1801. The document measures approximately 16" x 25 1/2". Some fading of the ink is present, but signatures and lettering remain legible. Israel Israel later served as Grand Master of the Masonic Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania.

A patriotic envelope featuring an image of Col. Max Friedman and the text "Headquarters; Cameron Dragoons." The envelope likely dates to circa 1863 and relates to the Civil War. It was found in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Invoice from AB. Kirschbaum & Co., clothiers located at 304 Market Street, Philadelphia. Dated March 14, 1877. The bill lists several items purchased by W. B. Hower & Son, located in Burbank, Ohio, including suits, coats, and pants. The billhead features a printed header with a company name and address in clear, bold text, and a handwritten transaction list in cursive script.

Billhead from N. Snellenburg & Co., a men's and boys' clothing store located at 40 & 42 North Third Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The billhead is dated February 11, 1888, and also mentions Honig & Schutter, and Hazleton, Pennsylvania.

A one-page letter, approximately 7-7/8" x 9-3/4", written in German and English, from Isaac Wolf in Fort Wayne, Indiana to Jacobs, Mayers & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on April 29, 1847. The letter discusses business matters, mentions other Jewish individuals, and includes a Fort Wayne, Indiana cds postmark. A small area of paper loss is present on the address panel.

Legal document pertaining to a citizenship application. Signed by Joseph Simon Cohen as Prothonotary of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania on September 25, 1844, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

A detailed, hand-written appraisal of the household estate of Aaron Levy, a prominent land speculator and founder of Aaronsburg, Pennsylvania. The inventory, dated March 16, 1815, lists over 100 items, including 12 Hebrew books, and totals $1385.17. The document is signed by Michael Fox.

A detailed official appraised inventory of the estate of Simon Gratz, dated August 5, 1839. The document, written in small script on both sides of four folded sheets, lists over 150 items including household goods, stocks, bonds, and debts. The total appraised value is $212,337.45.

A signed petition and application for citizenship by Isaac Stuttgart (1785-1830) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 27, 1810. The document includes testimony and signature of Lyon Cadet (1754-1845), attesting to Stuttgart's residency in the United States. Stuttgart arrived from Amsterdam in 1807 and established a fancy goods store. He was a member of Rodeph Shalom Congregation and later Mikveh Israel Congregation. The application was submitted under the Act of March 26, 1804.

Bill of exchange for $444, written in Charleston, South Carolina on August 9, 1793, payable to Abraham Sasportas from Edmond Charles Genet, French Ambassador to the United States. The bill is endorsed on the verso by Abraham Sasportas. This document is a significant piece of Judaica Americana, highlighting the commercial activities of Abraham Sasportas, a prominent Jewish merchant in Charleston known for his trade with France and his later dealings with James Madison regarding British privateering.

This trade card advertises Mrs. H. Levy, a fashionable milliner located at 1826 Columbia Avenue, Philadelphia. The front of the card features an illustration of a young boy standing with a dog. The text reads: 'Mrs. H. Levy ... Fashionable Milliner ... 1826 Columbia Avenue, Philadelphia ... hats bonnets ...'. The back of the card provides more detailed information about the business.

A one-page, stampless letter dated May 21, 1792, written by Solomon Raphael from Philadelphia to Daniel Clymer in Reading, Pennsylvania. The letter concerns the collection of a debt owed by a Mr. Zeanley. The body of the letter is in a hand other than Raphael's, but it is signed by him. The letter includes a docket by Clymer.

Legal document detailing the citizenship application of Simon Levy Content in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on September 27, 1810. Levy swears to renounce allegiance to the King of Holland and his intention to become a U.S. citizen. His naturalization petition, dated October 1, 1810, is held in the American Jewish Archives.

A one-page, hand-written letter from John Connor of the firm Connor & Gernon in Richmond, Virginia, to Isaac Franks, an exchange broker in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated May 7, 1784. The letter inquires about the market prices of various stocks and investment instruments, including Virginia, New York, and Pennsylvania Soldier Certificates; Pierce's Forage Master's Notes; Hillegas stocks; Nine Louse Stock; Financier's stock; and Bills on London and France. The letter is addressed to Isaac Franks on Market Street, Philadelphia, and includes a personal note from Connor.

One-page letter dated January 27, 1858, written and signed by U.S. Congressman Henry Myer Phillips (1811-1884) to John Rumsey. Written from Washington, D.C., the letter discusses the return of letters from the Rothschilds and a requested statement from Rumsey. Approximately 6 1/2" x 8" with integral leaf and one vertical fold.

A one-page business letter written by Samson Levy in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Jonathan Meredith in Baltimore, Maryland on October 17, 1808. The letter is unstamped.

A letter dated July 25, 1843, from Secku Meylert in Montrose, Pennsylvania, to John M. Read in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter includes a copy of a letter Meylert received from Christian Kunckel regarding a rejected business proposition and a proposed meeting in Wilkes Barre to settle the dispute. Meylert also updates Read on his travel plans.

A one-page business letter written on the letterhead of H. Myers & Hano, Brandies, Wines & Gin, located at 134 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated July 20, 1878, the letter inquires about the creditworthiness of a merchant in Hellertown, Pennsylvania, to Alfred Crist, an attorney in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

This 1863 pamphlet alleges that the Confederacy's secret aim was to revive the international slave trade, citing purported intercepted instructions to L.Q.C. Lamar. The pamphlet attributes these instructions to Judah P. Benjamin, though its authenticity is questionable. Printed in Philadelphia by C. Sherman, this pamphlet reflects the anxieties and misinformation surrounding the Civil War and its implications for slavery.

This trade card advertises Hermann Hollander, an importer of fancy and leather goods, albums, mirrors, frames, small wares, dolls, and school utensils. The front of the card features the business name and a list of the goods sold, followed by the address: 139 N. Eighth Street, Philadelphia, PA. The card measures approximately 2 1/2 x 4 inches. The back of the card is blank. The card shows slight age discoloration but is in overall good condition.

This trade card advertises N. Snellenburg & Co., clothiers and merchant tailors, located at the Southeast corner of 5th and South Streets in Philadelphia. The front of the card features a color illustration of a young woman on a beach, enjoying the ocean breeze. She wears a long dress and has a parasol. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises N. Snellenburg & Co., a clothing store located at the S.E. Corner of 5th and South Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a stylized illustration of a house and flowers with the business' name printed underneath. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises N. Snellenburg & Co., a clothier and merchant tailor located at the southeast corner of 5th and South Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a red rose, a common symbol of love and beauty, and the company's name and address are printed in a prominent font. The back of the card is blank.

This die-cut trade card advertises Marks Bros., milliners located at the corner of 8th and Arch Streets in Philadelphia. The front of the card is shaped like a flower basket overflowing with flowers. The back of the card has a business advertisement and address. The card measures approximately 10 inches by 9 inches.

Hand-colored lithographed street plan of Philadelphia by S. Augustus Mitchell, published in 1845. The map details numerous buildings, including the Jews Synagogue at the corner of Race and North 3rd Streets. It measures 15.8 x 12.6 inches.

This trade card, advertising the Philadelphia firm Jones & Postdamer, features a comical illustration on the front depicting a dog and a cat engaged in some sort of interaction. The style of the illustration suggests a humorous and lighthearted approach to advertising. The back of the card is a calendar for the year 1873. The card also lists the company's address as 321 Chestnut St., Phila. A second image shows a different view of the card.

This trade card advertises the services of Jones & Postdamer, lithographic and letterpress printers located at 321 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. The front of the card displays a comical illustration featuring a chick, similar in style to another card (16-697). The back of the card is blank. [Alfred T. Jones entered into this partnership circa 1872/73. By 1875, he left the lithography trade and established the weekly "Jewish Record," serving as its editor until 1886. He continued his philanthropic work, particularly with the Association of Jewish Immigrants, until his death on October 3, 1888.]

A three-quarter page letter, approximately 8" x 10", dated January 6, 1825, from Michael Nisbet in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to T. I. Tobias in New York City. The letter discusses commercial matters, specifically a bonded shawl transaction with Eleazer Cohen, Nisbet's business partner. The letter includes details about outstanding debts and payment arrangements. The letter bears a "PHIL" cds postmark, a "PAID" handstamp, and a manuscript "12-1/2" rate indication.

This book contains two speeches by Hon. Edward Joy Morris. The first, delivered in the House of Representatives of the United States on April 24, 1844, defends the Tariff of 1842 and its protective policies. The second speech, originally delivered before the Pennsylvania Legislature on March 4, 1842, advocates for American industry and protective duties. The 1842 speech is reprinted here with an introduction urging voters to support Morris, the Democratic Whig Tariff candidate in the 1846 election against Lewis C. Levin of the American Party (Levin won).

A one-page letter written by Jacob Green, Professor of Chemistry at Jefferson Medical College, to Dr. J.J. Cohen on April 4, 1837. From Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Green discusses returning fossils to Cohen that were used in a paper presented at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia on January 24, 1837. He also mentions sending a copy of his speech later.

A one-page stampless letter dated December 11, 1838, from Dr. Jacob Green in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Dr. J. J. Cohen in Baltimore, Maryland. Green, Professor of Chemistry at Jefferson Medical College, thanks Cohen for sending fossils he examined.

A bound manuscript volume containing 62 ketubot (Jewish marriage contracts), primarily from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with additional entries from Huntington, Lancaster, Bucks, and Montgomery Counties in Pennsylvania, and Lynchburg and Richmond, Virginia. The ketubot, numbered 1-62, are mostly dated from the 1870s, with some from 1880 and 1881. They are written in a consistent style by scribe Gershon Bar Moshe Simcha, the Precentor of Congregation Beth El Emeth, and feature the names of the bride and groom, witnesses, and the wedding date. Many of the individuals named were prominent in American finance, business, and government.

This collection contains estate distribution documents related to Henry Etting (1799-1876) and Miriam Gratz Etting (1807-1879). The first set pertains to Henry Etting's will, including a deposition signed by Miriam Gratz Etting on March 15, 1877. The second set, circa March 15, 1879, details the distribution of funds held in trust for Miriam Gratz Etting under her brother's will after her death. The documents specify the distribution of $37,658.27 (equivalent to approximately $956,000 in 2015), with beneficiaries including nephews Ruben and Charles Etting, and the Female Hebrew Benevolent Society.

Deed for a house and lot near 7th and Chestnut Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated May 20, 1817. The deed was signed by Simon Cohen and Abraham Myers Cohen. The property is now the site of the Atwater-Kent Museum.

Invoice from S. Hecht & Rosenhaupt, a retail store in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, specializing in hosiery, gloves, ribbons, combs, and small wares. Dated September 1, 1874. The invoice is for various items purchased by Mr. Joseph G. Holman, including Ladies Gloves, Mens Gloves, Ring Moulds, School Cotton, Shirt Fronts, and China Buttons. The billhead is printed with an ornate Victorian-style border, a header with the business name, and a small box for the business terms. The billhead is on lined paper. The price of the items is listed in handwritten cursive.

A one and one-quarter page stampless letter written by Michael Nesbit in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Tobias I. Tobias in New York, New York on April 25, 1835. The letter details a business transaction concerning port, bottles, and cloth.

A one-page letter, approximately 8" x 9-7/8", dated October 17, 1831, from Simeon Dreyfous in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Joseph L. Tillinghast in Providence, Rhode Island. Dreyfous discusses a legal issue involving Hyman M. Hart, suggesting that Hart's deposition be taken in New Orleans due to his impending departure.

A one-half page letter dated May 3, 1854, from Robert H. Gratz in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Samuel B. Lehman in Lebanon, Pennsylvania. The letter, written on stationery from the Philadelphia Gas Works, discusses shares of stock in the Western Bank. The original envelope is included. The letter begins with “Friend Sam” and is signed “Your friend, R.H. Gratz.”

Handwritten citizenship document on vellum, signed by Joseph Simon Cohen, Prothonotary of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, for Gustavus Rentak. Dated January 26, 1844, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

A commercial letter written by Solomon Gans of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to J. S. & C. Wright & Co. of New York, New York, dated October 4, 1871. The letter pertains to Gans's wholesale clothing business located at 409 Market Street, Philadelphia.

A commercial letter written by Solomon Gans of Gans Wholesale Clothing Warehouse in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to J. S. & E. Wright & Co. on October 10, 1871. The letter, written on Gans's letterhead, showcases business communication practices of the time and provides insights into the clothing trade in 19th-century Philadelphia.

A one-page oblong 8vo. note payable, dated February 1, 1774, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Brigadier General William Thompson orders payment of ten pounds to prominent Jewish merchants Bernard and Michael Gratz for surveying two thousand acres of land on the waters of Saltlick Creek. Addressed to Jacob Morgan, future colonel of the Philadelphia militia and superintendent of commissioners purchasing provisions.

Trade card of Louis Landgraf, Superintendent of Adath Jeshurun Cemetery in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card is undated, but circa 1885. The Adath Jeshurun Cemetery opened in 1861 and is located at Bridge and Walker Streets in the Frankford section of Philadelphia. Handwritten notes in pencil appear on the card.

A large vellum document signed by numerous prominent Philadelphians, settling the debts of the auctioneering firm Humes and Etting, located at 15 South Front Street, Philadelphia. The document, dated January 1, 1812, includes signatures from Simon Gratz, Samuel Hays, Jos Donath, James John Mazurie, John Meany, Howell and Shaw, and George Armroyd, among others. It releases Humes and Etting from their debts upon payment of one dollar to each creditor. The document features over twenty red wax seals.

This is an eight-page congressional report from January 11, 1796, detailing the petitions of several importers, including Moses Myers, seeking remission of duties. The report, prepared by the U.S. House Committee on Commerce and Manufactures, was presented to the House and referred to a committee of the whole. The document quotes Moses Myers regarding his business activities in Norfolk, Virginia. Printed by Francis Childs in Philadelphia.

Invoice from L. J. Levy & Co., importers and dealers in fancy and staple dry goods, located at No. 134 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated April 10, 1852. The bill lists several items, quantities, and prices for the purchase of dry goods by an unknown buyer. The handwritten billhead features ornate lettering and is well-preserved.

Billhead from L. J. Levy & Co., importers and dealers in fancy and staple dry goods, located at 134 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. Dated June 25, 1852. The bill lists the purchase of 'White Cotton Hose' and 'Embroidered Mantilla' by Mrs. Col. Davenport. The billhead features a simple, understated layout with the business name printed at the top.

Billhead from L. J. Levy & Co., importers and dealers in fancy and staple dry goods located at 134 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. Dated June 11, 1852. The bill is addressed to Mrs. Col. Davenport. The bill includes items purchased from Levy & Co., their costs, and an addition of the amounts to arrive at the final amount. This document is a statement of account.

One-page, stampless letter concerning legal matters from Joseph Jacobs of the firm Jacob Levi & Jacobs in New York City to Henry Myer Phillips in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated March 6, 1855.

Newspaper issue of the Pennsylvania Packet and Daily Advertiser, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 21, 1784. The first page features advertisements, and the fourth page contains a three-quarter column advertisement mentioning Salomon, Hym. Names mentioned include Nones, Benjamin; Moses, Lion; Franks, Isaac; Pragers.

Issue of the Pennsylvania Packet and Daily Advertiser newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 21, 1784. The newspaper includes advertisements from various individuals and businesses, including Nones, Moses, Franks, Pragers, and Salomon.

Printed sight draft check drawn on September 23, 1853, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The check is signed by Joseph Abrams and involves the firms Nesbit, Sellers & Co. and James, Kent, Santes & Co.

This trade card advertises S. Rosenthal, a hosiery, underwear, and caps retailer located at 148 North 8th Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an image of fall leaves in shades of red and yellow. The back of the card is filled with an advertisement for the business.

A one-page letter, approximately 7-1/2" x 9-3/4", dated October 8, 1848, from E. Waitzfelder & Co. in Milledgeville, Georgia to Jacob Mayer & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter details a complaint about a shortage of goods in a recent shipment and requests a credit adjustment.

Billhead of Joseph Cohen, a practical plumber and gas fitter located at 709 South 4th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The billhead is undated but likely dates to circa 1890, based on the handwriting style. The bill is addressed to H.H. Daly, Esq., and is a record of payment for plumbing services. The bill lists a charge for the services and the return of stamps. The billhead has a printed header with a handwritten note.

A one-half page, stampless letter written on October 22, 1812, by Paul Hamilton of the Navy Department in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Simon Gratz & Brother. The letter discusses a remittance and the inability to accept saltpeter at the stated price. The saltpeter likely refers to that produced in Mammoth Cave, Kentucky.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of wine from T. I. Tobias in New York to Jas. I. Poole in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on June 17, 1835. Printed by Solomon H. Jackson at 163 Chatham Street, Philadelphia.

A stampless, one-quarter page commercial letter written by Dickson & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on June 6, 1846, to Henry Tobias in New York, New York. The letter pertains to commercial items.

A letter written by A. H. Rosenheim in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 22, 1844, to an attorney in Tioga County, Pennsylvania. The letter concerns the estate of Simon Mayer Levi, a peddler killed by a train between Pottsville and Reading two years prior. Rosenheim, a creditor of Levi, seeks assistance in settling the estate to ensure creditors are paid.

Cabinet card photograph of Moses Levi, taken in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1880 by Frederick Gutekunst. The photograph depicts Levi in formal attire, possibly taken around the time of his 1879 election to City Council. Two duplicate photographs are included.

A letter written by J. Moss in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to T. I. Tobias in New York, New York on July 27, 1841. The content of the letter pertains to commercial matters.

This trade card advertises Samuel Cohen's Shoe Emporium located at 9 North 8th Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a young boy standing with a flower in his hand. The background is a black and white stylized design with a prominent tree. The back of the card is blank.

Certificate of membership in the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, awarded to Joseph L. Moss. Issued in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1860. The certificate is a printed document.

Financial record of the Northern Liberties Gas Works, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The document shows transfers of assets as trustee to various Samuel children, signed by D. Samuel, George R. Ziesler, Jane Shiver, and Henry Samuel. Dates of transactions include September 4th, 18th, and 25th, 1854.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of numerous stationary items from Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, between June 17 and August 19, 1857. The record indicates that Henry Cohen & Co. were the shippers, and John Fisher the recipient. The document also notes Levison as attorney for the Cohen family.

Stereoscopic photograph depicting the First National Bank on Chestnut and 3rd Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The image also shows the printing and lithographic office of Stein & Jones. Circa 1873.

This billhead, dated July 9, 1877, is for a transaction with S. Rothschild, Dr., a French Boot Maker, located at No. 168 North Fourth St. in Philadelphia. The buyer, C. L. Huston, is listed on the billhead, along with the price for 1/2 of gaiters and 3/2 of slippers. The billhead appears to be written on a pre-printed form, and the transaction is recorded in handwritten script. The billhead is not ornate but includes the name of the company, address, and brief description of the goods provided. The billhead is a simple, utilitarian document with no visual embellishments or unique formatting.

Billhead from S. Rothschild, Dr., a French Boot Maker, located at 168 North Fourth Street in Philadelphia. Dated July 3, 1877. The bill lists 1 pair of gaiters, likely purchased by C. L. Huston, for a total price of $5.00. The billhead is printed on a lined paper and has a handwritten signature by S. Rothschild.

Bill of lading for a shipment of copper and sugar from Lucea, Jamaica, to D. A. Wetzlar & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Shipped by Nunes Bros. of Montego Bay, Jamaica. Dated April 18-22, 1862. Measures 11" x 17".

One-page letter written by David Gratz in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 1, 1853, to James Allport in Morris Township, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses Mr. Jones's debt, the economic climate, and the health situation in Philadelphia, specifically addressing rumors of yellow fever. The letter features a "PHILADELPHIA PA./5cts" cds postmark and a "BLOOD'S/DESPATCH" handstamp.

A one-page letter (4.5" x 8") written by L. J. Sylvester in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Tobias I. Tobias on December 1, 1852. The letter concerns an order for a chest of black tea to be delivered via Adams.

Three-page letter written by L.J. Sylvester in Philadelphia to T.I. Tobias in New York City on April 17, 1853. The letter contains general gossip about mutual friends and relatives.

Three-page letter written by L. J. Sylvester in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Tobias I. Tobias in New York City, New York on November 17, 1854. The letter contains personal news and gossip about mutual friends and family, including a mention of Charles Tobias' illness. Sylvester discusses his plans to return to New York City by Christmas.

Invoice from Stern & Bro., manufacturers of youths and boys clothing, located at 521 Market St. & 518 Commerce St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated October 10, 1881. The invoice includes the price and quantity of 16 items, a total of 258.81. The invoice was issued to Joseph Kammerer, with a payment method or terms listed at the top of the bill.

Invoice from Goldsmith & Liebman, shirt manufacturers, located at 337 Market Street, Philadelphia. Dated October 10, 1863. The bill is addressed to Joseph Kammira and includes a handwritten list of two items, likely shirts, with quantities, prices, and a total. The billhead is printed in simple black lettering with the business name and address highlighted.

A letter dated June 4, 1847, from Solomon L. Jacobs in New Orleans, Louisiana, to Jacobs, Mayer & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter is written in German and features a "NEW ORLEANS/La." postmark and a "10" rate handstamp. The letter is folded and unstamped.

Manuscript receipt dated April 16, 1785, documenting a payment made by Samuel Wallis to Moses Cohen for textiles and other goods. The receipt provides details of the transaction, including the quantities and types of merchandise. This document offers insights into the commercial activities of Moses Cohen, a Jewish financial broker and shopkeeper in colonial Philadelphia, and Samuel Wallis, a prominent figure involved in land speculation, commerce, and espionage.

A two-page letter dated February 10, 1811, from Benjamin Jacobs of New York City to William Meredith concerning a legal suit against the Union Insurance Company of Philadelphia. Jacobs, acting on behalf of his son-in-law, Gompert S. Gompert, details an insurance claim for a lost cargo of sugar and authorizes Meredith to draw on him for legal expenses.

A letter dated November 15, 1811, from Samuel Jones Jr. in New York City to William Meredith in Philadelphia. The letter pertains to a legal case involving the estate of Gompert S. Gomperts and Seixas Nathan, concerning a claim against the Union Insurance Company for the loss of a sugar cargo in 1805. Jones discusses the progress of the case and sends Joseph Kaumann to Philadelphia to obtain an update from Meredith.

Pennsylvania Supreme Court document in the case of Charles Banington, dated September 29, 1845. The document bears the official embossed seal and the signature of E. L. Cohen, Prothonotary.

A letter dated October 25, 1848, from L. Elias (per P.S. Jacobs) in Columbia, South Carolina, to Jacobs & Meyer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses a request for Torah portion books ("Parasha books") and a discrepancy in a prior merchandise bill. The letter also mentions business dealings and financial matters.

Handwritten power of attorney document pertaining to a mortgage, granting power of attorney to George W. Edelman, treasurer of the Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind. Signed, among others, by Benjamin W. Richards, president of the institution. The document covers events from December 5, 1832, to December 16, 1839, with the power of attorney granted on February 3, 1844. The institution later became the Overbrook School for the Blind.

This archival collection consists of a commercial letter and two envelopes from S. H. & H. Levin & Co., fish merchants located at Race Street Wharf in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter, dated July 14, 1875, is written on company letterhead. One envelope, associated with the letter, shows an 1876 Centennial illustration of the main exhibition building on its reverse. The second envelope is undated. The firm was established in 1850.

This billhead from Charles J. Cohen, an envelope manufacturer located at 617 Market Street, Philadelphia, was addressed to Theo Leonhardt & Son. Dated August 20, 1890, this billhead is likely for the purchase of envelopes or other paper goods. The billhead has a decorative header that includes the business name, address, and the phrase “Strictly Net.” The billhead also features an elaborate logo featuring an envelope and globe with the word “Zenith.”

Autograph letter signed by Marx Edgeworth Lazarus (1822-1896), written in Baltimore, Maryland on December 1, 1847, to Dr. Charles Willing in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The four-page letter discusses Lazarus's experiences as the first Jewish student at Georgetown University, his involvement in a farm school and utopian socialist commune in Maryland, and his thoughts on religion and society. It also mentions his friends Truxton and Edward Beale, with details about Edward's exploits in the Mexican-American War in California.

Handwritten deed on vellum, conveying property from Abraham Hart and his wife, Rebecca C. Hart, to their son, Clarence A. Hart, for one dollar. Dated June 27, 1876, sealed, and notarized by Rudolph Smith.

Printed document accomplished in manuscript and signed by Congressional notary Assheton Humphreys, with his notarial blindstamp. A copy of a promissory note dated May 22, 1795, from Robert Morris to John Nicholson for $2,000. The document includes a notary's testimony regarding an attempt to collect payment, involving Moses Levy and David Allison. Published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1795.

A letter written by John M. Cauley to Harmon Hendricks on November 8, 1806, discussing the price of copper in Bristol and its impact on anticipated orders. The letter was sent from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to New York, New York. It is the earliest correspondence to Harmon Hendricks within the collection, indicating prior business dealings between the two individuals.

Original partially-printed vellum land deed between Gustavus and Martha Colhoun (Calhoun?) and James Milligan for City Lot No. 325, situated on the north side of Chestnut Street, between Delaware Street (now 7th Street) and 9th Street, Philadelphia. Dated July 1, 1798. One page, 17 1/2" x 24 1/2", signed twice by Isaac Franks as Justice of the Peace.

Two financial notes on a letter sheet featuring lithographs of steamships, sailing ships, and the 85 Race Street Bakery in Philadelphia. The notes detail payments for Passover bread made to William Essen's bakery by the Congregation Mikveh Israel in May 1857. One note, dated May 11, 1857, is from Isaac Rheinstrom authorizing Abraham Hart to pay Essen $80. The second note, dated May 19, 1857, confirms that A.S. Wolf, Treasurer, paid Essen $80 for the bread.

This is the June 1758 issue of the Philadelphia periodical, *American Magazine and Monthly Chronicle for the British Colonies*. This issue is particularly significant for containing the first published English translation of a sermon delivered by Rabbi David Fraenckel of Berlin following the Prussian victory at Leuthen. Published by William Bradford, this marks the first Jewish publication in the Americas. The sermon, celebrating Prussian victory and the role of Jews in the Prussian state, was subsequently reprinted several times in pamphlet form in the American colonies.

This trade card advertises the Philadelphia Button House, owned by S. Shoneman. Located at 101 S. 11th Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the shop specializes in buttons. The front of the card features an illustration of two young girls, each holding a basket of flowers. The background includes a floral border and the store's address. The back of the card is blank.

Billhead for William Morris & Co., importers and jobbers of fine gold and rolled plate jewelry, watch materials, tools, and optical goods located at No. 706 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated February 13, 1883. The bill is issued to Borden Wooley and lists a total of four watch repair items and one ring purchase, with corresponding prices for each item. The billhead is printed with simple, elegant lettering and a decorative border at the top.

A one-page letter, approximately 7-3/4" x 9-5/8", dated April 11, 1832, from Henry Hays in Philadelphia to Seth Low & Co. in New York City. The letter, signed by Alexander Lipman on behalf of Hays, concerns the sale of rhubarb and inquires about other goods Seth Low & Co. might wish to sell.

Invoice from H. Bamberger & Co., importers and wholesale dealers in teas and spices, located at No. 229 Arch Street, Philadelphia. Dated March 1, 1871. The bill lists a purchase by J. Fahrny of one half chest of Young Hyson tea, for a total of $44. The billhead includes the buyer's name, the business name, and the business address. Terms of the transaction are listed, with payment due in Philadelphia on July 1st. The billhead includes an ornate Victorian-style lettering style with a line separating the header from the transaction list.

Two original holographic legal documents, each measuring 8 1/4 x 13 inches, dated March 25, 1794. These documents pertain to a caveat and subsequent judgment concerning land warrants filed by 58 applicants for 400-acre tracts. The case involved Aaron Levy and his partner, Robert Morris, who claimed prior rights to the land in question. The judgment ruled in favor of Levy and Morris. Both documents bear the signature of David Kennedy, the first Land Secretary of Pennsylvania, and an impressed state seal. The documents are in excellent condition. David Kennedy's appointment followed the 1784 treaty with the Six Nations, and his role involved overseeing the fair transition of Native American lands into private hands. Biographical information on Aaron Levy is included in the document.

A one-page stampless letter dated January 10, 1844, from Elias P. Levy, writing on behalf of his partner Henry Cohen, to Henry Jessop in New York City. The letter concerns a bill for pens and expresses dissatisfaction with Jessop charging interest. The letter includes a red Philadelphia postmark and a handwritten '12-1/2' postage rate. The letter provides insight into the business practices of Henry Cohen & Co., a Philadelphia stationery firm.

Four-page ledger sheet detailing Michael Gratz's expenses, including payments for soldiers joining George Washington's Continental Army. The ledger covers the period from June 30, 1780, to January 19, 1781, and includes entries signed by Michael Gratz, Isaiah Bush, and others. Created in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Autograph letter signed and written by Rabbi George Jacobs to the Committee of Congregation Beth El Emeth in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on October 20, 1872. The letter discusses liturgical reform. Four pages, 4to.

Billhead from N. Snellenburg & Co., a Philadelphia-based clothing manufacturer, located at 918 Market Street. Dated May 13, 1881, the bill indicates a purchase of clothing by Honig & Schutter, Hazleton, Pennsylvania. It lists the purchase of items such as pants, vests, and drawers, with quantities and prices. The billhead features a standard printed format with clear details of the business and transaction.

A one-page commercial letter dated May 15, 1848, from Katzenberger, Straus & Co. in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Jacobs, Mayer & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter details a complaint about a shipment of cloth that did not match the order, discussing the discrepancy in quality and markings.

A one-page stampless letter written by David Gratz of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 18, 1854, to attorney John C. Heylman. The letter encloses a list of land warrants (not present) located south of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, pertaining to the estate of Simon Gratz (1733-1839), David's father. Gratz mentions additional lands conveyed to his uncles and relatives of Aaron Levy. The verso mentions Edward Gratz, David's brother.

A group of nine 6% General Obligation bonds issued by the Pennsylvania Canal Company in 1870, each with a face value of $1000. These bonds are signed by Alfred Mordecai and bear revenue stamps on the front and back. The bonds are part of a larger collection of financial records related to the Pennsylvania Canal Company, spanning from July 1, 1870 to March 26, 1886. Additional financial records include those pertaining to John M. Lineley.

A one-page stampless letter dated August 10, 1847, from Samuel Hecht in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, to Jacob, Mayers & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hecht encloses a payment of $20.00 on a note and requests the note be held until his next visit to Philadelphia. The letter bears a red "POTTSTOWN/Pa." postmark and a red "5" rate handstamp.

Four-page copy of the minutes from two shareholder meetings of the Illinois and Wabash Land Company, held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 30, 1809, and March 5, 1810. The minutes detail the company's affairs before Congress and the appointment of an agent to represent the company in Washington, D.C. Simon Gratz is listed as present and later appointed chairman. The document also lists other prominent shareholders, including members of the Gratz and Franks families.

A four-page stampless letter written by Richea Gratz Hays in Philadelphia on September 13, 1835, to her daughter Sarah Ann Hays in Lexington, Kentucky. The letter includes additional correspondence from Sally Minis Hays. The letter discusses family news, health updates, social events, and upcoming holidays.

A business letter dated September 1851, written by Felix Kahn in Nashville, Tennessee, to L. Mayer & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter details an order for dry goods, including ginghams, tablecloths, spoons, razors, handkerchiefs, and stockings. Kahn requests prompt shipment and specifies the desired assortment and pricing. The letter provides insights into commercial transactions and the dry goods trade in the mid-19th century United States.

Sheet music for "Hassler's Polka," composed by Mark Hassler and respectfully dedicated to the Saturday Evening Sociable. Published in Philadelphia by Jas. Couenhoven in 1854.

Sheet music for "Mysteries of the Nile March" by Simon Hassler. Published by F.A. North in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1872. The piece is four pages long.

Autograph letter from Jacob Rodrigues Peynado of Hackney, London, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated August 15, 1849. Peynado, a contributor to *The Occident*, discusses the pedagogical error of forbidding children from reading the New Testament, arguing that it leaves Jewish youth unprepared to defend their faith against Christian inquiries. He proposes that Jews should instead teach the New Testament critically.

Four-page letter from Rabbi Julius Lewin of B'nai Zion Congregation in Shreveport, Louisiana, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated August 7, 1866. The letter discusses conversion policy and congregational matters.

One-page, stampless autograph letter from Isaac Leeser to S. van Beil, written in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on October 30, 1848. Van Beil, a congregant of Leeser's, inquires about the afterlife, seeking information to better respond to others' questions. He prefers a written response over an in-person discussion.

A 2 1/2 page stampless letter dated April 12, 1854, from Moses Angel, Head Master of the Jewish Free School in London, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia. Angel inquires whether Leeser can provide a certificate of circumcision for Isaac John Crawcour, born January 9, 1835, and circumcised February 8, 1835, in Philadelphia.

A one-page letter written by David Carvalho from New York City to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia on December 5, 1850. The letter concerns prayer books ordered from Leeser. Carvalho identifies himself as the brother of S. N. Carvalho.

Synagogue seat certificate documenting Moses Aaron Dropsie's lifetime ownership of Seat 222 in Congregation Mikveh Israel, Philadelphia. Dated November 4, 1862. Signed by A. Hart (Parness), Edward Weil (Secretary), and M. Cohen (Gaby).

American citizenship certificate issued to Aaron Moses Dropsie on January 4, 1828, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This document is one of four personal and family documents related to Dropsie and his family.

A letter written by William Morrison Engles to Isaac Leeser on June 25, 1854, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Engles forwards letters concerning the American agricultural mission near Jaffa, including one from the son of Rabbi Jechiel Cohen to his father, who was on a fundraising mission in the United States. The letter is noteworthy for addressing Leeser as "Rabbi Leeser," and for its context within the larger story of 19th-century Jewish communities in Eretz Israel facing poverty and missionary efforts.

Autograph letter signed from Isaac Mayer Wise to Isaac Leeser, dated April 15, 1850. Written in English and Hebrew, the letter discusses a congregational dispute, Wise's support from his Albany congregation, and an article in the New York Herald about the Damascus Blood Libel. The letter includes an integral address panel. Folio.

Autograph letter signed from Jacob Ezekiel to Isaac Leeser, written in English on May 9, 1853. The letter discusses the plight of Chinese Jews and proposes ways American Jews can offer support, both spiritually and financially. The letter references articles in *The Occident* and suggests sending emissaries to China to teach Hebrew. Three pages, with an autograph address panel. Written in Richmond, Virginia, and addressed to Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Autograph letter signed from Zalma Rehine to Isaac Leeser, written in English on April 7, 1836, from Baltimore, Maryland. The letter discusses Rehine's illness, mentions a Mr. Black's positive impression of Leeser, and includes a separate handwritten list of clothing items on the verso.

Autograph letter signed from Zalma Rehine to Isaac Leeser, written in English on August 2, 1839, from Baltimore, Maryland. The letter discusses mutual friends, health, and Leeser's religious discourses. Rehine mentions 'Miss Etting's' admiration of Leeser's work.

Handwritten letter from Moses Waterman in San Francisco, California to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated November 9, 1865. The letter discusses payment for Machzorim and an advertisement in the Occident regarding the death of Joseph Mayer of Congregation Ohabai Shalome.

Letter written by S. J. Spiegelberg to Isaac Leeser from Santa Fe, New Mexico on May 1, 1853. Spiegelberg describes his efforts to obtain subscribers for the Occident and American Jewish Advocate in Santa Fe, noting the small number of Jewish people in the territory.

A three-page handwritten letter from H. A. Henry in San Francisco to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, dated June 20, 1865. Written in English with some Hebrew words, the letter discusses book orders, settling accounts, the impact of Civil War food prices and high taxes on Henry's income, and current events in San Francisco, including the progress of Orthodox German Jews who separated from the Reform movement and the dwindling attendance at Reform Friday evening services. The letter also mentions Mr. Koshland of San Francisco, a Mr. Myers, and Rev. Mr. Isaac of New York. A few lines of text are missing.

Handwritten letter dated February 1, 1866, from Regensburger & Stern in San Francisco to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia. The letter cancels their subscription to the *Occident and American Jewish Advocate* due to the death of H. Regensburger in a steamboat explosion in October 1865. The signature of the writer is illegible.

Two-page letter from C. B. Fibleman of Chattanooga, Tennessee, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated October 23, 1866. The letter is an invitation from the Chattanooga Hebrew Benevolent Association to Leeser, listing all the association's officers and emphasizing the hospitality of the Chattanooga Jewish community.

Three-page letter written in English and Yiddish from S. Darhina, care of Heller at 103 Green Street, Philadelphia, to Isaac Leeser on June 7, 1857. Darhina describes his difficult circumstances and requests that Leeser send him students.

A one-page letter in German from Isidor Bush to Isaac Leeser, dated June 15, 1849. Bush discusses his withdrawal from publishing *Israel's Herald*, a short-lived Jewish weekly, in favor of Leeser's publications and inquires about collaborating on a Hebrew catalogue and acquiring German type for printing. The letter reflects the close relationship between key figures in the development of American Jewish publishing in the 19th century.

Three-page letter written in German by Rabbi Oppenheim of Pottsville, Pennsylvania, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on February 4, 1866. The letter vehemently denies attempts to institute reforms and provides detailed explanations. An English transcription is included.

A one-page letter written by J. Phillips of New York City to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia on May 11, 1842. Phillips discusses opening a boarding house for Jewish individuals and inquires about Leeser's niece, Rachel Pesoa.

A half-page transmittal letter from Moses Shloss (?) to Isaac Leeser, mentioning Feist Traub and discussing the minutes of a new congregation. The letter lacks a date and city of origin, but internal evidence places it in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

One-and-one-eighth page letter from Rabbi S. M. Isaacs to Isaac Leeser, written circa 1850. The letter discusses concerns about the non-publication of an article by Mark Jacobs and Isaacs' refusal to allow Leeser to publish one of his sermons. The letter was written from New York City and addressed to Leeser in Philadelphia.

Six-page letter written in German by Bernard Henry Gotthelf to Isaac Leeser on November 8, 1853, from Adath Israel Congregation in Louisville, Kentucky. The letter details the new congregation officers and expresses complaints about the congregation.

A one and a half page letter written in German from W. Frohlichstein, Secretary of Congregation Dorshey Zedek in Mobile, Alabama, to Isaac Leeser on February 3, 1856. The letter transmits the minutes of the congregation's meeting, lists elected officers, and details the presentation of gifts to Rev. J. Epstein. The letter provides insight into the early history of the congregation and its relationship with the broader Jewish community.

A one-page letter from Mendes Kursheedt to Isaac Leeser dated May 1, 1854, concerning the $3,000 bequest from Judah Touro for charitable distribution. The letter was written in New Orleans, Louisiana and discusses the largest bequest to Jewish causes at that time, facilitated by the Kursheedt brothers with Leeser's guidance.

A one-page letter from S. M. Isaac in New York City to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, dated April 10, 1848 (Hebrew year 5609). The letter requests further details for Attorney Mr. Morrison regarding Leeser's litigation against Mr. Solomon. The letter includes some Hebrew text.

A one-page letter from N. Van Bell to Isaac Leeser, dated March 12, 1860, informing him of the election of James Newhouse and the writer as delegates to represent their congregation on the Board of American Israelites. The letter was written in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Two-page letter from Reverend Henry S. Jacobs in Charleston, South Carolina, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated January 11, 1860. Jacobs discusses the proceedings of the newly inaugurated Hebrew Orphan Asylum in Charleston and a disagreement at a convention. He also mentions collecting $500 for distressed brethren.

A one and one-quarter page letter written by Lewis Samuel of Liverpool, England, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on September 9, 1852. Samuel responds positively to a prospectus for Leeser's Bible translation, orders copies, and offers publishing suggestions. He also expresses his views on congregants deemed unworthy of religious roles.

A one-page financial record detailing payment for provisions supplied to the Continental Army. Dated January 7, 1782, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The document indicates payment of 161 ¼ pounds to Henry Durand for provisions, authorized by a resolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly dated April 8, 1782. The payment was directed to David Rittenhouse, the Treasurer, and receipt was acknowledged by Aaron Levy. The verso is docketed 'Henry Durand Jan 7, 1784, 161/4/4 Pounds'.

Receipt detailing expenses to supply the Brig Polly, shared equally between William Vernon and Moses Levy. The document suggests a partnership between Vernon and Levy, with each contributing 300 pounds. The Brig Polly was involved in the slave trade. This receipt was likely created in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on December 2, 1752.

Two estate documents pertaining to Isaac Eliezer Israel. The first document, dated June 18, 1818, is an appointment of administrators for Israel's estate, naming Michael E. Cohen, Abram L. Hart, and Richard Roe as administrators. The appointment was requested by Michael E. Cohen, brother of the deceased. The second document, dated December 15, 1819, is a two-sided ledger sheet detailing the assets, debts, and expenses of the estate, including burial expenses. The documents indicate that Isaac Israel's debts were settled at 20 cents on the dollar. Note: Some confusion arises in names; Michael Eliezer Cohen is the brother of Isaac Eliezer Israel; his grandfather was a Cohen, and he adopted that surname. (See Malcolm Stern, pg. 128).

A court brief written for the defendant in the case of *Wistar, Richard v. Nedrow, Thomas et al.*, prepared for the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and signed by Moses Levy on March 7, 1795. The brief is part of a larger legal collection.

This collection comprises nineteen documents related to Ahaveth Sholem Lodge No. 160 of the Independent Order of B'nai B'rith, located in Corry, Pennsylvania. The documents date from 1871 to 1893 and include reports, financial records, administrative records, letters, and a membership certificate book. The materials detail the lodge's founding and early years, providing insights into its activities and membership. One item of note is a ceremonial leather apron bearing the lodge's insignia. The collection offers a glimpse into the history of this fraternal organization in Corry, Pennsylvania, a town situated northeast of Erie, Pennsylvania, near the New York state border.

A debt document from June 18, 1818, involving Michael E. Cohen, Abram L. Hart, and Richard Roe in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The document appears to be part of a larger printed form, possibly related to commercial trading fees. The document obligates the parties to pay a sum of $150.00.

Letter written by M. K. Cohen, Secretary of District Grand Lodge No. 3, I.O.B.B. (Independent Order B'nai B'rith), on organizational letterhead, to the president, officers, and members of the District Grand Lodge No. 3, I.O.B.B. The letter pertains to organizational memberships. Dated August 31, 1890, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Letter from M. K. Cohen, Secretary of District Grand Lodge No. 3, Independent Order B'nai B'rith, to the secretaries of the lodges in District No. 3, requesting quarterly and annual reports. Written on organizational letterhead, the letter emphasizes the legal requirement for annual report submission. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, December 1, 1890.

Letter written on organizational letterhead to the president, officers, and members of District Grand Lodge No. 3, I.O.B.B. (Independent Order B'nai B'rith), regarding the opening of two new lodge branches in Philadelphia and Newark. Dated April 10, 1890.

Letter written in Yiddish and transliterated into English from Benny Salinger, Secretary of Reform Congregation Keneseth Israel, to Mayer Sulzberger on July 1, 1880. The letter, written on institutional letterhead, discusses the Philadelphia Congregation's Constitution.

Letter from Richardson, Spence & Co., written on American Steamship Company of Philadelphia letterhead, to Mayer Sulzberger. The letter concerns steamship reservations for a trip Sulzberger is undertaking. The letter is dated July 19, 1880, and references addresses in Philadelphia, PA, and Liverpool, England.

Letter to Mayer Sulzberger, written on The American Hebrew letterhead, concerning plans to publish full accounts of the Montefiore celebrations in New York and Philadelphia. The writer requests permission to print Sulzberger's oration in full. Dated October 11, 1884.

A letter written on H. Muhr's Sons Manufacturing Jewelers and Watch Case Makers letterhead, addressed to Mayer Sulzberger in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 16, 1886. The sender's name is illegible.

A letter written by Mayer Sulzberger on May 26, 1886, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter pertains to business matters and mentions an address at 6th and Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA.

Congratulatory letter addressed to Mayer Sulzberger regarding an address he delivered at the Young Men's Orthodox Talmud Torah Association (Y.M.O.T.A.) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 5, 1884. The letter's sender is illegible. The letter was sent from 39 Broadway, New York, NY.

Letter from Sol. L. Haas to Mayer Sulzberger, written on Mayer Sulzberger's Attorney at Law letterhead. Haas discusses seeking Sulzberger's legal advice on a document and expresses concern about financial losses due to delays. The letter is dated July 7, 1877, and originates from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

This trade card advertises the Ostheimer Brothers, who sold Ch. Guyot suspenders. The front of the card features a black and white image of a man wearing a suit and a hat. The card lists three locations for the company: 917-919 Filbert Street, Philadelphia, PA, 406 Broadway, New York, NY, and the French Section Exposition, Chicago, IL. The card is printed on a cream background with black and red text. There are no images on the back of the card, only more information about the business.

Broadside advertising subscriptions to *The Occident*, a Jewish periodical, following the death of its founding editor, Isaac Leeser. Published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1868 or 1869. The broadside was likely printed and distributed by Mayer Sulzberger.

This collection comprises 39 miscellaneous commercial documents related to Mayer Sulzberger's European trip in 1880. The materials include billheads, letters, receipts, and telegrams from various hotels, businesses, and individuals in France, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and England. The documents provide insights into Sulzberger's travel itinerary, expenses, and business contacts during his journey. Dates range from 1880 to 1882. Specific locations include Paris, Munich, Philadelphia, Liverpool, Stuttgart, and London, among others.

This collection comprises eleven letters addressed to Mayer Sulzberger between 1876 and 1886. The correspondents include family members, business associates, and friends, offering insights into Sulzberger's personal and professional life. Topics covered range from family matters and travel plans to business dealings and financial transactions. Several letters are written in Yiddish, while others are in English, German, and French. The collection also includes a postal order from the German International Post and letterhead from M. Muhr's Sons, Manufacturing Jewelers and Watchcase Makers, 629-631 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA and the Grand Hotel Mombrun & Du Casino, Vichy, France. The letters provide a glimpse into the daily life and social network of a prominent Philadelphia figure during the late 19th century. One letter from Samuel Hirsch is written on letterhead from 635 North 7th Street, Philadelphia, PA.

This collection comprises three letters related to the Jewish Foster Home Society of Philadelphia. The letters, dated January 24, 1856, February 2, 1860, and January 28, 1863, are from Isaac Leeser and Evelyn Bomeisler. The letters are announcements and invitations to the Society's annual meetings.

A signed letter from Isaac Mayer Wise to Isaac Leeser, dated circa 1850, written from Albany, New York, and addressed to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses Wise's inability to collect money for *The Occident*.

A letter written by Isaac Leeser from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on January 5, 1866, announcing admission to the Pittsburgh Bar.

Letter written by S. Solis Cohen to the Young Men's Hebrew Association in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on October 24, 1880. Cohen informs the Association that he has sent them a copy of the minutes from the convention of the Young Men's Hebrew Association and kindred societies.

An invitation to the wedding of Sarah E. Revere and Samuel M. Etting. The invitation indicates the ceremony will take place at 2110 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The invitation is dated circa 1860.

This brochure advertises the Great Cyclorama of Jerusalem, a massive circular painting (50 feet high and 400 feet long) depicting the Crucifixion of Jesus and the city of Jerusalem. The advertisement likely includes descriptions of the cyclorama's scenes and its location in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was produced sometime around the 1850s.

This collection comprises a group of five letters and documents spanning the years 1842-1863, primarily related to Isaac Leeser, a prominent rabbi and figure in the Jewish community of Philadelphia. The materials include personal correspondence, announcements of annual meetings for the Jewish Foster Home Society of Philadelphia, and an administrative record from Kaal Kodosh Beth El Emeth. Geographic locations referenced include Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Louisville, Kentucky; and Hackenburg, Pennsylvania. The letters cover topics ranging from financial matters to announcements of the Jewish Foster Home Society meetings. The collection contains Hebrew and English language materials.

A commercial letter sent from M. L. Samuel & Co. to Henry Cohen concerning a check. The letter, dated circa 1860s, references 42 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA. The sender's name is illegible.

A letter from Rabbi Sabato Morais to an unknown recipient, dated circa 1885. The letter contains extensive genealogical documentation pertaining to Bamford Samuel. The letter is part of the Saul Wahl and Samuel Bunford family papers and was written in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

A broadside advertising the Misses Mordecai's Day School for Children, located at 1825 Delancey Place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The broadside, issued circa 1861, details enrollment information and terms. It shows signs of age, including stains and minor edge wear.

A stampless commercial letter written by E. J. Etting & Brothers of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on April 16, 1845, to an individual or business in Bridgewater, Massachusetts. The letter pertains to monies owed. E. J. Etting & Brothers were involved in iron rolling and nail manufacturing, and Mrs. E. J. Etting was listed among the initial subscribers to *The Occident* in 1843.

Billhead from the firm of Henry Cohen, an importer and wholesaler stationer located at 507 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The billhead is dated July 29, 1859. Printed by Geo. W. Bernadon & Bros.

Autograph letter signed (ALS) in French by Joseph Bonaparte, written from Point Breeze, Philadelphia, on June 7, 1831, to President Andrew Jackson. The letter discusses Rebecca Gratz, a noted Jewish-American educator and philanthropist. The letter is one page, written on both sides, measuring 8 x 10 inches.

Silk political ribbon from the Native American Party, circa 1844. The ribbon features a lithograph depicting patriotic symbols, including a man waving a flag, an eagle, and George Washington. The printer's name and address are at the bottom. This artifact relates to the nativist riots in Philadelphia's Kensington Ward, which involved violence between nativists and Irish Catholic immigrants.

This trade card advertises Abe Weil, a gents' outfitter located at 114 N. Ninth St., Philadelphia, PA. The front of the card features a line drawing of a boy wearing a collared dress shirt. The style of the illustration suggests a late 19th-century aesthetic. The business name and address are clearly printed below the image. The back of the card is blank.

Billhead of Jacob Bennett, diamond setter, located at No. 122 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia. Dated September 28, 1858. The bill was likely for a purchase of a ring from Bennett by Thos. C. Garrette. The billhead also indicates that Bennett was a manufacturer of fine jewelry and Masonic marks. The header section of the billhead displays a decorative shield emblem, as well as stylized lettering.

Trade card advertising Samuel Sternberger & Co., purveyors of "Pearl Shirts," located at 232 & 234 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features an illustration of children and a kitten. The verso contains a full advertisement. The card is circa 1885.

This trade card advertises Chas. Kahn's dry goods store, located at 460 North Second Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card is illustrated with a young girl in a red dress holding a flower and wearing a fancy hat. There is a green background with a floral pattern. The text on the front of the card is partially obscured by a red stamp or sticker. The back of the card is fully printed with an advertisement.

Billhead from Rosengarten & Sons, Manufacturing Chemists, located at the southwest corner of 17th and Fitzwater Streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Issued on May 11, 1883, by Charles H. Rutherford, representative of Rosengarten & Sons, at 26 Liberty Street, New York City. The billhead includes information about the company's history and prominent figures.

This trade card advertises S. Dalsheimer, a shoe dealer at 122 North 8th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of a parent spanking a child. The image appears to be in an indoor setting with the child seated and the parent standing behind them. The text around the image reads: 'S. Dalsheimer Leather Tip Shoes.' The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises S. Dalsheimer, a retailer of leather tip shoes. The front of the card depicts a charming scene of a child in a cradle being watched over by a dog. The illustration is likely intended to evoke a sense of comfort and quality associated with the shoes. Below the illustration, the text indicates the business name and address: 122 North 8th Street, Philadelphia, Pa. The back of the card is blank. [It is noted that Sylvan Dalsheimer was active in Jewish affairs.]

Billhead for Yeager & Berkenstock, located at 257 North Third Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated June 6, 1874. The bill lists a purchase of an item, likely a hat or straw good, made by William Davenport. The item is listed at a price of $1.50. The billhead includes a red-stamped company name with an ornate design and the printed phrase ‘Bought of’ with a stylized design.

This trade card advertises Armand Dalsheimer Shoes. The front of the card depicts a charming illustration of a little girl.  Below the image, the text clearly states the business name and address: Armand Dalsheimer Shoes, 122 North 8th Street, Philadelphia, Pa. The back of the card is blank. [The donor notes that Armand Dalsheimer was active in Jewish affairs.]

Two-page autograph letter signed by William Trent to Joseph Simons, dated April 7, 1783, from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses business matters related to land sales and the Indiana Company, urging Simons to attend a meeting. Trent also sends compliments to Mrs. Simons.

Trade card advertising the business of Isaac S. Isaacs, purveyor of diamonds, jewels, and watches, located at 521 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card is undated but is circa 1885. The card is part of the Collection E, and is housed in Arc.MS.56, Box 1, Folder 86.

This trade card advertises Benjamin Israel's fancy furs business in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card (Image 1) shows an illustration of the U.S. Government Building from the 1876 Centennial World's Fair. The back of the card (Image 2) contains the advertisement for Benjamin Israel's business. The card measures 3" x 1-3/4".

This trade card advertises the J. Solomon Boot & Shoe Store, located at 417 South Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a black and white drawing of a storefront with a sign above it, and a man holding a shoe, with a woman beside him, walking toward the store. There are two men inside the store, and a shoe display case in the window. The back of the card is blank.

Autograph letter from Pennsylvania Senator Andrew Gregg to Aaron Levy, dated Washington, D.C., February 12, 1805. Gregg discusses inquiries regarding Mr. Phillipson and the Committee of Commerce and Manufacturing in Philadelphia. Levy docketed the letter in Yiddish. The letter measures 8" x 10" and is written on rag paper with folds and an integral address leaf.

Billhead from E. C. Markely & Son, printers, for Sulzberger, Mayer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated April 28, 1873. The billhead showcases the printer's name and address, and details of the transaction to Sulzberger, Mayer.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) portrait photograph of Leon Liebman, taken by Frederick Gutekunst at his studio located at 704 and 706 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The photograph is undated, but based on Gutekunst's career, it is estimated to be from around 1875.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) photograph of a dark-haired man with a mustache, possibly Leon Liebman, posed with books. The photograph was taken by Newell at 724 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The photograph is undated, but the style suggests a date around 1880.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) photograph of Leon Liebman, a dark-haired man with a mustache wearing a cap, holding a gorilla. The photograph was taken by the Centennial Photographic Co., Edward L. Wilson and W. Irving Adams, Proprietors, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on May 18, 1879.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) photograph of Sophia Sulzberger. The photograph, attributed to Walker, shows a middle-aged woman. A handwritten inscription on the reverse identifies the subject as Sophia Sulzberger; however, the authorship and accuracy of this inscription are uncertain. The photograph was taken in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Handwritten invitation to a dinner party at the home of J. Weiner located at 866 North 7th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on June 24, 1880. The invitation was most likely sent to Mayer Sulzberger.

Invitation from Mayer Sulzberger to an unknown recipient for a dinner at the Hotel Bellevue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to meet Mr. Justice Dean and Mr. Justice Fell. The invitation is dated circa 1885. The Hotel Bellevue's address is listed as the Northeast Corner of Sixth and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia, PA.

Printed invitation to the dedication of a new building for the Jewish Foster Home and Orphan Asylum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on June 12, 1881. The invitation is addressed to Mayer Sulzberger. The new location was on Mill Street (later Church Lane near Chew Street) in Germantown.

Letter written by K. J. Levy to Mayer Sulzberger concerning an appointment with a physician. The letter is dated circa 1880 and mentions a location in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at the Northwest corner of Arch and 13th Streets.

Receipt issued by the Mutual Benefit Company of Pennsylvania to Mayer Sulzberger on May 10, 1873, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The receipt documents a financial transaction.

Postcard sent from R. Picker's Buchhandlung in Vienna, Austria to Mayer Sulzberger in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on April 23, 1879. The postcard discusses Sulzberger's European trip, the Board of Delegates of American Israelites, and issues concerning European Jewry. The postcard is written in English, German, and Hebrew.

Hand-colored lithograph depicting Metea, a Potawatomi chief. Published by D. Rice & A. N. Hart in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, circa 1850. The print is part of the collection of Judaica Americana.

Concert program for a series of pianoforte concerts by Josef Hofmann, featuring an image of the pianist at his instrument. The program was produced by Messrs. Abbey, Schoeffel & Grau and advertised Weber pianos. The program was distributed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York between 1887 and 1889.

Blank printed receipt from Congregation Mikveh Israel for an offering for the year 56xx (circa 1830s). The receipt is printed in Hebrew and English. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

This trade card advertises H. Muhr's Sons, jewelers located at 633 & 635 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a woman in Chinese attire standing in front of a depiction of Chinese currency. The back of the card includes an advertisement. [H. Muhr's Sons was a prominent jewelry store in Philadelphia, known for their fine selection of jewelry and watches.]

This trade card advertises H. Muhr's Sons, jewelers located at 633 & 635 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a planter from the United States standing in front of a $1 bill. The back of the card includes an advertisement.

This trade card advertises H. Muhr's Sons, jewelers located at 633 & 635 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA. The front of the card features a woman standing in front of a display of currency. The text mentions that the woman is from Romania. The back of the card contains an advertisement.

This trade card advertises N. Snellenburg & Co., Clothiers and Merchant Tailors, located at the southeast corner of 5th and South Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features a cartoon of a cat wearing a top hat. The card is blank on the back.

This trade card advertises P. Fleischner & Co., frame manufacturers and gilders located at 1026 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. The front of the card features a woman standing amidst the ruins of a structure overlooking a mountainous landscape. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises P. Ostheim & Son, a clothing and tailoring business located at 1102 & 1104 Germantown Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a patriotic illustration of a young boy holding an American flag. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises S. Hirschberg, an importer and dealer in diamonds, watches, and jewelry, located at 230 North Eighth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a decorative border with floral designs, including roses and blue flowers. The back of the card is blank. [The business was established in 1860.]

This trade card advertises the business of S. Hirschberg, an importer and dealer in diamonds, watches, and jewelry. The front of the card features a colorful illustration of a bouquet of pink carnations and blue flowers against a white background with gold text. The back of the card is blank. It also states that the business was established in 1860. The card includes the address of the business, 230 North Eighth Street, Philadelphia, PA.

This trade card advertises S. Hirschberg, an importer and dealer in diamonds, watches, jewelry, and other goods, located at 230 North Eighth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a colorful image of roses and lilies. The back of the card is blank. The business was established in 1860.

This trade card advertises the Philadelphia Button House, a button shop located at 101 South 11th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. [The shop was owned by S. Shoneman.] The front of the card features a delicate illustration of pink and red carnations. The back of the card has a price list. The card's design is a simple, rectangular format. The illustration of the carnations is placed centrally on the card in a white oval shape. The business's name, address, and owner's name are placed below the illustration.

Business card of Louis N. B. Straus, identifying him as an Assistant Surgeon and a member of the A.O.K. of M.C. (Ancient Order of Knights of Malta and Christianity?). The card features an embossed coat of arms for the A.O.K. of M.C. Printed circa 1885 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Broadside certificate issued to Rebecca Gratz on October 27, 1845, granting her a lifetime seat (#14, upstairs) at Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia. The certificate was issued following renovations to the synagogue. Signed by Abraham Hart.

Shipping record detailing the arrival of the barque Louisa Gallagher in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 7, 1842. The record notes Rosengarten as the port of entry and lists boxes of buttons among the cargo. The document includes the names of several individuals associated with the shipment, including Richard L. Howells and Jacob Dewees.

Ledger sheet detailing a bill for the storage of 30 barrels of gunpowder at the Philadelphia powder magazine on April 12, 1759. The bill itemizes costs for various individuals, including David Franks, who is listed as having stored 7 barrels. The bill is signed by William Hill and receipted by Samuel Garrigues on April 18, 1759. This document relates to the French and Indian War (1754-1763).

Autograph letter signed (ALS) from Charles B. Thomas, Colonel and Judge Advocate on Kirby Smith's staff, to H.M. Phillips. The one-page, quarto letter, written on Office of Army Clothing & Equipage stationery in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, discusses the Secretary of War's order to discharge two packers at the Schuylkill Arsenal. Dated August 31, 1858.

This trade card advertises Diamond Palace, a jewelry store located at 146 North 8th Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features an illustration of a boy with a red balloon, holding a flag with the Diamond Palace logo. The boy is dressed in a straw hat, striped shirt, and bowtie and is standing against a backdrop of clouds. The back of the card is blank.

A one-page letter written by Moses Michael Hays in New York City to Michael Gratz in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on December 12, 1768. Hays discusses the dispatch of a vessel to Georgia, plans to remit bills of credit, and complains about the irregular postal service. The letter includes a New York postmark and bishop's mark on the verso.

Autograph letter signed from Moses Michael Hays to Michael Gratz, dated June 1769. Hays congratulates Gratz on his marriage. The letter includes an integral address leaf with a New York postmark and a bishop's mark. Written on one page, 4to. The letter reflects the business relationship between Hays and Gratz and provides insight into their personal lives.

Autograph document signed by Moses Michael Hays and Myer Polock, written to Michael Gratz on September 13, 1768. The letter details losses to be recovered in Amsterdam on insurance ordered by Isaac Elizer, providing an accounting of insurance payments for numerous losses in pounds and guilders. The two-page letter includes an autograph address panel with a New York postmark and bishop's mark. This letter exemplifies cross-Atlantic insurance interactions.

Autograph letter signed by Solomon Etting to Hyman Gratz, dated March 31, 1825, from Baltimore, Maryland. Etting discusses the disbursement of funds intended for Solomon De Castro's passage to Curaçao. He details De Castro's change of plans and ultimate receipt of a smaller sum for passage to Virginia. The letter also includes a Passover greeting. Two pages. Autograph address panel on integral blank.

Stampless letter from Edward Johnson Etting in Philadelphia to Reuben B. Valentine in Baltimore, dated April 2, 1829. The letter discusses the iron market, specifically rod and bar iron prices, and the challenges of selling iron. It also includes personal and family greetings. The cover is postmarked "PHIL 2 APR" and addressed to "Mr. Reuben B. Valentine Now at Baltimore."

This trade card advertises Harry Cohen, a boot and shoe merchant located at 8 North Second Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a humorous illustration of a boy stuck in an apple tree. The verso of the card is blank.

Billhead of Henry Levin, a commission merchant, located at No. 50 North Wharves, below Race Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The bill is dated August 19, 1852, and was purchased by Peter Small. The bill lists 2 barrels of mackerel purchased for $13.62. It also includes a decorative element featuring a fish, which is likely a visual representation of the business's trade in fish products. The billhead contains clear and ornate lettering, and a small business card for the buyer.

Invoice from L. & S. HECHT, wholesale dealers in hosiery, gloves, trimmings, and other goods, located at No. 109 North Third Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated June 9, 1852. The bill is for the purchase of three items from J. S. Stetler, including trimming, ribbon, and an item labeled “1 man 14/12 g’s.” The billhead displays clear text details of the transaction and the business address.

Billhead from Arnold, Nusbaum & Nirdlinger, wholesale dealers in ready-made clothing, cloths, cassimeres, vestings, and tailors' trimmings. The business was located at 333 Market St. & 27th North Fourth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The billhead is dated November 2, 1865, and includes the names of the business partners: Simon Arnold, Ernest Nusbaum, Jacob Nirdlinger, Hezekiah Arnold, and Edwin Arnold. The bill lists several items, with corresponding prices, that may be fabric or clothing. The header features an ornate Victorian-style text design with the business name. The business address and transaction list are clearly organized in separate sections.

Invoice from Moss & Co., a publisher, bookseller, printer and dealer in Masonic and Odd Fellows' Regalia, located at 430 Market Street and 425 Merchant Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The bill lists various paper goods, including writing paper, letter, and wrapping paper, purchased by Samuel Hegarty on March 2, 1863. The invoice features an ornate Victorian-style lettering.

Letter from George Randorf, Agent of the Association of Jewish Immigrants, to Louis E. Levy, President of the Association, dated August 2, 1890. The letter, written on organizational letterhead, discusses several cases of Jewish immigrants presenting unique challenges for the organization.

Letter from Louis E. Levy, President of the Association of Jewish Immigrants, to George Randorf, Agent of the Association, dated August 3, 1890. Written on organizational letterhead, the letter responds to Randorf's previous day's request to discuss cases of Jewish immigrants presenting novel problems for the organization. The letter was written in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Letter written on the letterhead of the Society of the United Hebrew Charities of Philadelphia, dated August 8, 1890. The letter is addressed to George Randorf. The sender is illegible. The letterhead includes the organization's address: 636 North Sixth Street, Philadelphia, PA.

Letter from George Randorf, Agent of the Association of Jewish Immigrants, to Louis E. Levy, President of the Association, dated August 8, 1890. The letter discusses an immigrant woman and her five children who arrived in Philadelphia without their husband and are facing potential deportation due to concerns about becoming a burden on the community. The letter is written on organizational letterhead.

Letter from George Raudorf, agent of the Association of Jewish Immigrants, to Hon. Ferdinand Levy, concerning the delayed baggage of Benjamin Chercosky in New York. Raudorf requests an update on the case. The letter is written on Association of Jewish Immigrants letterhead and dated July 11, 1890. The letter originates from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and references New York, New York.

Letter from George Randorf, Agent of the Association of Jewish Immigrants, to Louis E. Levy, President of the Association of Jewish Immigrants, written on organizational letterhead. The letter discusses a Jewish immigration case involving the Butchatchin family. The letter was written in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 30, 1890.

Memorandum from Ferdinand Levy, Coroner's Office of New York, to George Raudorf, Esq., concerning detained baggage belonging to Raudorf's client. Levy suggests seeking assistance from the Association of Jewish Immigrants. The letter includes a reference to a letter from General O'Brine and an oath to be made by Benjamin Chercasky. Dated June 23, 1890.

Letter from S. Sheneinan, Secretary of the United States Commissioners of Immigration, to George Raudorf, dated June 25, 1890. Written on office letterhead from 1224 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, the letter explains that the Commissioners cannot assist with the case of Raudorf's client's detained baggage because their office only handles immigrants arriving in Philadelphia, while the client arrived in New York.

Letter dated May 24, 1890, from Ferdinand Levy, Deputy Collector at the New York City Custom House, to George Randorf in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter concerns baggage belonging to Benjamin Chercosky, detained in the Empire Warehouse Company's General Orders Stores after his arrival from Brazil on April 15th aboard the S.S. Advance. The letter is written on official letterhead.

Letter of resignation from George Randorf, Agent of the Association of Jewish Immigrants, to Louis E. Levy, President of the Association, written on organizational letterhead. Randorf cites poor health as the reason for his resignation. Philadelphia, PA, September 14, 1890.

Letter from Jon. Ehrlich, Agent of the Association of Jewish Immigrants, to Louis E. Levy, President of the Association of Jewish Immigrants. Written on organizational letterhead, the letter discusses the Lerman family and their need for assistance in sending money to New York to retrieve their baggage from Russia. Philadelphia, PA and New York, NY. September 25, 1890.

Letter from George Randorf, former agent of the Association of Jewish Immigrants, to Louis E. Levy, President of the Association, requesting a letter of reference and seeking forgiveness for any unintentional offense caused by his departure. Written in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 29, 1890.

Invoice from Henry Levin, a commission merchant, located at No. 50 North Wharves, below Race Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated March 23, 1852. The bill lists an item purchased by P. Smou. The billhead features a decorative border, ornate lettering, and a drawing of a fish, indicating that the business likely dealt with the sale of seafood. The billhead also includes a stamp reading: “Fish, Butter, Cheese, Provisions, &c.”, providing further evidence that Henry Levin’s business was focused on food.

Billhead from Henry Levin's business, advertising the sale of fish. The billhead is dated May 12, 1852, and lists the business address as 50 North Wharves, below Race St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Printed by Small & Gerhart.

Lottery ticket #26297 B from the Easton Delaware Bridge Lottery. The ticket is undated, but likely dates to circa 1802. The reverse side bears the signature of Hyman Gratz.

Lottery ticket #5m278 from the United States Lottery, dated November 18, 1776. The ticket is signed by J. Mease. The names Aaron Levy and Amsell/ (Andrew?) Levy are signed on the reverse.

A legal document from the District Court of Philadelphia, dated May 1, 1829, certifying that Richard Garwood has no judgments against him. The document is signed by Samuel M. Solomon, Auditor for the city of Philadelphia.

Check drawn on the Schuylkill Bank, endorsed by Sarah Nathans, dated October 14, 1822. The check was issued in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Check drawn on the Schuylkill Bank and endorsed by Sarah Nathans on April 13, 1825. The check provides details about Sarah Nathans's life, including her relationship to Moses Nathans and her conversion to Judaism.

This trade card advertises Weichselbaum & Schwamenfeld, manufacturers of quilts and jobbers in dry goods, located at 548 North Second Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a charming domestic scene. The back of the card provides more detailed information about the business, including its address and the products it offers.

A letter from the Reliance Insurance Company of Philadelphia, signed by John Heyl, notifying Henry Muhr of an interest payment of $5,000 due on his bonds. The letter is dated May 19, 1869, and originates from 308 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

This is the catalog for the 10th Annual Exhibition of the Artists' Fund Society of Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, held in 1845. The catalog lists the artworks exhibited, artists, and other relevant details. Notably, Hyman Gratz is listed among the directors of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts on the first page. Printed by King & Baird in Philadelphia.

This trade card advertises P. Fleischner & Co., artists' materials suppliers located at 1026 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a comical scene at the beach with a man in a straw hat, a woman in a long dress, and a child in a sailor outfit. It appears they are participating in some type of seaside amusement. The illustration features bright, primary colors including red, yellow, and blue. The back of the card is blank.

Original handwritten order from Lieutenant A. Brown of the 44th Regiment of Foot, dated March 29, 1759, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, instructing payment to Joseph Simons for recruiting activities. Endorsed and signed by Archibald Campbell. The verso contains additional information dated April 18, 1759, in New York, referencing Peter Van Brugh Livingston and Naphtali Hart Myers.

A check for $69.38, dated March 24, 1854, drawn on a bank in Puerto Cabello and endorsed by Isaac Leeser, payable to A. Myerston. The check is written in English and includes decorative embellishments. The verso includes an endorsement by A. Myerston and additional markings, potentially from a photography studio (Bendann Bros.).

Letter written by Talcott Williams to Mayer Sulzberger on circa 1880-1890 concerning the death of Sulzberger's parents, his congregation, and his will. The letter originates from 331 South 16th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Letter written by Dr. S. Solis-Cohen on his business letterhead to Elina, concerning materials for a circular and member invitations for an unnamed religious organization. Dated to the mid-1890s and sent from 219 South Seventeenth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

This letter, written circa 1885 on Frank Muhr's personal stationery, is addressed to Mayer Sulzberger at 1303 Girard Avenue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Muhr congratulates Sulzberger on a new position.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) photograph of Hattie E. Liebman. The photograph was taken in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by Frederick Gutekunst. The photograph is undated, but likely dates from circa 1870 based on photographic style and the photographer's career.