Geography: Baltimore

This pamphlet, published in Baltimore, Maryland in 1818, is an advertisement for Schaffer und Maund's Lottery and Exchange Office located at 110 Market Street. The advertisement, printed in German, lists winning lottery tickets and promotes the services of the exchange office. The advertisement also notes the efforts of a Baltimore City Council president who fought for Jewish rights.

Billhead from Schloss Bros. & Co., clothiers, Baltimore, Maryland. The billhead features the text "ON SALE AT BETTER COTHIERS EVERYWHERE". Dated circa 1900.

This four-page catalogue from I. Ulman & Sons, located at 310 Light Street in Baltimore, Maryland, offers a detailed price list of their goods. A lithograph of the store is featured on the catalogue. The catalogue likely details the various food items sold by the company. The date is circa 1885 based on the information available.

This four-page price list catalogue from I. Ulman & Sons, a Baltimore-based business, is dated circa 1885. It details the prices and descriptions of food products sold by the company and features a lithograph of their store at 310 Light Street. The catalogue provides a detailed inventory of groceries and provisions, likely targeting both retail customers and perhaps wholesale buyers.

A whiskey jug with an impressed advertisement for A. Rosenbaum, a dealer in wines and liquors located at 2228 Boston Street, Baltimore, Maryland. Undated, but likely from around 1870 based on contextual information.

Twenty dollar bank note from the Bank of Washington in North Carolina, used for advertising. The note is signed 12/6/1853 and has a handwritten inscription on the back advertising Herzberg & Brother, Clothiers, located at No. 2 Market Space, Baltimore, Maryland. Philip Herzberg, mentioned in connection with this note, was a prominent figure in Baltimore in 1853, serving as chairman of the committee to form a temple and known for his active Jewish life.

This is an invitation from Hutzler Brothers, a Baltimore department store, to a three-day opening display of their winter and fall dress goods, held on September 21st, 22nd, and 23rd, 1891. The invitation features high-quality printing, showcasing the store's building on the cover and the event details inside.

This is a July 1890 issue of *Styles and Fashions*, a monthly periodical published in Baltimore, Maryland, for the hat trade. Published by Brighman Hopkins & Co., the periodical features styles and fashions relevant to the hat industry. The pamphlet is associated with Isaac Friedenwald, a member of a prominent Baltimore Jewish family involved in business and commerce.

Engraved whiskey shot glass advertising J. H. Friedenwald & Co., wines and liquors. The glass features the company's address: 107, 109, 111 N. Eutaw St., Baltimore, Maryland. Circa 1890s.

Whiskey shot glass engraved with "COMPLIMENTS OF FRIEDENWALD, J.H....107, 109,111; N. EUTAW ST......WINES AND LIQUORS." The shot glass is a promotional item from J. H. Friedenwald & Co., a major Jewish family business in Baltimore, Maryland. Circa 1890s.

Broadside invitation from the Directors of the Baltimore United Hebrew Assistance Society to a general meeting at Rechabite Hall on February 1, 1853. The invitation expresses concern over declining membership and increasing needs of the poor, warning that the Society may cease to exist if the trend continues. It contrasts the situation in Baltimore with other cities where such societies are thriving.

Lists of books and other materials from the Library of the Hebrew Literature Society in Baltimore, Maryland. The lists are in English and Yiddish. The materials are undated but are likely from around 1890 based on the founding date of the society and the address listed.

This pamphlet contains a corrected census report of Maryland submitted by Reuben Etting, United States Marshal for the District of Maryland, to President Thomas Jefferson on December 23, 1801. The report includes a transmittal letter from Etting. Etting's appointment to this federal position by Jefferson is noteworthy, as Maryland law at the time prohibited Jews from holding state office.

This pamphlet contains the constitution and by-laws of the National Institution for the Promotion of Science, established in Washington, D.C. It was one of the early organizations that led to the creation of the National Academy of Sciences in 1863. Jacob I. Cohen is listed as a founding corresponding member. The pamphlet was published in Baltimore, Maryland on May 1, 1840.

This pamphlet contains the inaugural sermon delivered by Dr. David Einhorn at the Har Sinai-Verein temple in Baltimore, Maryland on September 29th, 1855. The sermon, originally in German, was translated into English by Dr. Abram B. Arnold. The pamphlet provides insight into the religious and possibly political climate of Baltimore's Jewish community in the mid-19th century. It also mentions Einhorn's later expulsion from Philadelphia in 1861 due to his pro-Union views during the Civil War and his subsequent rabbinical work in New York City.

Billhead for Tobias Loeb, a tobacco merchant located in Baltimore, Maryland. The billhead lists multiple addresses for the business, including 156 West Franklin St., near Paca and Nos. 7 and 9 North Howard Street, Upstairs. Dated January 7, 1868. The billhead includes a section for a transaction, likely for tobacco, with a handwritten signature in the bottom left. The header portion of the bill is blank.

Invoice from Heineman Brothers, a monumental cigar manufactory located at 304 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, Maryland. Dated October 15, 1899. The bill includes an itemized list of purchases from J. G. Wannamaker Manufacturing Co., and includes several items, such as “Ground Leaves,” “Madaleria,” and “Merry Christmas,” which are likely types of cigars. The billhead features a large decorative header with an ornate Victorian-style logo and a visual depiction of the building and its facade.

Credit bill from Stern & Rothstein, makers of the Lord Baltimore brand of Young Men's, Boys, and Juvenile Clothing. Located at 311 & 313 Baltimore Street, and 308 & 310 W. German Street, Baltimore, Maryland. The bill is dated October 18, 1912 and was issued to J.W. Olweiler. The billhead features an illustration of three children, a decorative border, and ornate Victorian-style lettering.

Invoice from Stein Brothers & Co., jobbers and wholesale clothiers, located at 205 Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland. Dated October 9, 1871. The bill lists an item purchased by C. F. Baylis, with prices, quantities, and check marks indicating payment. The total bill is $367.28. The billhead features a company header, ornate lettering, and a note that this bill is for a four-month payment period. It is printed on a lined page.

Invoice from S. Wolsheimer & Bro., a retailer of goods for men's wear, located at 272 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland, for C. I. Baylis, residing in Lloyds, Virginia. Dated November 3, 1870. The invoice contains an itemized list of goods purchased, likely clothing, with corresponding quantities and prices. The handwritten invoice lists a variety of items, including suits, coats, pants, and other goods. The billhead features ornate, stylized lettering typical of the period, and includes the business name and address.

Billhead from the Baltimore, Maryland firm of Hershman & Goodman, dated December 10, 1898. The billhead features a lithograph of a beaver and lists the firm's address as 319 Baltimore Street.

This billhead from December 15, 1885, belonged to Nathan Gutman, an importer of silks, velvets, laces, trimmings, hosiery, and other goods. His business was located at 66 Lexington Street, near Charles Street, in Baltimore, Maryland. The billhead is addressed to A.S.D. H. Weil.

Billhead from Hutzler Brothers, located at 67 North Howard Street, Baltimore, Maryland, dated December 6, 1880. The billhead advertises "White Goods, Embroideries, Mourning Goods, Laces, Black Silk, Lace Curtains; Colored Dress Goods & Etc." An attached expense list details costs for the "Ice Boat" in Baltimore Harbor.

Two billheads from Jacob Adler & Co., a Baltimore-based mercantile firm. One billhead, dated March 1, 1884, and the other dated February 21, 1884, were printed on pink paper. The billheads advertise "CONSIGNMENTS OF FRUITS, FURS, FEATHERS AND PRODUCE GENERALLY" and list the firm's addresses as 54 S. Howard Street and 288 and 290 W. Pratt Street. Jacob Adler and his brother-in-law Herman Cone were partners in Jonesborough, Tennessee in the early 1850s, moving to Baltimore in the early 1870s. Additional business information is from March 1, 1878.

Invoice from W. Goldstein, a manufacturer of perfumery and toilet soap, located at 268 West Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland. Dated March 25, 1869. The bill lists a variety of items purchased by J. C. Johnson, including Fancy Milk White, Oval Glass, and Hair Aid. The billhead displays a business name in bold lettering.

Billhead from C. B. Slingluff & Co., a wholesale dealer in hats, caps, and straw goods, located at 308 Baltimore Street, near Liberty Street, Baltimore, Maryland. The billhead is dated April 18, 1860.

Invoice from Marcus W. Wolf & Co., importers and wholesale stationers, located at 204 and 206 W. German Street, Baltimore, Maryland. Dated April 4, 1893. The bill lists the purchase of an item(s) from the business by G. Wanamaker Manufacturing Co., likely paper goods or stationery items. The invoice lists a total amount due of $1000. The billhead displays ornate Victorian-style lettering and includes a company logo, a visual depiction of the business's storefront, and a framed header section. Terms of the purchase are outlined on the billhead.

Invoice from North Bros. & Strauss, makers of shirts and night robes, located at 100, 102, 104 Hanover Street, Baltimore, Maryland. Dated May 13, 1898. The bill is made out to A. F. Stauffer and lists the purchase of 3 1/2 doz. “muslin shirts” at various prices, totaling $40.50. The billhead includes a depiction of the North Bros. & Strauss store. The billhead also includes detailed company information such as the address, business terms, and a small image of their store, a handsome building.

Billhead from Heineman Brothers, Monumental Cigar Manufactory located at 304 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, Maryland. The billhead is dated June 1, 1899, and lists a purchase from J. S. Wannamaker. The billhead features an intricate, ornate Victorian-style lettering and a large, decorative illustration of a monument with a trade mark printed below.

Billhead of Slagle & Sneeringer, commission merchants, wholesale dealers in manufactured and smoking tobacco, cigars, pipes, etc., located at No. 5 S. Sharp St., 2nd door from Baltimore St., opposite Harnden’s Express Office. This bill is dated June 3, 1867, and details a transaction between the business and Mr. E. Firmwaltz. The billhead includes handwritten totals of the transaction in a columnar format. The bill is printed in black ink and has a decorative header with ornate lettering. The billhead also includes a revenue stamp, which was required for certain transactions during the Civil War.

Billhead from the firm of Tobias Loeb in Baltimore, Maryland, dated July 16, 1869. The billhead lists multiple addresses: 234 W. Lexington St. (4 doors west of Green St.), with crossed-out addresses of 156 West Franklin, near Paca, and No. 7 and 9 North Howard Street (upstairs).

Billhead for Jacob Adler & Co., grocers and commission merchants located at 54 S. Howard St., 288 & 290 W. Pratt Street in Baltimore, Maryland. Dated August 19, 1878. The bill is addressed to Mr. A. B. Rogan and lists several items purchased, including salt, flour, soda, mustard, and others. The bill includes handwritten prices and quantities for each item and a total at the bottom. The billhead is handwritten and includes a header that states the name of the business and address.

Billhead from A. Brafman & Son, manufacturing clothiers located at 26 Hopkins Place (formerly Sharp Street), Baltimore, Maryland. Dated August 19, 1887, with a small stamp stating “GOODS ACTUALLY SOLD WILL NOT BE TAKEN BACK” near the top left corner. It is an invoice for E. J. Nebb. The billhead is highly detailed and contains an itemized list of transaction items and prices, along with a handwritten note on the bottom stating “Balance of goods will follow soon.”

Billhead from Baltimore Bargain House, importers and jobbers of general merchandise, located at 216, 218 & 220 West Baltimore Street and Annex, 10 & 12 N. Howard St., Baltimore. The billhead features a decorative illustration of the building, a framed header section, and ornate Victorian-style lettering. The date on the billhead is December 15, 1898. It is a letter to Mr. H.J. Mannafee, Sperryville, Va. It is written in response to a previous order, letting the client know that the shipment went forward on the 8th inst. and assuring the client that the business remains appreciative of their patronage.

A letter dated June 15, 1900, from H. W. Kleinmann to H. L. Menefee concerning the Baltimore Bargain House, located at 212, 214, 216, 218, and 220 West Baltimore Street. The letter mentions the store's large storefront and its establishment in 1880. The letter was written from Sperryville, Virginia, and sent to Baltimore, Maryland.

Billhead from Ulman & Co., a Baltimore, Maryland firm, dated January 17, 1874. The billhead advertises "Atlas Whiskies" and lists the company's address as 35 South Gay Street, Baltimore, Maryland. The billhead was likely used by J. Ruleken.

Invoice from Chas. Simon & Sons, wholesale and retail dealers in foreign and domestic dry goods, located at No. 63 North Howard Street, Baltimore, Maryland. Dated January 9, 1879. The bill shows a transaction for “figured Swiss” for a total of $3.57 with “Rec. payment” from “Mormon” for 369, 337, and 12 cents. The billhead has an elegant printed header section and a handwritten line “The same for expenses to day”.

A broadside advertisement for J. H. Cooper's gas regulators. The advertisement lists Solomon, Isaac, Abram Pollock, and Herman Pollock as satisfied users. It provides addresses for the company: 511 W. Fayette St., Howard St., and Gay St., Baltimore, Maryland. Published circa 1860 by Jackson & Chandler, Baltimore, Maryland.

A broadside from the Jewish Publication Society of America, announcing a prize of $1000 for the best story relating to a Jewish subject suitable for young readers. The story should be no less than 20,000 words and no more than 30,000 words. The broadside details the terms and conditions of the contest and the selection process. It notes that the prize-winning work will become the property of the society. The broadside also includes contact information for Henrietta Szold, the secretary to the committee. The document has a simple design and clear, legible lettering.

A broadside advertising the State Lottery of Maryland, taking place on Thursday, May 13th, 1824. The broadside lists the capital prizes available in the lottery, along with the cost of different types of tickets, including quarters, eighths, and halves. The broadside specifies that orders should be sent immediately, and notes that more capital prizes have been sold at Cohen’s Office in Baltimore than at any other office in the United States. It includes the address to which to send orders. It has a very small footprint and appears to be a handout.

An advertising envelope for Nathan Gutman & Co., a Baltimore, Maryland dry goods store. The envelope, likely postmarked around 1860, advertises "SILK DRESS GOODS, WRAPS, TRIMMINGS LACES, FANCY GOODS, &c." at their location: 17 & 17 W. LEXINGTON ST., Baltimore, Maryland. The envelope shows a stamp and has been addressed to Sue Cox.

An envelope with advertising for Nitsch & Kuhn, located at 42 S. Eutaw Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The envelope dates from circa 1885 and features printed advertising. The envelope suggests commercial activity in Baltimore during that period.

An advertising envelope for Moses & Brother, a mill and yard located in Baltimore, Maryland, at Allen Street, next to Bearley's Agricultural Works. The envelope dates to circa 1890. The envelope also mentions S. Curtis & Son.

An advertising envelope from the Levytype Co., designers and photo engravers, located at 96 W. 5th Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. The envelope is dated November 23, 1884, and features a visually appealing design on the cover.

This archival item consists of a letter and its accompanying envelope. The letter, dated June 6, 1862, was sent from Israel & Sons in Baltimore, Maryland to John G. McMurray & Co. in Lansingburgh, New York. The letter requests the forwarding of a mortgage. The envelope features early advertising and a stamp. The envelope also mentions the Steam Brush Factory.

A commercial letter from S. Frankenstein & Son, located in Calverton Stock Yards, Baltimore, Maryland, dated August 12, 1886. The letter is enclosed in an envelope with advertising. The letterhead is visible. The envelope is green with ornate corner details.

This archival item consists of a billhead and an accompanying envelope from Robinson, Josiah Greenbaum & Co. The billhead features a logo depicting blue mountain and hayfield rye whiskies. The return address on the envelope is 304 W. Franklin St., Baltimore, Maryland. The date on the billhead and envelope is January 21, 1890. The materials suggest a business relationship between the company and clients in White Stone, Virginia, and Baltimore, Maryland. The enclosed billhead indicates a focus on the food and beverage industry.

Billhead from J. Leopold & Co., located at 306 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland. Dated February 3, 1898. The billhead features extensive lithographic advertising for "Globe Street Lamp." Both the front and back are illustrated.

Envelope with advertisement for Hirshberg, Hollander & Co., a Baltimore-based business established in 1845, located at 106, 108, & 110 W. Pratt Street. The record is dated September 18, 1897, and includes the names C. P. Wrightman and William Copswell.

A letter written in 1860 from Jose Joaquin Perez to Joshua I. Cohen of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter mentions Perez's upcoming visit to William Hart of Quebec and contains references to Baltimore and the Jewish community.

A letter written by Mayer S. Weil on April 7, 1876, from 21 Lexington Street, Baltimore, Maryland, to Simons & Simons. The letter concerns a lawsuit against D. Goldstein. The letterhead indicates the writer's address.

Autograph letter signed by Jacob I. Cohen to Elie Beatty, dated August 21, 1820. Written from Baltimore, Maryland, the letter discusses the transmittal of a check and notes the failure of the Central Bank of Georgetown & Washington. The letter is franked "p paid JIC Jr."

A business letter dated September 4, 1894, from Solomon Frank and Frank & Adler, located at 212 & 214 W. Baltimore Street in Baltimore, Maryland, concerning a missing interest payment. The letter is written in English.

A business letter addressed to Jacob I. Cohen, Jr., president of the Baltimore Fire Insurance Company, concerning insurance on a house. Written in Frederick, Maryland, and addressed to Baltimore, Maryland, on October 12, 1850.

A one-quarter page, stampless letter from the Banking House of J. I. Cohen, Jr. and Brothers in Baltimore, Maryland, dated April 25, 1834. The letter, written on the bank's letterhead, remits a check. A clerk's signature is visible. The recipient is Elie Beatty. The letter also mentions Hagerstown, Maryland.

Letter from Baltimore lawyers Emack & Weinhagen to Henry B. Curtis in Mount Vernon, Ohio, dated May 19, 1846. The letter concerns the collection of $139.00 owed by Solomon Silberman. Silberman had previously informed them he was in Rochester, attempting to sell horses, but fell ill. The letter includes the original promissory note signed by Silberman.

Autograph letter signed by Richard H. Henderson to Israel Fielder, written in Baltimore, Maryland on June 23, 1823. The letter discusses remitting money owed to Isaac Burnistin.

A commercial letter written by David Hays in Baltimore, Maryland, to Porter & Hoover on January 22, 1849. The letter is written in English and discusses commercial matters. The letter is a stampless example.

Printed letterhead from the Banking House of J. I. Cohen & Brothers in Baltimore, Maryland, dated May 20, 1835. The letter, written to Elie Beatty in Hagerstown, Maryland, is a commercial communication.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of brandy to Samuel Etting in Baltimore, Maryland, from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on November 15, 1883. The record notes Etting's connection to the War of 1812 and his presidency of Congregation Beth Israel in Baltimore.

Shipping record documenting goods shipped by R. & I. Phillips, Jewish merchants of Philadelphia, to Baltimore, Maryland on March 13, 1827. The record is signed by Samuel Etting, who is noted as having been wounded in the War of 1812 and as the first president of Baltimore's Congregation Beth Israel.

Manifest detailing the cargo (silk handkerchiefs) from Canton to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with duties, bonded by the Etting brothers on March 10, 1827. The document originates from Baltimore, Maryland.

Receipt issued to the Baltimore Hebrew Congregation in Baltimore, Maryland on July 24, 1833. The receipt mentions Jacob Leeser, the younger brother of Isaac Leeser. Jacob Leeser died of smallpox in 1834.

A free franked letter, dated March 23, 1852, sent from an unidentified public official in Washington, D.C., to Col. Mendes I. Cohen in Baltimore, Maryland. The letter's content appears to be of a political nature, referencing a 'delegate'.

Official civil marriage certificate for Julius Kann and Arnoldine Cohen, issued in York, Pennsylvania on November 12, 1851. The groom is noted as being from Baltimore, Maryland. The document is notarized by a Justice of the Peace.

Legal document pertaining to travel from Liebenau, Lower Saxony, Germany to Baltimore, Maryland, dated June 8, 1851. This document, possibly related to immigration or emigration, involves Magnus Cohen and Arnoleine Cohen. A companion piece is noted as 18.185.

A pawnbrokers' license issued in Baltimore, Maryland on May 10, 1855, to Solomon Engelmeyer, David Oppenheimer, and Moses Pollock. The license is signed by the three pawnbrokers as well as the city's ex-officio mayor and city council.

This archival collection contains three original deeds documenting property transactions involving Solomon Etting in Baltimore, Maryland. The first deed, dated December 28, 1795, involves Zebulon Hollingsworth and James H. McCulloch. The second deed, dated March 13, 1798, involves Solomon Etting and James H. McCulloch. The third deed, dated May 26, 1831, involves Solomon Etting and Rebecca Pue. The deeds detail property sales and transfers, offering insights into real estate transactions and the early development of Baltimore. One deed indicates a sale price of $6500. Solomon Etting was an early investor in the Baltimore East India Company (1807) and the first Jew to hold public office in Maryland. He served on the first Board of Directors of the B&O Railroad.

This legal document is a deposition given by Levy Andrew Levy on June 14, 1817, concerning a land transfer in Cherry Valley, New York. Michael Gratz and George Croghan questioned Levy about the transfer of land between Michael and Bernard Gratz and George Croghan, which occurred in 1779. Levy was 82 years old at the time of the deposition. The document originates from the Gratz Collection in Canada and the Nathan Family Archive.

Letter dated April 2, 1839, from the Baltimore Police to the Mayor of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, informing him of the arrest of Henry Kobler Musselman and Lewis Wilman, suspected murderers of a Jewish peddler. The letter requests further information from Lancaster for the suspects' final commitment. The event generated sufficient interest to warrant a pamphlet account of the trial printed in Lancaster in 1839. Lazarus Zellerbach, a Pittsburgh resident and one of five known Jews in Pittsburgh in 1839, is mentioned.

This document is a financial record from October 4, 1864, concerning the payment of a reward for the arrest of a deserter in Baltimore, Maryland. It notes the approval of Leopold Blumenberg and references his military service, including his appointment as a brevet brigadier general by Ulysses S. Grant and as provost marshal by Abraham Lincoln. The document is not signed by Blumenberg.

Invoice for 6000 ball cartridges and 6 ammo boxes. The invoice was issued by Charles L. Isaacs and approved by Major General Wallace. The document is dated July 5, 1864, in Baltimore, Maryland.

Broadside letter (9" x 12") from S. N. Carvalho and thirteen other Jewish leaders of Baltimore to the President of the United States, dated November 28, 1858. The letter requests the President's intervention in the Mortara Affair, urging him to join other world powers in condemning the Papal States' actions. Published in Baltimore, Maryland.

A printed letter of recommendation, dated April 4, 1835, from Nathan Potter, Ahlenfeld's teacher at the University of Maryland, to the general public. The letter addresses concerns about Ahlenfeld's command of English. Published in Baltimore, Maryland.

This two-page letter constitutes a halachic inquiry from Isaac Moses Slatky, reader at the Baltimore Hebrew Congregation, to R. Solomon Eger of Posen, Germany. The inquiry references Eger's ruling prohibiting Kohanim from leading congregational blessings on holidays or receiving the first aliyah. The letter also includes a description of the Baltimore community, its synagogue, and its kosher mikva. The verso contains a letter from R. Samuel Fogelsdorf of Posen concerning the halachic inquiry and personal matters. It bears the scrawled signature of Yitzchak Chaim, who claims to have been a former student of Eger. Dated January 1, 1845.

Two-page letter written by David Judah in Richmond, Virginia to Isaac Leeser in Baltimore, Maryland on January 17, 1826. Judah discusses business commissions, a trip down the James River to Norfolk, and travel plans to Philadelphia. The letter provides details of Judah's activities and social interactions, offering insights into daily life in the early 19th century.

Printed invitation to the annual festival of the Baltimore United Hebrew Assistance Society, held on Thanksgiving Day, November 23, 1854, in Baltimore, Maryland. The invitation was issued by Ignatius Lauer and S. G. Putzel, the Society's President and Secretary, respectively. This is the earliest known surviving invitation for a charity event held by the Baltimore United Hebrew Assistance Society.

Two-page letter (in German with translation) from Dr. A. Gunzburg to Isaac Leeser. Written in Baltimore, Maryland on November 28, 1853, Gunzburg offers to supply an article for Leeser and discusses the possibility of selling books at Leeser's Hebrew school. The letter references both Baltimore and Philadelphia.

A handwritten letter from Reinah Judah to Isaac Leeser, dated November 3, 1859, in Baltimore, Maryland. Judah describes her difficult circumstances, including financial hardship and cold weather, and requests assistance from Leeser. The letter expresses affection and concern for Leeser's well-being.

A letter written by David Judah to Isaac Leeser on November 4, 1847, discussing the distribution of books, the financial affairs of the Occident, the prospects of a Mr. Block, and the recent death of Grace Aguilar. The letter was written from Baltimore, Maryland, and sent to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

A one-page letter written in German (with an English translation) from Jonas Goldsmith in Baltimore, Maryland to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on November 7, 1861. Goldsmith requests a subscription at half price, referencing a similar offer made by Dr. Wise to educators.

A one-page letter dated December 13, 1830, from David Judah and Zalma Rehine in Baltimore, Maryland to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Judah discusses closing his castor oil business and requests Leeser to inform Solomon Levy. Rehine's note mentions unfavorable business dealings with Mr. Jacobs and sends greetings to the Pixiotto family. The letter offers insight into Jewish commercial activities and challenges in the early 19th century. Additional notes discuss the context of this letter within a larger collection of correspondence between Leeser and Judah and Rehine, highlighting a significant gap in their communication and suggesting family connections. The description also includes information about Zalma Rehine's role in the Baltimore Jewish community and a reference to an advertisement from the Richmond Enquirer (July 5, 1822) featuring a Jewish-owned business.

Letter from S. Baroway, agent for the Baltimore Committee of the Baron de Hirsch Fund, to Louis Levy in Philadelphia. Dated December 14, 1892, the letter responds to Levy's request for the number of Jewish immigrants who arrived in Baltimore in September, October, and November 1892. The letter is written on the letterhead of the Baltimore Committee of the Baron de Hirsch Fund, located at 1208 East Baltimore Street. Levy's address is given as S.E. Corner 7th & Chestnut St., Philadelphia.

A one-page letter written by Jacob Leeser to his brother, Isaac Leeser, in Baltimore, Maryland on December 29, 1833. The letter discusses family and friends, including a mention of Miss Cozen, Isaac's housekeeper. This letter is notable for its rarity, as Jacob Leeser's correspondence is scarce.

Autograph letter signed from David Judah to Isaac Leeser, written in Baltimore, Maryland on April 20, 1830. The letter discusses the poor health of Zalma Rehine and suggests a visit. It also mentions events involving Mr. Etting. This letter is part of a larger correspondence between Judah and Leeser spanning from 1826 to 1849.

A three-page letter written by Isaac Leeser to his uncle, Zalma Rehine, on May 1, 1837, from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, discussing family matters, the economic impact of the Panic of 1837 on Jewish businessmen, and business dealings. The letter offers insights into the personal and professional life of Isaac Leeser and the economic climate of the time.

Letter from David Judah in Baltimore, Maryland to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated May 20, 1848. The letter concerns travel arrangements and family matters. This correspondence is part of a larger collection spanning several years, with a notable gap between 1831 and 1848. Judah's involvement in the slave trade is also noted in secondary sources.

A two-page letter written by Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to David Judah in Baltimore, Maryland on May 9, 1830. The letter discusses Leeser's dissatisfaction with his congregants in Philadelphia, his financial difficulties, and his relationship with Judah.

A 1 ¼ page letter written by David Judah in Richmond, Virginia, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on May 5, 1830. Judah offers advice to Leeser, who recently assumed his position at Mikveh Israel, cautioning him against overly critical behavior. The letter also includes local news, mentioning the closure of Leeser's uncle's store and the success of Sam Etting. Further correspondence between the two men is noted from 1826-1831 and 1848-1849, with a significant gap in between. David Judah is identified as a leading member of the Richmond Synagogue and a merchant, and also as an auctioneer who dealt in slaves.

Printed broadside letter dated May 17, 1825, transmitting the Constitution of the Reformed Society of Israelites. The letter was sent from Jacob Cohen in Baltimore, Maryland to Charleston, South Carolina. It includes the printed signatures of Isaac Harby, D.M. Carvalho, Abraham Moise, E.P. Cohen, and Isaac N. Cardozo, as the Corresponding Committee. This is considered an important document in the early history of Reform Judaism in America.

A letter written by Joshua I. Cohen in Baltimore, Maryland on June 10, 1851. The letter pertains to the collection of American documents. Cohen co-founded an eye and ear clinic in Baltimore in 1840 with Dr. Chew and was also a professor of mineralogy. His library of Hebraica and Judaica was donated to Dropsie College in 1915.

One-page letter dated April 6, 1830, from David Judah in Richmond, Virginia, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Judah offers advice to Leeser regarding the publication of Leeser's book, "Instructions in the Mosaic Religion," expressing concern about its potential impact on Leeser's career and suggesting a change in publication format.

This one and one-half page letter, dated June 25, 1829, was written by David Judah in Richmond, Virginia, to Isaac Leeser in Baltimore, Maryland. Judah expresses reservations about the draft of Leeser's first book, "Instructions in the Mosaic Religion," offering strong suggestions for improvement before publication. The letter highlights Judah's concern for Leeser's reputation and provides insightful advice on the writing process, emphasizing the importance of thorough revision and seeking feedback from competent individuals. The letter also provides context to the relationship between the two men and is part of a larger collection spanning 1826-1831 and 1848-1849. Additional information includes a reference to the Richmond Enquirer (VA) dated July 5, 1822, containing an advertisement for a Jewish-owned business with David Judah listed as a principal. David Judah is also identified as an auctioneer who dealt in slaves.

A three-page letter written by Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to his uncle, Zalma Rehine, in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 20, 1837. The letter details the financial aspects of Leeser's book publishing ventures and discusses his concerns regarding his upcoming re-election to a congregational position.

One-page letter from Zalma Rehine to Isaac Leeser, dated August 3, 1831, written from Baltimore, Maryland. Rehine describes his illness, inquires about Leeser's health, and suggests Leeser visit him in Baltimore for recuperation.

A one-page letter written by Zalma Rehine in Baltimore, Maryland, on 1833 to his nephew, Isaac Leeser. The letter conveys well wishes from friends and relatives, expresses concern for Leeser's health, and mentions the impending departure of Phineas Block for Philadelphia. It also alludes to the Block/Bloch family's history in Virginia and Baltimore.

A four-page letter written circa 1830 by Sarah Ann Mordecai in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to her mother, Richea Gratz Hays, in Baltimore, Maryland. The letter discusses personal matters and mentions Purim and the Book of Esther. The letter offers insight into the lives of this prominent military family; Sarah's aunt was Rebecca Gratz.

An eight by nine and a half inch, four-page letter written circa 1840 by Sarah Ann Minis (Sally) Hays to her mother-in-law, Richa Gratz Hays, sent by train. The letter contains personal family details. Her children, Frank and Henrietta, also added notes to their grandmother. Richa Gratz Hays was the sister of Rebecca Gratz.

A one-page letter written by Zalma Rehine from Baltimore, Maryland, on January 15, 1833, to Isaac and Jacob Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter offers advice and encouragement to Jacob, who had recently immigrated to America, urging him to learn English and conduct himself well in business. It also mentions potential business contacts for Jacob. This letter provides insight into family relationships and the experiences of early Jewish immigrants in the United States.

A two-and-a-half-page letter written by Isaac Leeser to his uncle, Zalma Rehine, on January 5, 1836. From Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Leeser vividly describes his duties as Hazan at Mikveh Israel. The letter was sent to Rehine in care of Judah Block in Baltimore, Maryland.

One-page letter written by Zalma Rehine from Baltimore, Maryland to Isaac Leeser on November 13, 1835. The letter discusses an Etting wedding, Philip Cohen's positive reaction to one of Leeser's discourses, and other personal and communal matters.

A one-page printed letter dated November 21, 1853, from the Baltimore United Hebrew Assistance Society to its members. The letter announces a meeting to raise funds due to depleted resources. Addressed to Dr. J. Cohen at 115 N. Charlotte Street, Baltimore, Maryland. Signed by officers Putzel, S.G., Lauer, Lewis, Dellevie, S., and Lauer, Ignatius.

Autograph letter signed by Zalma Rehine to Isaac Leeser. Written in Baltimore, Maryland on December 19, 1836, the letter concerns business matters. The letter was sent to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Three-page letter dated December 24, 1838, from Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to his uncle, Zalma Rehine in Baltimore, Maryland. Leeser details his contractual difficulties with his congregation, outlining his complaints and considering resignation. He expresses his distress and discusses the political dynamics within the congregation. The letter also reveals Leeser's personal struggles and his reliance on his uncle's judgment in deciding his future. A second item in this record is an 1886 advertisement for the American Cigar Company, Richmond, Virginia. The advertisement features a caricature and appears to be related to Philip Whitlock.

A two-page letter written by Isaac Leeser to his uncle, Zalma Rehine, on April 10, 1835. Leeser details his anxiety awaiting a position with Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia and the letter was sent care of Judah Block in Baltimore, Maryland. This letter is one of approximately 15 letters written by Zalma Rehine to Isaac Leeser and seven written in response.

A two-page personal letter written by Mrs. A. Bloch to Isaac Leeser on May 22, 1835. The letter was written from Baltimore, Maryland, and discusses Mrs. Bloch's feelings about not hearing from Leeser, her family life, and her sadness related to a recent loss in Leeser's family. It offers insight into Leeser's relationships with friends who had immigrated from Europe to the United States.

A one-page letter written by Mendes I. Cohen of Baltimore, Maryland to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 22, 1849. Cohen writes on behalf of Rev. S. M. Isaacs of New York City, requesting Leeser to publicize the job search of Rev. Professor David M. Isaacs of Liverpool, England, who was seeking a position in the United States.

A letter written by Zalma Rehine in Baltimore, Maryland to his nephew Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 7, 1835. Rehine discusses family matters, including David's (possibly Judah's) rheumatic pain and his upcoming vacation with his wife at Berkeley Springs, near Warrenton, Virginia.

A one and a half page handwritten letter from Reinah (Judah) to Isaac Leeser, dated December 25, 1848, in Baltimore, Maryland. The letter discusses Reinah's financial difficulties, her business selling bitters, and social conditions in Baltimore and Richmond. It also mentions family members, including cousin David, and alludes to Leeser's past kindness.

One dollar bank note issued by I. J. Cohen & Brothers on November 13, 1839 in Baltimore, Maryland. The note features an image of an Indian on a rock overlooking a harbor with ships.

Sight draft check for $100 issued by Stein Brothers in Baltimore, Maryland on December 16, 1889. The check was payable to Fock and charged to the account of Jacob Isaac Weiller Sohne in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Quarter ticket from the Second Consolidated Grand State Lottery of Maryland. The ticket bears the signature of J. I. Cohen, Jr., President of the Baltimore City Council, who was known for his advocacy of Jewish rights. The ticket is numbered I.653 and indicates a $100,000 prize for the whole ticket. While the ticket is undated, it is dated to 1820 based on biographical information.

Half ticket from Scheme #11 of the Grand State Lottery of Maryland, dated March 20, 1823. The ticket bears the signature of J. I. Cohen, Jr., who was President of the Baltimore City Council and known for advocating for Jewish rights. Ticket number 17087.

Half ticket from Scheme #11 of the Grand State Lottery of Maryland, number 10452. The ticket bears the signature of J. I. Cohen, Jr., who served as President of the Baltimore City Council and was known for his advocacy of Jewish rights. The ticket is dated March 28, 1823.

Stock certificate for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, made out to Frank Rosenberg & Co. on December 9, 1889, in Baltimore, Maryland. The certificate is signed by both parties.

Stock certificate for 25 shares of the Washington Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, issued to Israel Cohen on May 18, 1860. The certificate was later transferred to Cecil Cohen, Trustee, as indicated on the reverse.

Stock certificate for 17 shares of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, dated May 27, 1836. This certificate shows J. I. Cohen Jr. & Brothers as stockholders; the firm was a reputable bank and fiscal agent for the Rothschilds. J. I. Cohen Jr. was on the Board of Directors for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company.

This archival item consists of three Bank of Baltimore stock certificates, dated June 30, 1798, issued to Hetty Levy. The certificates are printed on a single sheet measuring 4" x 13". The ownership of these certificates by Hetty Levy is significant, as female stock ownership was unusual during this period in American history, and this is the only known example of a Jewish woman owning such stock. Hetty Levy was the daughter of Benjamin Levy, a prominent Baltimore merchant and one of the founders of the Bank of Baltimore, and a known Jewish colonial financier who signed Colonial Notes. Accompanying the certificates is biographical information about Hetty Levy and her father, including details about Benjamin Levy's mercantile business in Baltimore starting in 1773, and the early Jewish community in Baltimore.

Stock certificate for 25 shares in the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, issued to Israel Cohen on September 20, 1854. The certificate reflects Cohen's extensive stock brokerage business in Baltimore.

Stock certificate for 20 shares of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, issued on September 8, 1843, to J. I. Cohen Jr. J. I. Cohen Jr. & Brothers' bank is mentioned as one of the most reputable in the USA and a fiscal agent for the Rothschilds.

Issue of the *American and Mercantile Daily Advertiser* newspaper from Baltimore, Maryland, dated January 22, 1800. This issue contains an article about Mordecai, the first Jew in Allentown, Pennsylvania.

Issue of the American and Mercantile Daily Advertiser newspaper from Baltimore, Maryland, dated January 27, 1800. This issue contains an article mentioning Mordecai, the first Jew in Allentown, Pennsylvania.

Newspaper issue of the *American and Mercantile Daily Advertiser*, published in Baltimore, Maryland on January 28, 1800. This issue contains an article mentioning Mordecai, the first Jew in Allentown, PA.

Issue of the American and Mercantile Daily Advertiser newspaper published in Baltimore, Maryland on February 1, 1800. This issue contains an article about Mordecai, identified as the first Jew in Allentown, Pennsylvania.

Newspaper from Baltimore, Maryland, February 3, 1800. This issue includes an article about Mordecai, described as the first Jew in Allentown, Pennsylvania. The newspaper contains commercial advertisements and other news items.

Issue of the *Daily Advertiser* newspaper from Baltimore, Maryland, published on February 4, 1800. This issue contains an article about Mordecai, the first Jew in Allentown, Pennsylvania.

Issue of the *American and Daily Advertiser* newspaper published in Baltimore, Maryland on February 5, 1800. This issue contains an article about Mordecai, described as the first Jew in Allentown, Pennsylvania.

Issue of the American and Mercantile Daily Advertiser newspaper published in Baltimore, Maryland on February 6, 1800. This issue contains an article mentioning Mordecai, the first Jew in Allentown, PA.

Issue of the *Federal Gazette & Baltimore Daily Advertiser* newspaper, published in Baltimore, Maryland on January 17, 1818. This issue includes advertisements for lotteries and mentions J. I. Cohen.

Issue of the *Federal Gazette & Baltimore Daily Advertiser* newspaper published in Baltimore, Maryland on November 28, 1816. This issue contains advertisements, including one by J. I. Cohen regarding lotteries.

Issue of the *Federal Gazette & Baltimore Daily Advertiser* newspaper published in Baltimore, Maryland on December 19, 1817. This issue contains advertisements for J. I. Cohen and Isaac Phillips, as well as information on lotteries.

Issue of the *Maryland Gazette or, the Baltimore Advertiser* newspaper published in Baltimore, Maryland on June 12, 1789. This issue includes a "Want Ad" for the apprehension of Solomon Elkins, described as a Dutch Jew.

Issue of Niles' Weekly Register, a newspaper published in Baltimore, Maryland on November 1, 1817. This issue contains an article about David G. Seixas and his pottery in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. David G. Seixas was the son of Rabbi Moses Seixas of New York City. A jug from that pottery with his father's bust embossed on it is in the New York Historical Society.

Newspaper clipping from Niles' Weekly Register, published in Baltimore, Maryland on April 19, 1834, detailing Uriah Phillips Levy's purchase of Monticello and his plans to restore and open it to the public. The article highlights Levy's role in saving Monticello from destruction.

Issue of Niles' Weekly Register newspaper published in Baltimore, Maryland on January 16, 1819. This issue contains an article discussing the rights of conscience and the extension of privileges to Jewish people in Maryland.

This newspaper clipping from Niles' Weekly Register, published in Baltimore, Maryland on January 21, 1826, features an article dismissing the laying of the cornerstone at Ararat (Buffalo, NY). The article, appearing on pages 330 and 331, includes a statement from the Chief Rabbi of Cologne expressing outrage.

Issue of Niles' Weekly Register published in Baltimore, Maryland on October 1, 1825. This issue contains an article dismissing the laying of the cornerstone at Ararat (Buffalo, NY) and is described as being highly antisemitic.

Issue of Niles' Weekly Register, published in Baltimore, Maryland on October 1, 1825. This issue contains an article dismissing the laying of the cornerstone of a building in Buffalo, New York, described as anti-Semitic.

Issue of Niles' Weekly Register newspaper published in Baltimore, Maryland on November 19, 1825. This issue includes an article on page 183, column 1, reporting on a lawsuit concerning a draft due on Saturday, with discussion of observing the Sabbath.

Issue of Niles' Weekly Register, published in Baltimore, Maryland on October 1, 1825. This issue contains an article dismissing the laying of a cornerstone at Ararat (Buffalo, NY), described as very antisemitic.

Issue of Niles' Weekly Register published in Baltimore, Maryland on October 21, 1820. This issue contains an editorial ostensibly in support of a 'Jew Bill,' but expresses highly antisemitic views, characterizing Jewish people as consumers rather than workers and suggesting that the United States would benefit more from Irish laborers or German farmers. Page 114, Column 1.

Issue of Niles' Weekly Register, a newspaper published in Baltimore, Maryland, on November 13, 1813. This issue includes an announcement of a day of fasting by the Charleston Hebrew Synagogue on November 30, 1813, to pray for success in the war.

Issue of Niles' Weekly Register, a newspaper published in Baltimore, Maryland on November 18, 1826. This issue contains a report on Jews in China, their customs, and their long history in the country, as well as a four-page letter from James Madison discussing the 1784 debate on public funding for religious teachers.

Issue of Niles' Weekly Register newspaper published in Baltimore, Maryland on November 28, 1829. This issue contains a report on page 214 alleging that the Rothschilds have purchased Jerusalem.

Issue of Niles' Weekly Register newspaper published in Baltimore, Maryland on December 14, 1816. This issue contains a short article discussing the appropriation of $500,000 for the conversion of five Jews and commentary on religious and civil liberty in the United States.

Issue of Niles' Weekly Register newspaper published in Baltimore, Maryland on February 20, 1836. This issue contains extracts of letters from N.M. Rothschild to J.L. & S. Joseph & Co. and J.I. Cohen, outlining how France will pay the USA on outstanding disputes. The issue also covers a Jewish massacre in Algeria.

This newspaper issue, from May 29, 1819, of Niles' Weekly Register, published in Baltimore, Maryland, contains the full text of a speech delivered by H.M. Brackenridge in the Maryland House of Delegates concerning the "Jew Bill." The speech, titled "Religious Liberty," discusses the legal and constitutional rights of Jews in Maryland and advocates for their equal status. The issue also provides historical context regarding earlier unsuccessful petitions for Jewish rights in Maryland.

Issue of Niles' Weekly Register published in Baltimore, Maryland on May 29, 1819, featuring an article by H.M. Brackenridge on religious liberty and what was known as the 'Jew Bill'.

Issue of Niles' Weekly Register newspaper published in Baltimore, Maryland on May 8, 1824. This issue contains an early report (possibly the first) about a rabbi from Jerusalem arriving in Charleston, South Carolina to seek funds for the redemption of captives held by the Turks in Jerusalem. The newspaper is 15 pages long and measures 24 cm.

Issue of Niles' Weekly Register, a newspaper published in Baltimore, Maryland on August 24, 1816. This issue contains an article on page 429 discussing the expulsion of Jews from Lubec, a European city.

Issue of Niles' Weekly Register published in Baltimore, Maryland on September 24, 1825. This issue features an article on the laying of the cornerstone of Ararat, a project by Mordecai Manuel Noah.

Issue of Niles' Weekly Register newspaper published in Baltimore, Maryland on September 24, 1825. This issue contains a brief article on page 52, column 1, dismissing the laying of the cornerstone at Ararat (Buffalo, NY).

Issue of Poulson's American Daily Advertiser newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 17, 1807. This issue contains an article from Baltimore about the formation of a company of Hebrew volunteers raised in Charleston, South Carolina. Advertisements by S. Israel are also present.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) photograph of 1st Lt. Henry Tyler of the 187th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The reverse of the photograph displays an advertisement for Israel & Co., located at 125 Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland. The photograph is undated.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) photograph of a woman standing. The reverse of the photograph features a full advertisement for Israel & Co., located at 125 Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland. The photograph is undated.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) photograph depicting a woman at the northeast corner of Eutaw and Lexington Streets in Baltimore, Maryland. The photograph is attributed to the Bachrach Studios, a Baltimore-based photography business established in 1868. The image is undated, but circa 1885 based on photographic style.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) photograph of a man with a beard. The back of the photograph features a full advertisement for Bachrach Brothers, located at the southeast corner of Eutaw and Lexington Streets in Baltimore, Maryland. The photograph is undated, but based on the business's history, it likely dates from between 1868 and the early 20th century.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) photograph of a young man with a handlebar mustache. The photograph was taken by Bachrach & Bro. in Baltimore, Maryland. The exact date is unknown, but based on photographic style, it's estimated to be around 1890.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) photograph of Solomon Nunes Carvalho, taken by Bendann Brothers in Baltimore, Maryland. The photograph depicts Carvalho in his later years. He is known for accompanying John C. Frémont on his 1853 expedition to the West.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) portrait photograph of David Nunes Carvalho (1849-1925), taken by the Bendann Brothers in Baltimore, Maryland, circa 1875. Carvalho was a renowned handwriting expert and the son of Solomon Nunes Carvalho.

Sheet music for "Drawing of a Mother Praying," published by Henry McCaffrey at 207 Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland, circa 1862. A Confederate imprint from the American Civil War era. The composer is Otto Sutro.

Sheet music for "The Concordia March," composed for the opening of the new building and opera hall of the German Cultural Society in Baltimore, Maryland. The sheet music features a colored print of the new building on the cover. Published circa 1865. The German Cultural Society's building was destroyed by fire in 1891.

Sheet music for the song 'He Wept by Her Side', composed by Jefferson Henri Nones. Published by Henry McCaffrey in Baltimore, Maryland and Wilmington, Delaware, circa 1855. The sheet music also includes a reference to Jonas Phillips' address to Nones on the occasion of his Bar Mitzvah in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1818.

This trade card advertises S. Lowenthal, a dealer in hosiery, hoop skirts, gloves, corsets, and other goods. The card is printed on white stock and features the business name and address in bold text. The address is listed as 141 Lexington Street, one door above Howard, Baltimore, Maryland. The card is visually plain with minimal design elements. It primarily functions as a practical business advertisement.

This trade card advertises the business of M. Adler, a clothier located at 55 North Eutaw Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The card is printed in gold on black cardstock, making it unusual for the time. It features the store's address and a simple design. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises the dry goods business of Mrs. S. Hartz, located at 1119 W. Baltimore Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features a simple black and white design, featuring decorative floral patterns and a ribbon across the top. The text at the bottom reads, '1119 W. Baltimore Street.' The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises S. Wasserman, a dry goods merchant located at 49 North Howard Street, Baltimore, Maryland. The card features the business's name and address at the top, with 'Specialties: Alpaca & Mourning Goods' printed below. The card has a black and white aesthetic. The card appears to be printed on both sides, but the back is not visible in this scan.

This trade card advertises R. Goodman, a clothier located at 701 W. Baltimore Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features an advertisement for $1.00 pants. The card is printed in black and white. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Gusdorff Bros., clothiers located at the Northwest Corner of Hanover & German Streets in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features text primarily; the business name and address are prominently displayed. The design is simple and functional, typical of trade cards from the late 19th century. The back of the card is blank. The card indicates it was printed by Isaac Friedenwald.

This trade card advertises Adolph Nachman, a furniture dealer located at 71 West Baltimore Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The card features an image of a building with a large storefront window. [Adolph Nachman Sommer was buried in the Hebrew Cemetery in Texas in 1987. He was born in 1902. The card's text indicates that the furniture store is located directly across the street from the Dime Museum, which may have been an entertainment venue.] The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises R. M. Jonas, a retailer of boys' and children's clothing. The card features the store's name in large, bold print and indicates the store's location at the northwest corner of Howard and Lexington Streets in Baltimore, Maryland. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Reno's French Umber Filler, for sale by Hirshberg, Hollander & Co., located at Pratt and Hanover Streets in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features the text "RENO'S FRENCH UMBER FILLER" prominently displayed above the business name and address. The back of the card contains instructions for mixing paint. The style and typography suggest a late 19th-century origin.

This trade card advertises Gassinger, Heymann & Co., manufacturers of store, bar, and office fixtures in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card provides the address of the business as 431 and 433 Colvin Street, located between Gay and Hillen Streets. The card also mentions that the business accepts mail orders promptly. [Gassinger, Heymann & Co. was likely owned by members of the Gassinger family.] The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises L. Blumberg's secondhand clothing business located at 921 Lombard Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card has a red border and a small illustration of a man in a vest and bowtie leaning on a table with a clothing display. The business name and address are printed in bold letters. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises J. Rosenblatt & Co., importers of house furnishings, located at 32 S. Howard Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features the business name prominently displayed. The words "IMPORTERS" are displayed above the address. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Greenbaum & Isaacs, importers, rectifiers, and wholesale liquor dealers located at 39 and 41 S. Liberty Street, corner of Lombard Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features the business name and their description of services. The back of the card contains a handwritten note, possibly an order or a record of a transaction with a date. The handwriting and the overall style of the card suggest that it dates from the late 19th century.

This trade card advertises Joel Gutman & Co., a silk and lace house established in 1852. The front of the card features text advertising their participation in the International Exhibition in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. The address, 30, 32, 34 & 36 North Eutaw Street, Baltimore, is also clearly printed. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Edwin C. Burt, a clothier located at 81 North Eutaw Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The card features a unique illustration. A man in uniform passes a note to a girl through a fence. There is a calendar on one side of the image. The card is dated 1878.

This trade card advertises S. Katzenberg's boot and shoe store in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features a comical illustration of a man and a woman peering into a shop window at shoes. The style of the drawing is characteristic of late 19th-century commercial art. The back of the card contains a full advertisement announcing a moving sale from 467 N. Gay Street to the old stand at 463 N. Gay Street. A detailed price list is included. The card shows some damage. [The donor noted that S. Katzenberg was active in Jewish affairs.]

This trade card advertises Strasburger & Son, a clothing store located at the corner of Gay and Front Streets in Baltimore, Maryland. The card features a colorful illustration of an owl surrounded by frogs. [The business was owned by Kauffman Strasburger and his son Louis. ] On the front, the card shows a stylized owl standing on a log in a forest setting, with three frogs at the base of the log. The owl is holding a scroll in his beak that reads 'Strasburger & Son.' The back of the card features a full advertisement for the business, noting their prices and styles. It advertises $10.00 All Wool English Serge Suits in blue, brown, black, or slate.

This trade card, shaped like a small book, advertises Jos. Sigmund's hat shop. The front of the card features the address, "63 N. EUTAW STREET NEAR SARATOGA," prominently displayed, along with the bold declaration, "ONLY LIVE HATTER...!!!!!!" The exclamation points emphasize the unique selling proposition. The image is not detailed enough to describe the illustration clearly. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises J. Weinberg's Silk and Dress Goods House, specializing in mourning goods. The front of the card features a prominent rose illustration in a style typical of late 19th-century advertising.  The text on the card reads, "SILK AND DRESS GOODS HOUSE...MOURNING GOODS A SPECIALTY" and lists the address as 149 EUTAW STREET. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Posner's, a general store located on Lexington Avenue in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features an illustration of Don Quixote riding a horse. The back of the card includes a full advertisement for the store.

This trade card advertises Emanuel L. Fried, a clothier located in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features a young girl on roller skates. The background shows a view of a building and trees. The back of the card provides more information about the business. It states that the store was established in 1843 and was located at 171 North Gay Street. The card also includes the address 419 Second Door Above Chestnut.

This trade card advertises the services of Emanuel L. Fried, a merchant tailor located at 419 N. Gay Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features an illustration of two young girls playing on the beach. They are both holding dolls and appear to be enjoying themselves. The back of the card lists the address of the business and the year the store was established: 1843. The back also notes that Fried was active in Jewish affairs, a detail that adds to our understanding of his role in the Baltimore community.

This trade card advertises H. S. Adler, a shoe dealer located at 51 North Eutaw Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features an illustration of children trying on shoes in a shop setting. The children are likely in a shoe store, surrounded by shoe boxes and shelves of footwear. The back of the card features a full advertisement with prices for various shoes.

This trade card advertises the business of D.I. Lowenthal, located at 679 W. Baltimore Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The card is shaped like a fan. The front of the card is in black and white, with minimal design or text. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises M. Katz, a dry goods store located at 305 North Eutaw Street, Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features an illustration of a young girl gathering pebbles at the seashore. The back of the card appears to be blank.

This trade card advertises Hechts', a general store located at 412 S. Broadway, in a white building next to a school in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features a winter scene, depicted in a delicate, possibly hand-drawn style. The back of the card displays a full advertisement highlighting low prices and easy payment terms, along with the business hours, open until 9 PM. The back also advertises that Hechts' offers loans.

This trade card advertises Hirshberg, Hollander & Co., a Baltimore-based art supplies company located at 195 & 197 West Pratt Street. The front of the card features an image of a woman seated, painting a sculpture. Birds fly about, adding a touch of life to the scene. The illustration has a delicate, almost watercolor-like quality. [Hirshberg, Hollander & Co. was a prominent art supplier in Baltimore, catering to both professional artists and amateurs. The company carried a wide variety of art materials, including paints, brushes, canvases, and drawing supplies.]

This trade card advertises Joseph Scherer, a dry goods and furniture merchant located at 149 & 151 S. Broadway, and 85 S. Broadway in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features an image of a young girl in a flowing dress holding a yellow bird on her finger. The background is a solid gold color. The back of the card is filled with a detailed advertisement.

This trade card advertises Joseph Scherer, a furniture and furnishings retailer in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features a girl holding a kitten. She is wearing a green dress. The background is gold. [Scherer's store was located at 149 & 151 S. Broadway and 85 S. Broadway.] The card is one of three in a set.

This trade card, printed in the late 19th century, advertises Joseph Scherer, a furniture dealer and dry goods merchant, who operated in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features a girl dressed in a pink dress with her hand around a dog's head. The back of the card provides additional business information. The store's multiple addresses are listed as 149 & 151 South Broadway, as well as 85 South Broadway.

This trade card advertises I. Weinberg, a silk and dry goods retailer located at 149 North Eutaw Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features a charming illustration of a boy riding in a horse-drawn wagon through a pastoral scene. The background includes lush greenery. The back of the card provides more detailed information about the business.

This trade card advertises S. Katzenberg, a boot and shoe dealer located at 463 N. Gay Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card depicts a young boy in a uniform playing a drum. He is wearing a red hat and red epaulettes, adding a festive touch to the scene. The text “Boots, Shoes, Slippers” is prominently displayed on the front of the card. The back of the card contains a full advertisement for S. Katzenberg's business.

This trade card advertises S. Rosenthal & Co., a clothing store located at 58 Lexington Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features a delicate blue flower arrangement in a seashell. The back of the card is blank.

This is a trade card for S. Rosenthal & Co., a clothing store located at 58 Lexington Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The card features an elegant design with light blue flowers arranged in a shell-like pattern. The reverse of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Wiesenfeld & Schloss, a notions store located at 143 North Gay Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features a red rose and white bell flowers. The card also includes the store's address: 143 North Gay Street, 2 doors below Old Town Bank. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Theo. Rothschild, a feather dresser located at 513 W. Baltimore Street near Pine in Baltimore, Maryland. The card features a woman in a Grecian-style dress carrying a vase, which may symbolize the process of dyeing, cleaning, or curling feathers. The front of the card prominently states, 'Feathers Dyed, Cleaned, Curled, A Specialty'. The back of the card appears to be blank.

This trade card advertises the business of Edwin C. Burt, a clothier and merchant tailor located at 81 N. Eutaw Street, Baltimore. The card features an illustration of a peacock and a Chinese lady in blue and sepia with gold accents. The back of the card provides more detailed information about the business. [Levi Weinberger is mentioned in association with this business].

This trade card advertises J. B. Nyburg, a dealer in second-hand furniture, located at 721 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD. The front of the card features a decorative floral design. The back of the card contains a full advertisement for the business. The card shows some damage and was donated to aid Russian Jews. There is a second image in the record, which shows the back of the card.

Trade card invitation to a Baltimore Oriole celebration issued by Phillips Bros. & Co. in Baltimore, Maryland in 1882. The card features an illustration of a Baltimore Oriole. Entered into the Library of Congress in 1882.

This trade card advertises L. Meyer, a dry goods merchant in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card (Image 1) is divided into two framed illustrations. One frame depicts a young woman wearing a blue muff and hat; the other shows a house in a winter setting, suggesting the business's offerings of warm clothing for the colder months. The card includes the address: 72 Hanover St., New No. 200. The back of the card (Image 2) is blank.

This trade card advertises J. Wurtzburger, a gents furnisher located at 311 Gay Street in Baltimore, Maryland, between High and Front streets. The card's front features a young woman in a pink dress and a lacy collar. The back of the card includes a full advertisement for the business. This is a trade card.

This trade card advertises Schenthal and Grunebaum, a clothing store located at 270 West Baltimore Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features a charming illustration of a dog and a bird perched on a branch adorned with leaves and flowers. The back of the card lists the names Schenthal and Grunebaum, confirming that the business was a clothing store. The card is likely from the late 19th century.

This trade card advertises S. Ulman, a ladies' and children's clothing store located at 421 N. Gay St., Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features a hand holding a pot of flowers. Text on the card reads “Custom Work to Order.” The back of the card is blank.

Trade card for I. Hamburger & Sons, featuring two well-dressed girls holding hands, one wearing a blue bonnet and the other a pink bonnet. The card lists addresses at 615 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D.C., and 122 E. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD. The card likely dates to circa 1885.

This die-cut trade card advertises Jacob G. Altman's dry goods store, located at 507 1/2 West Baltimore Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The card is shaped like a flower vase, suggesting that Altman sold fabrics and supplies for home decorating or sewing. The card is printed on thick paper and has a reddish brown background. The name “Jacob G. Altman” is printed in large, bold letters and is surrounded by a decorative border. Below the name is a smaller message, “507 1/2 West Baltimore Street.” The back of the card is blank. [Jacob G. Altman was a Jewish merchant who owned a dry goods store in Baltimore, Maryland. He likely sold a variety of goods, including fabrics, sewing supplies, and other household items.]

This trade card advertises Jacob G. Altman, a dry goods merchant located at 507 1/2 West Baltimore Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The card is die-cut in the shape of a flower vase. The front of the card is a simple design with the business name and address. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card for H. Wurtzburger & Son features a prominent image of pink roses on the front. Below the floral illustration, the business's address is clearly printed: 149 N. Gay Street, next to Old Town Bank, Baltimore. The text is simple and elegant, typical of late 19th-century advertising. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Strasburger & Son, clothing merchants located at the corner of Gay and Front Streets in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card depicts a woman wearing a stylish dress. She looks off to the side with a serious expression. The card is printed on thick paper stock, making it sturdy and durable. The background of the card is blank.

This die-cut trade card advertises H. H. Levy, a clothier located at 882 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland. The card features a silhouette of a high hat with an eagle perched on top. The eagle's wingspan extends over the hat, and the eagle's head is positioned to look directly at the viewer. The back of the card is blank.

This calling card-style trade card advertises K. Katz & Co., described as "One Price Clothier & Tailor." The front of the card features a single red rose, a common motif in late 19th-century advertising. The business name, description, and street address are clearly printed below the rose: 105 W. Baltimore Street. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises L. Krauss, a hat and fur dealer located at 725 W. Baltimore Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The card features a cartoon illustration of a man with a large head and wearing a green vest and a slacks that match the color of his head. He has a tomato on his head. The front of the card instructs customers to look for the large bear in the doorway. The back of the card has a full advertisement for the business, which includes a description of the hats and furs that L. Krauss sells. [Leopold Krauss immigrated to the United States in 1863 and was part of a Jewish family.]

This trade card advertises Frank & Adler as wholesale agents for "Solar Tip Shoes." The front of the card features a depiction of children marching, likely showcasing the shoes. The text 'Frank & Adler Wholesale Agents' is clearly visible. The back of the card is entirely covered by an advertisement.

This trade card advertises Nusbaum & Myers, clothiers located at 218 and 220 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features a simple illustration of a young boy holding an umbrella and a rose. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Isaac Benesch & Sons, a furniture store located at 285 & 287 North Gay Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features a depiction of a girl holding a flower. The illustration style and the overall aesthetic suggest a late 19th-century origin. The back of the card is blank. [Isaac Benesch, a Jewish-German carpenter, established the business in the late 1860s, expanding it over the following decades. By 1889, his sons became partners, transforming it into one of Baltimore's earliest and most prominent department stores. The Benesch family was known for its inclusive practices, serving diverse customers in a period of segregation, and also participating in the city's desegregation movement.]

A receipt in letter form from Jacob I. Cohen of Baltimore, Maryland, dated October 5, 1826, acknowledging payment to John Cole, a music publisher in Baltimore. The receipt details a purchase of thirteen musical items between September 1 and October 5, 1826, including songs, quartets, German church music, and parts from Weber's opera Oberon. John Cole also sold his own music arrangements.

Billhead of M. Hutzler & Son, dealers in embroideries, laces, dress trimmings, hosiery, gloves, and fancy goods, located at 71 North Howard Street, corner of Clay Street, Baltimore, Maryland. Dated November 7, 1864. The bill lists two items purchased, likely corsets and an item of embroidery. The billhead has a printed header, ornate lettering, and clear details of the business address and transaction.

Invoice from M. Hutzler & Son, dealers in embroideries, laces, dress trimmings, hosiery, gloves, and a general stock of fancy goods, located at 71 North Howard Street, Corner Clay Street, Baltimore, Maryland. Dated September 28, 1864. The bill is for goods purchased by George Koonce & Son, and includes a list of items with quantities, prices, and totals. The billhead has a printed header section and the business' address, with a smaller section for customer details.

Billhead from Goldenberg & Co. and George Kooce & Son, located at 51 North Howard Street, Baltimore, Maryland. The billhead, dated December 20, 1864, advertises "EMBROIDERIES, LACES, Dress Trimmings, hosiery, gloves & ETC."

This trade card advertises Jacob G. Altman, a dry-goods merchant located at 507 1/2 West Baltimore Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The card features a die-cut fan shape with a rose motif across the fan. The fan is a common theme in advertisements for women's clothing and accessories. This may be one of three cards from the same series. The back of the card contains a full advertisement for the business.

This trade card advertises Jacob G. Altman, a dry goods merchant located at 507 1/2 West Baltimore Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card is a die-cut fan with roses in the fan. The back of the card has a full advertisement, including the address. This is one of three cards with the same design, but each card has different features on the front of the card.

This die-cut trade card, part of a set of three, advertises Altman, Jacob G., a dry-goods merchant in Baltimore, Maryland. The front features a fan-shaped design with roses forming a wreath. The back of the card includes a full advertisement and lists the store's address at 507 1/2 West Baltimore Street.

The front of the card, printed on blue card stock, advertises the business of Simon Cohen & Son located at 185 North Gay Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The back of the card is blank. The front of the card features the business name and address in a simple, rectangular layout. The card is printed in black ink on blue card stock.

Copy of a telegram sent to Frank M. Etting, Chief Paymaster, U.S.A., in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 24, 1865, and his official reply. The telegram pertains to his duties as Chief Paymaster.

Stock certificate for 100 shares in the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, issued to Israel Cohen on March 29, 1852. This certificate reflects Cohen's extensive stock brokerage business in Baltimore. The certificate includes information about Cohen's involvement with the Second Baltimore Stock Board, the Pittsburg and Connellville Railway, and his role as a founder of the Maryland Academy of Art and the Academy of Music.

Court document from Baltimore, Maryland, dated March 3, 1853, appointing Rosa Berliner as trustee for her husband, Abraham Berliner, declared a lunatic. The document details Rosa Berliner's responsibilities, including managing her husband's property and submitting annual accountings to the court. It is signed by Rosa Berliner, Louis Frank, Isabella Weinman, Emanuel Weinman, and court clerk Edward Dowling, and sealed with the State of Maryland revenue seal.

Issue of Niles' Weekly Register, published in Baltimore, Maryland on November 26, 1831. This issue contains a report on the laying of the cornerstone of the city of Ararat, a project of Mordecai Manuel Noah, and commentary on Noah's recent appointment as sheriff of New York City.

This trade card advertises Original Cohen's, a Baltimore-based business established in 1857. The front of the card lists their services: dealers in new and second-hand clothing, pawnbrokers, unredeemed pledges, merchant tailors, with misfits a specialty. They also sold guns, rifles, revolvers, watches, musical, and drawing instruments. The address, 8, 12, 14 Harrison St., Baltimore, MD, is clearly printed. The card also advertises a line of full dress suits for hire at reasonable terms. The back of the card contains pencil writing including figures and the name Joseph Robbins. [Joseph Robbins was the captain of the Schooner Annie Francis, an oyster dredge boat that worked the Chesapeake Bay from 1888-1890].

Billhead from Baltimore Bargain House, wholesalers and manufacturers of clothing, located at 212, 214, 216, 218 & 220 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland. Dated March 22, 1899. The bill shows an item purchased, likely clothing or fabric for $5.15, by J. N. Little Sr. of Drifting, PA. The billhead features a printed header with ornate lettering.

Issue of Niles' Weekly Register, published in Baltimore, Maryland on October 14, 1826. This issue reports on the election of S. Etting and J. L. Cohen, the first Jewish men elected to office in Maryland.

This trade card advertises D. Levy's Millinery & Fancy Goods located at 197 Gay Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The card features an illustration of children riding a donkey. The image is surrounded by a red border. The back of the card is blank.

Newspaper clipping from Niles' Weekly Register, published in Baltimore, Maryland on January 29, 1820. The clipping reprints an article from the Albany Gazette concerning Mordecai Manuel Noah's plan to establish a Jewish settlement called "Ararat" on Grand Island in the Niagara River. The article details Noah's vision for a Jewish homeland.

Two-page, stampless letter written by Jacob F. Levy to William Augustine Washington on February 22, 1796. Levy discusses monies owed to Washington, acting as his agent, the sale of shares, crop prices, and inquires about Washington's ownership of shares in the Potomac Canal. The letter originates from Baltimore, Maryland, and is addressed to Washington in Haywood, Virginia.

Stock certificate for 100 shares in the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, issued to Israel Cohen on February 19, 1856. This record documents Cohen's holdings in the railroad company.

Stock certificate for 100 shares of Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company stock, issued to Israel Cohen on September 30, 1854. This financial record provides information about Cohen's investment holdings. Additional biographical information about Israel and his father, Benjamin I. Cohen, is included on the document.

Stock certificate for 100 shares in the name of Israel Cohen, issued by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company on May 16, 1848. This record provides details of Israel Cohen's extensive stock brokerage business in Baltimore, his role in founding the Second Baltimore Stock Board, and his involvement with other organizations.

Stock certificate for 100 shares of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, issued to Israel Cohen on January 6, 1848. This document details a financial record of Israel Cohen's stock holdings in the railroad company. Biographical information about Israel Cohen and his father, Benjamin I. Cohen, is included in the archival description.

Stock certificate for 100 shares of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, issued to Israel Cohen on January 19, 1849. This document provides evidence of Cohen's extensive stock brokerage business in Baltimore.

The Purim Gazette, a newspaper published in Baltimore, Maryland on March 22, 1875. This issue is notable for being an early example of the use of the Levytype photomechanical printing process, as noted in a small article on the last page. The front page features a caricature of a Black person labeled "Civil Rights."

Abstract of furniture supplied to Frank Marx Etting. Signed by U.S. Paymaster N. Brinton. This government record documents the supply of furniture during the American Civil War, with details referencing Baltimore, Maryland; Washington, D.C.; and Louisville, Kentucky. Dated August 20, 1861; January 17, 1863; and September 30, 1863.

Sheet music for the song "The Old Elm Tree," composed by John Hewitt and dedicated to Henry Russell. Published in Baltimore, Maryland in 1842 by G. Willig Jr.

Invoice from Henry Levie, manufacturer of brushes of all kinds, located at 259 N. Dallas Street, near Gay, Baltimore, Maryland. Dated April 13, 1881. The invoice shows a purchase of “Street Brooms” by James A. Heuert for $27.50. The billhead features an image of various brushes, indicating the types of brushes sold by the business. The header is printed with an ornate border.

An approximately 8 x 11 inch broadside, printed entirely in red ink by B. Edes, advertising the Baltimore Hospital Lottery. Dated May 1, 1813, from Baltimore, Maryland. The broadside, acting as a stampless letter, was sent to Samuel Hannah in Phenix, Virginia. It details lottery prizes, ticket prices, and contact information for Jacob I. Cohen, Jr.'s lottery office. A conjugate printed sheet listing winning numbers from a July 1, 1813 drawing for the Medical College lottery, and an address panel with a partial Baltimore, MD postmark are included.

Broadside advertising the 51st day's drawing of the Medical College Lottery, March 29, 1813, Baltimore, Maryland. The lottery was operated by Jacob I. Cohen, Jr., and the broadside lists the lottery's contractors. It was sent to Samuel Hannah, Postmaster of Rough Creek Church, Virginia. The broadside shows some wear and toning.

This broadside, dated July 12, 1813, is a U.S. stampless cover postmarked with a Baltimore, Maryland circular date cancel and a "FREE" rate marking. It contains a printed list for the 57th day's drawing of the Medical College Lottery. The lottery was operated by Jacob I. Cohen, Jr., and sent to Samuel Hannah, Postmaster of Rough Creek Church, Virginia. The broadside shows some wear and toning.

Billhead from Berliner & Brother, dealers in Ship and House Furnishing Goods, located at 81 Thames Street, near Broadway and 60 West Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland. Dated January 9, 1882. This bill lists various goods and services purchased from Berliner & Brother by the Baltimore City Fire Department, including various lanterns, galley stoves, and other miscellaneous items. The billhead features red text and decorative borders and includes an image of a ship lantern, with a vignette of a ship lantern on the right side of the page.

Invoice from S. Levy, a wholesale and retail dry goods house located at 77 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore. Dated January 15, 1879. The invoice shows a purchase made by the Baltimore City Fire Department for 12 gray blankets at a price of $.350 each. The total amount due is $42.00. The billhead includes an ornate header section with bold lettering in a Victorian style. The billhead also has handwritten details of the transaction and includes a handwritten check.

A broadside advertising the 58th day's drawing of the Medical College Lottery, held on July 15, 1813 in Baltimore, Maryland. The lottery was operated by Wharton's, Nicklin's, and Cohen, with Jacob I. Cohen, Jr. acting as the principal agent. The broadside was sent to Samuel Hannah, Postmaster of Rough Creek Church, Virginia. It shows a circular date cancel and "FREE" ratemarking.

Stock receipt No. 3577, issued November 11, 1854, to Israel Cohen for 50 shares of capital stock in the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. The receipt is signed by B&O Treasurer J.J. Atkinson and canceled with red stamps dated November 20, 1854. The receipt is endorsed on the back by Israel Cohen.

A billhead from Hutzler Brothers, importers of fine dress silks, wraps, trimmings, and other items located at 212, 214, 216, 218 North Howard Street, Baltimore. Dated January 27, 1898. The bill likely lists the purchase of an item(s) from the business by Mrs. H. C. Croft, and includes an itemized list of the transaction. The billhead has a printed header with a detailed illustration of the store building and ornate lettering.

Invoice from N. Hess' Sons, creators and distributors of men's high-grade footwear, located at 112 E. Baltimore St., Baltimore. Dated July 1, 1898. The invoice is for the purchase of shoes, and lists a total of 27 pairs purchased. The buyer is listed as Dr. G. A. Conlyn. The billhead is adorned with an ornate and stylized title and logo.

Issue No. 11 of Volume XI, Whole No. 971 of Niles' Weekly Register, a newspaper published in Baltimore, Maryland on November 9, 1816. This issue contains a description of Algiers, Melish's Map of the United States, and a lengthy article on the 'gathering of the Jews,' discussing efforts to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The article is a reprint from the London Courier.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) photograph of Samuel Etting, seated, taken by Bendann Brothers of Baltimore, Maryland, circa 1859. The back of the photograph is marked with the studio's address: 205 Balto. St. Samuel Etting (1796-1862) was a grandson of Barnard Gratz and served as the first president of Baltimore's House of Israel. He was a veteran of the War of 1812.

Trade card advertising Myers & Reizenstein, manufacturers of youth's, boys', and children's clothing in Baltimore, Maryland. Published in Baltimore in 1881. Features lithographic illustration. One of two known examples.

This trade card advertises Henry Sachs, successor to S. & B. Cohen, a dealer in boots and shoes. The front of the card depicts a colorful illustration of a juggler, possibly suggesting a sense of skill and dexterity, mirroring the craftsmanship in shoemaking. The back of the card provides the business information: "Henry Sachs, Successor to S. & B. Cohen, Dealer in Boots and Shoes, 195 N. Gay Street, Baltimore."

A handwritten letter from W. M. Baumgarten, dated April 13, 1885, on letterhead for his Baltimore-based rubber stamp manufacturing business. The letter pertains to payment for a rubber stamp pad and includes a request for payment or the return of the pad using enclosed stamps. The letterhead features an engraved seal and indicates the business's address as 76 Second Street, Baltimore, Maryland. The letter also mentions the recipient returned the pads on 4/13/1885.

Issue of Niles' Weekly Register newspaper published in Baltimore, Maryland on January 14, 1826. This issue contains a report on the passage of the "Jew Bill," which granted Jews the right to hold public office in Maryland for the first time. The newspaper, founded in 1811, was a widely circulated source of national political news during the first half of the 19th century.

A broadside billhead from Greensfelder Bros. & Laupheimer, dated July 1, 1875, advertising cigars on commission. The billhead lists a variety of cigars and their prices, offering them for six months at no expense to traveling salesmen. The business was located at 378 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland.

Issue of Niles' Weekly Register newspaper published in Baltimore, Maryland on May 5, 1821. Pages 155-167 include a report on the landmark Supreme Court case, Cohen vs. the State of Virginia, concerning the legality of selling Maryland lottery tickets in Virginia.

Issue of Niles' Weekly Register, published in Baltimore, Maryland on April 19, 1834. This issue contains a brief announcement reporting that Uriah P. Levy, Lieutenant in the U.S. Navy, purchased Monticello, the former residence of Thomas Jefferson, and intends to restore it.

Stereoscopic photograph depicting the Jewish Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. Part of a series titled "United States Views" by W. M. Chase. The image shows a view from Monument Street, east of Broadway, circa 1870. Handwritten notes on the reverse provide additional context from a contemporary collector.

Supplement to Niles' Weekly Register, published in Baltimore, Maryland on January 29, 1820. This issue features a significant article detailing Mordecai Manuel Noah's proposal to establish a Jewish settlement called "Ararat" on Grand Island in the Niagara River. The supplement also includes news on the Missouri Question, the New York Legislature, and a list of US naval vessels. The newspaper measures approximately 6 1/8" x 9 1/2" and consists of 16 pages.

This archival collection comprises three legal documents from Baltimore, Maryland, dated September 1861. These documents pertain to a lawsuit initiated by Thomas Phillips against Jacob I. Cohen, Jr. Phillips's suit concerns approximately $2500 worth of store merchandise and fixtures. The documents include the complaint filed by Phillips, a writ of summons to the Sheriff of Baltimore City, and Cohen's response to the complaint. The case was filed in the Superior Court of Baltimore City. The documents offer insights into legal practices and commercial disputes in 19th-century Baltimore.

Invoice from Goldsmith & Strauss, dealers in dry goods, millinery, and fancy goods located at 168 Lexington Street near Eutaw, Baltimore, Maryland. Dated November 1, 1866. The bill lists items purchased by Mrs. Brooke and includes an itemized list of the transaction. The billhead has a printed header, ornate lettering, and clear details of the business address and transaction. It also features a 2-cent U.S. revenue stamp.

Invoice from Berliner & Bro., dealers in ships' cabooses, located at 257 South Broadway, Baltimore. Dated October 28, 1884. The bill lists the purchase of pipe elbows for cabins and a large pipe elbow for the galley by Willie H. Higgins & Cuners. The billhead includes a detailed description of the business, including their address and a list of their services, and a decorative image of a ship's caboose. The billhead has printed header, ornate lettering, and clear details of the business address and transaction.

Multi-page newspaper report from Niles' Weekly Register, dated May 6, 1843, detailing the consecration ceremony of Congregation Rodeph Shalom in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The report provides an in-depth account of the event, including details of the synagogue and its significance.

A business letter dated December 24, 1873, from Isaac Greenbaum & Sons in Baltimore, Maryland, to the law firm of Higgins, Barn & Bell. The letter discusses Greenbaum's refusal to settle with H. Kohn of Janesville, Ohio, at 25% of the claimed amount. The letter features an ornate letterhead.

Trade card advertising C. & A. Hirshberg, located at 248 Lexington Street, Baltimore, Maryland. The card likely dates from circa 1885 and features an image related to infants' clothing or accessories.

This trade card advertises Posner Brothers, a clothing and furnishing merchant located at 132 Lexington Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card depicts a child, dressed in black, shooting an arrow from a bow. The arrow is labeled 'Posner Bros.' The illustration suggests the business is selling sporting goods or clothing for children. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises N. Lowenthal's shoe store, located at the corner of Schroeder and Baltimore Streets in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features a boy playing tennis. The back of the card includes a full advertisement for the business. The card is likely from the 1880s.

Two undated trade cards issued by Hutzler Brothers, located at 67 North Howard Street in Baltimore, Maryland. Both cards feature Christmas greetings; one depicts flowers, and the other shows a girl. The cards are part of the Judaica Americana collection.

Issue of Niles' Weekly Register, a newspaper published in Baltimore, Maryland, on June 21, 1817. This issue features a five-page article on usury, written by the editor and containing demeaning references to Jewish moneylenders. The article discusses interest rates, referencing Roman and English history (including the expulsion of Jews from England), as well as the works of John Locke and Adam Smith. The newspaper also includes other local, national, and international news and topics.

A bill from Ambach, Burgunder & Co., manufacturing clothiers. The billhead is dated November 8, 1886 and is addressed to Henry Menefer. The bill lists several items, likely clothing, purchased, along with prices and quantities. The billhead features a decorative header with an illustration of the business's building, an ornate banner with the company name, and a printed list of business addresses and payment terms.

Billhead from Leon Frank & Sons, Maryland Shoe Factory, manufacturers of fine shoes in Baltimore, Maryland. Dated July 7, 1886. The half-sheet letterhead features a decorative header with a central medallion graphic of an eagle with a shield. The company address is listed as 369 West Baltimore Street.

Receipt issued on March 20, 1853 in Baltimore, Maryland, documenting a subscription to Rabbi Isaac M. Wise's forthcoming book, *History of the Israelitish Nation*. The receipt is made out to Dr. Joshua I. Cohen. The book, later published in Albany in 1854 as *The History of the Israelitish Nation from Abraham to the Present Time*, was Rabbi Wise's first publication.

A three and three-quarter page letter written on July 29, 1838, from Sarah Minis Hays and Rebecca Gratz in Philadelphia to Richea Gratz Hays in Baltimore, Maryland. The letter discusses family matters. Sarah Minis Hays' portion comprises three pages, while Rebecca Gratz's contribution is found on the final quarter page.

One-page, stampless letter written by Richea Gratz Hays to her daughter-in-law, Sarah A. Hays, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 26, 1839. The letter discusses family matters while Richea is visiting her ill sister in Baltimore, Maryland.

Three-page letter written by Sarah Minis Hays to her sister-in-law, Francis Rosa Marx, on August 13, 1839. Written from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the letter details family affairs, including Francis's cancelled visit to Philadelphia and Rebecca Gratz's delayed country trip.

A two-page letter written by Albert Cohn in Paris, France to Samuel Etting in Baltimore, Maryland on February 2, 1858. The letter is part of the Etting/Carvalho Archive and relates to the Congregation of the Sephardim. The letter is written in French and English.

Three-page letter written by Albert Cohen in Paris, France to Samuel Etting in Baltimore, Maryland on January 25, 1858. The letter is part of the Etting/Carvalho Archive, Beit Yisrael Sefardi collection.

Two-page letter written by Aaron Wolff in St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, to Samuel Etting in Baltimore, Maryland, on January 7, 1858. The letter is part of the Etting/Carvalho Archive at Beit Yisrael Sefardi.

Two-page letter written by George Peabody of London, England to Samuel Etting in Baltimore, Maryland on January 15, 1858. This letter is part of the Etting/Carvalho Archive in the Beit Yisrael Sefardi collection.

Two-page letter written by H. Guedalla in London, England to Samuel Etting in Baltimore, Maryland on January 29, 1858. The letter is part of the Etting/Carvalho Archive at Beit Yisrael Sefardi.

Two-page letter written by Marcus Adler of London, England to Samuel Etting in Baltimore, Maryland on January 14, 1858. The letter, part of the Etting/Carvalho Archive at Beit Yisrael Sefardi, discusses [add specific topic if discernible from the letter's content].

A two-page letter written by Solomon Ullmann, Grand Rabbi of France in Paris, to Samuel Etting in Baltimore, Maryland, dated January 25, 1858. The letter is part of the Etting/Carvalho Archive of Beit Yisrael Sefardi.

A single-page letter written by L.C. Lee of London, England, to Samuel Etting in Baltimore, Maryland, dated January 25, 1858. The letter is part of the Etting/Carvalho Archive in the Beit Yisrael Sefardi collection.

Stereoscopic photograph of the Hebrew Synagogue located on Eutaw Place in Baltimore, Maryland, by William M. Chase. The image dates from circa 1870.

Manuscript lease dated November 21, 1868, with a fifty-cent mortgage stamp affixed. Henry J. Calisher and Meyer Cohn lease one-half acre of land with a distillery known as the Vogler Spring Distillery in Henrico County, Virginia. The lease is accompanied by the naturalization papers of Henry Vogler, issued in Baltimore, Maryland on February 12, 1855. The document shows signs of age and damage, including tearing and staining. The lease measures 8.5 x 14 inches.

Printed broadside issued by a Baltimore Citizens' Committee, chaired by Mayor General Samuel Smith, on or about December 23, 1835. The broadside appeals for aid for New York City following the Great Fire of 1835, detailing the committee's efforts to offer relief and suggesting Congressional action to alleviate the economic consequences of the disaster. The document is accompanied by two manuscript letters (described below) addressed to U.S. Congressman Gideon Lee, providing firsthand accounts of the fire's devastation and suggesting federal intervention. The letters express the scale of the destruction, the financial ruin of insurance companies, and the need for national support.

Issue of Niles' Weekly Register, a newspaper published in Baltimore, Maryland on November 13, 1813. This issue contains a report on a day of Thanksgiving declared by the Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim Synagogue in Charleston, South Carolina, in response to U.S. military victories in the War of 1812.

This pamphlet from June 1892 details the founding of the American Jewish Historical Society in Baltimore, Maryland. It includes the minutes from the first official meeting, the society's constitution, a list of its officers, and a roster of its members. The creation of this organization marked a pivotal moment in the documentation of Jewish history in America, preceding the mass migration of Jews to the United States.

Newspaper supplement to Niles' Weekly Register, Volume IV, New Series, No. 20, published in Baltimore, Maryland on August 21, 1819. This issue contains a review of Mordecai Manuel Noah's *Travels in England, France, Spain, and the Barbary States in the Years 1813-1815*, potentially the first review of a book by a Jewish American author.

A single-page letter dated March 21, 1851, from Andrew Boyd of Frederick, Maryland, to J. I. Cohen, Jr., President of the Baltimore Fire Insurance Company in Baltimore, Maryland. Boyd writes on behalf of Samuel Snider, requesting a change of address on Snider's insurance policy due to a recent move.

Billhead from Otto Sutro's music store in Baltimore, Maryland, dated August 2, 1875. The billhead features a vignette of a piano. Accompanying the billhead are a letter and an envelope.

Invoice from Leon Frank & Sons, manufacturers of fine shoes, located at 369 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland, dated November 8, 1886. The bill lists purchases made by H.L. Menefee of Sperryville, Virginia. It includes a list of items purchased, likely shoes, with their sizes and prices. The total amount of the bill is $48.15. The billhead contains detailed information on the business’s payment terms and a note stating that single pairs made to order are not taken back.

Issue of Niles' Weekly Register newspaper published in Baltimore, Maryland on August 24, 1816. This issue contains a detailed description of Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, a significant early account of the cave's features. The newspaper was owned by Hyman Gratz, who also owned Mammoth Cave from 1812 to 1838.

Invoice from Hirshberg, Hollander & Co., painters and artists supplies, located at 195, 197, and 240 West Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland. Dated September 4, 1884. The bill lists the purchase of 200 pounds of Lewis Lead at a price of $11.70 by S. B. Brodbeck of Brodbecks, Pennsylvania. The billhead features an ornate Victorian-style header, displaying a company logo and an itemized list of the transaction. The billhead also lists a variety of products sold by the company, including brushes, glues, oils, glass, and varnishes.

Issue of Niles' Weekly Register newspaper published in Baltimore, Maryland on March 19, 1825. This issue notably features the first non-governmental publication of the final Maryland Jew Bill, which was passed by the Maryland Legislature and became law on January 5, 1826. The bill concerns the declaration of belief required for those of the Jewish faith appointed to public office.

This trade card advertises S. Rosenblatt's Clothing House located at 309 N. Gay Street, Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features a young boy holding flowers. The back of the card contains a full advertisement for the store.

This trade card advertises S. Rosenblatt's Clothing House located at 309 N. Gay St., Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features a girl holding a bouquet of flowers, a design element common in advertising for women's fashion. The back of the card contains additional advertising for the business.

A letter of recommendation written by Cyrus Mantz of Frederick, Maryland, on May 27, 1850, to Jacob I. Cohen, Jr., president of the Baltimore Fire Insurance Company, concerning David Schlasinger, a Jewish merchant residing in Frederick. Mantz attests to Schlasinger's character and business standing.

Stereoscopic photograph depicting the Concordia Building in Baltimore, Maryland. The image, part of Chase's National Views series, shows the building which opened in 1865 and was destroyed by fire in 1891. The Concordia Building was a center for Baltimore's German cultural and social activity, with many prosperous German Jewish merchants as members.

A one-page commercial letter from R. & A. Campbell in Baltimore, Maryland, dated October 30, 1841, to Henry & Charles Tobias, importers of watches in New York, New York. The letter details an order and description of a watch, chain, and fob.

A one-page business letter written by Samson Levy in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Jonathan Meredith in Baltimore, Maryland on October 17, 1808. The letter is unstamped.

This trade card advertises Simon Stansberg's services as a general ticket agent, offering railroad tickets at reduced rates to all points. The front of the card features a vibrant chromolithograph depicting a young couple enjoying a leisurely swing, likely meant to evoke the pleasure of travel. The back of the card features additional promotional text advertising "Cut Rates - To All Points - $1 to $10 Saved...at Frank's old established stand." [Stansberg's family was active in Baltimore, Maryland Jewish affairs.] The card indicates Stansberg's business address as 123 West Baltimore St., Baltimore, Maryland.

Billhead from Guggenheimer & Adelsdorf, wholesale dealers in hats, caps, fur, and straw goods, located at 256 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland. The billhead is dated December 9, 1878, and notes that the store is closed on Saturdays. A customer named Walter Allen from Ridgeway, North Carolina is mentioned on the billhead.

A one-page letter written by Jacob Green, Professor of Chemistry at Jefferson Medical College, to Dr. J.J. Cohen on April 4, 1837. From Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Green discusses returning fossils to Cohen that were used in a paper presented at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia on January 24, 1837. He also mentions sending a copy of his speech later.

A one-page stampless letter dated December 11, 1838, from Dr. Jacob Green in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Dr. J. J. Cohen in Baltimore, Maryland. Green, Professor of Chemistry at Jefferson Medical College, thanks Cohen for sending fossils he examined.

This trade card advertises F. Lazarus Dry Goods, located at 237 North Gay Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features a silhouette of a woman in a dress holding a lantern and standing in a crescent moon. This is surrounded by stars and a small starburst design, above a floral pattern. The design is set against a white background with a black border. The back of the card is blank. The card measures 4 inches by 6 inches.

This trade card advertises Emanuel L. Fried's Boot and Shoe House, located at 419 N Gay Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features a comical illustration of a boy looking unwell after smoking a cigar. The back of the card is a full advertisement for the business. [Established in 1843, Emanuel L. Fried was the son of the business's founder. He was born in Baltimore in 1845 and was the brother of Mary Neuberger, Rachel Bruner, Lazarus Fried, Henry Fried, and Amelia Moses. Amelia Moses was the mother of Jacob Bernard Moses, Gertrude Loventhal, Miriam Rothschild, May Werthan, and Bertha Fensterwald.]

A business letter dated October 14, 1871, from Seliger & Newman, located at 18 Hanover Street, Baltimore, Maryland, to J. S. & E. Wright & Co. in New York, New York. The letter includes a check.

A four-page broadside/letter dated August 8, 1853, from the Baltimore Fire Insurance Company to W. Stabler & Bro. in Alexandria, Virginia. The broadside is an invoice or bill for insurance payments due. It features an illustration and lists J. I. Cohen Jr. as President and Joshua I. Cohen as a Director. A postal stamp is visible.

Invoice from Strasburger & Son, manufacturers of men's, youths', and boys' fine clothing, located at the corner of Gay & Front Streets, Baltimore, Maryland. Dated July 12, 1887. The bill lists a purchase of one serge suit. The billhead features a decorative image of the company's building with the company name and description in an ornate font and a framed header section.

This pamphlet is an 1894 reprint of an article from the American Jewish Historical Society (AJHS) detailing the family history of David Mendez Machado. Authored by N. Taylor Phillips, the pamphlet provides genealogical information and biographical details about Machado and his family, tracing their lineage and contributions to American Jewish life. The reprint was likely undertaken to disseminate this historical account to a wider audience.

Billhead from Alex. Weiller & Co., proprietors of the Maryland Pharmaceutical Co., located at No. 45 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, Maryland. Dated February 4, 1885. The bill lists an item purchased by W. Price & Co. in Westerly, Rhode Island, and includes an itemized list of the transaction. The transaction details include a price for a quantity of “Horse Powd. ft.” and a notation about an order being shipped soon. The billhead has a printed header, ornate lettering, and clear details of the business address and transaction.

This trade card advertises the Mordecai & Smith Clothing House located at 178 West Baltimore Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card (Image 1) depicts a comical figure in a Pilgrim hat within a scene described as containing mostly racist imagery. The back of the card (Image 1, verso) is blank. The card is one of six similar cards in the collection. [Research indicates that M. (Moses) C. (Cohen) Mordecai, possibly the famous Charleston Confederate (1804-1888), and Judson H. Smith were business partners operating under the name Mordecai & Smith Clothing House.]

This record contains two trade cards for Mordecai & Smith Clothing House in Baltimore, Maryland. The cards depict comical scenes featuring a man in a pilgrim hat within mostly racist imagery. The imagery on the cards includes stereotypical and racist depictions, one of which is likely a caricature of Indigenous peoples. The back of the cards are blank. Research indicates a connection to Moses C. (Cohen) Mordecai, a Charleston resident (1804-1888), and Judson H. Smith, who conducted business as Mordecai & Smith Clothing House at 178 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore. [Moses C. (Cohen) Mordecai was a well-known figure in Charleston, and numerous court records involve his son, J. Radolph Mordecai, as executor of his will, dealing with matters in Baltimore.]

This record contains three of six trade cards for the Mordecai & Smith Clothing House in Baltimore, Maryland. The cards depict a comical man in a Pilgrim hat within scenes that contain racist imagery. The back of the cards is blank. Research indicates a deed of trust for M. (Moses) C. (Cohen) Mordecai, late of Charleston, and Judson H. Smith, who conducted business under the name Mordecai & Smith Clothing House at 178 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore. [M. C. Mordecai (1804-1888) was a prominent Charleston Confederate. Numerous court records exist involving his son, J. Radolph Mordecai, as executor of his will, addressing matters in Baltimore.]

This trade card advertises the Mordecai & Smith Clothing House in Baltimore, Maryland. One of four cards in this record, this card features a comical illustration of a man in a Pilgrim hat within a scene containing racist imagery. The back of the card is blank. Research indicates that M. (Moses) C. (Cohen) Mordecai and Judson H. Smith operated the business at 178 West Baltimore Street. [Moses C. Mordecai (1804-1888) was a prominent Charleston, South Carolina businessman, and this card may reflect his business dealings in Baltimore].

This is one of six trade cards depicting comical scenes of a man in a pilgrim hat. The imagery is described as containing mostly racist depictions. The front of the card advertises the Mordecai & Smith Clothing House in Baltimore, Maryland. The back of the card is blank. Research indicates that M. (Moses) C. (Cohen) Mordecai, possibly the famous Charleston Confederate (1804-1888), and Judson H. Smith ran the business. A deed of trust and various court records involving Mordecai's son, J. Radolph Mordecai, as executor, reference the business at 178 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore.

This trade card advertises Mordecai & Smith Clothing House, located in Baltimore, Maryland. The card's imagery features a comical man in a Pilgrim hat within mostly racist scenes. [Research indicates this is likely a reference to Moses C. (Cohen) Mordecai, a Charleston Confederate (1804-1888), and his business with Judson H. Smith. Numerous court records exist concerning his son, J. Randolph Mordecai, as executor of the will, dealing with issues in Baltimore.] The verso of the card is blank. The card is one of six in a set.

Billhead from Jacob Adler & Co., Grocers and Commission Merchants, located at 54 S. Howard St., 288 & 290 W. Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland. Dated May 16, 1881. The bill lists a purchase of 3 bags of Rio Coffee, 1 bag of Caracao Indigo, and 1 bag of Bray. This transaction was made by I.P. Curtis & Co., likely located in Butler, Tennessee. The billhead includes a header with ornate lettering.

Commercial letter written by T. R. Hall to Guggenheimer & Co., wholesale grocers, on July 26, 1879. The letter, written on Guggenheimer & Co. letterhead, discusses tobacco and originates from Poolesville, Maryland, with the recipient in Baltimore, Maryland.

A commercial letter dated July 18, 1879, from Guggenheimer & Co., wholesale grocers located at 22 Commerce Street, Baltimore, Maryland, to T. R. Hall in Poolesville, Maryland. The letter, which is partially printed, concerns the topic of tobacco.

A receipt issued on May 14, 1887, by Guggenheimer & Co., wholesale grocers, to J. K. Covington & Bro. in Baltimore, Maryland. The receipt features decorative printing by Guggenheimer & Weil Stationers.

Billhead from Joseph Schloss, Merchant Tailor, located at No. 84 W. Fayette Street, Baltimore. Dated January 28, 1881. The bill details a purchase of a suit for $30.00 from the business by William Galloway. It also includes a note that the payment is to be made in three months from date. The billhead features ornate Victorian-style lettering and a decorative border with a motif of hearts and arrows. The billhead is also printed on lined paper.

This trade card advertises Chas. L. Cohen's Reliable Boot and Shoe House located at 315 N. Gay Street, between High and Front Streets, in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features an illustration of elves. The back of the card provides a full advertisement for the business. The card is in poor condition but is a good example of a trade card from the 1870s.

Invoice from Adolph Nachman, located at 159 North Gay Street, Baltimore, Maryland. Dated May 1, 1883. The billhead lists a sale to the Baltimore City Fire Department for 1 1/3 yards of oilcloth for a wagon. The bill is handwritten and includes a handwritten signature.

This is a 17-page cantata for soli and chorus, composed by Alois Kaiser and published in 1889 by A. Kaiser and Brophy Bros. The cantata is for Simchat Torah and includes Hebrew and English words, along with organ accompaniment. It represents a significant piece of American Jewish liturgical music from the late 19th century, reflecting the evolving style of American cantorial music.

Issue of Niles' Weekly Register, a newspaper published in Baltimore, Maryland on September 11, 1824. This issue contains detailed coverage of the 'Explosion of The Advocate,' focusing on the difficulties faced by Mordecai M. Noah and his newspaper, the National Advocate. The issue includes three typed letters signed by Noah. Additional articles cover a captured runaway slave in Philadelphia and the visit of General Lafayette to New York.

Autograph letter signed by Marx Edgeworth Lazarus (1822-1896), written in Baltimore, Maryland on December 1, 1847, to Dr. Charles Willing in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The four-page letter discusses Lazarus's experiences as the first Jewish student at Georgetown University, his involvement in a farm school and utopian socialist commune in Maryland, and his thoughts on religion and society. It also mentions his friends Truxton and Edward Beale, with details about Edward's exploits in the Mexican-American War in California.

A letter dated February 28, 1842, from David I. Cohen to Elie Beatty, cashier of the Hagerstown Bank in Hagerstown, Maryland. The letter discusses an exchange of bank notes, with Cohen acknowledging receipt of $100 in Williamsport and Westminster Bank bills in exchange for bills on the Hagerstown Bank. This is the only correspondence in the collection by David I. Cohen, who was the brother of Jacob I. Cohen Jr. and died at age 47.

Set of eight silver spoons, six soup spoons and two teaspoons, each engraved "Prs. (presented) to T. S.(?) by the Prest. (President) & Board of Balto. (Baltimore) FPHE (Fells Point Hebrew Friendship) Cong. Feb 12, 1871." The spoons were presented by the Fells Point Hebrew Friendship Congregation in Baltimore, Maryland on February 12, 1871. The Fells Point Hebrew Friendship Congregation, founded in 1832 and disbanded in 1899, was the second synagogue in Baltimore.

One-page letter written by Israel Cohen, a Baltimore stockbroker, to D. Claude in Annapolis, Maryland, on October 19, 1857. The letter discusses Maryland stocks and a financial transaction. Cohen's stationery identifies him as a "Stock, Bill and Note Broker."

Billhead for a purchase from Wiesenfeld & Co., wholesale clothiers, located at 242 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland. The bill is dated November 10, 1880, and lists an item purchased by the Bay View Asylum. The bill includes a list of quantities, prices, and totals, with handwritten notes. The billhead features a decorative header section.

Invoice from Wiesenfeld & Co., wholesale clothiers located at 242 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, Maryland. Dated November 16, 1880. The bill lists a purchase of a

This trade card advertises Kahn & Weiller, a dry goods store located at 119 N. Eutaw St. in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features a floral design, with the store's name and address printed in the center. The card lists their products as dry goods, silks, dress goods, and trimmings. The back of the card is blank.

Handwritten letter dated April 23, 1886, from Dr. A. S. Bettelheim in San Francisco, California, to Solomon Preiss, Secretary of the Baltimore Hebrew Congregation in Baltimore, Maryland. Bettelheim accepts the offered position of Rabbi, expressing a wish for a five-year contract. The letter reflects his anticipation of the future temple's construction and his dedication to the congregation's well-being.

A one-page letter written by Dr. A. S. Bettelheim, Rabbi of the Baltimore Hebrew Congregation, on July 5, 1887, documenting the conversion of Miss Katie Huber (given the Jewish name Deborah daughter of Abraham). The letter includes Dr. Bettelheim's stamp. This letter is one of nine documents from the Albert Sigfried Bettelheim archive.

Autograph letter signed from Zalma Rehine to Isaac Leeser, written in English on April 7, 1836, from Baltimore, Maryland. The letter discusses Rehine's illness, mentions a Mr. Black's positive impression of Leeser, and includes a separate handwritten list of clothing items on the verso.

Autograph letter signed from Zalma Rehine to Isaac Leeser, written in English on August 2, 1839, from Baltimore, Maryland. The letter discusses mutual friends, health, and Leeser's religious discourses. Rehine mentions 'Miss Etting's' admiration of Leeser's work.

Invoice from Fink, Bro. & Co., importers and wholesale grocers located at the corner of Franklin & Eutaw Streets, Baltimore, Maryland. Dated October 8, 1883. The billhead lists a transaction between Fink, Bro. & Co., and J. M. Johnson, likely for the purchase of sugar. The billhead is a printed document with a company logo, ornate lettering, and clear details of the business location and transaction.

A financial receipt issued on February 16, 1796, in Baltimore, Maryland, documenting Jacob Levy's receipt of $786 on behalf of William Augustine Washington. The receipt details a financial transaction between these two individuals.

This collection comprises 24 miscellaneous letters from the Tobias family archive, spanning the years 1843-1865. The letters, written between various members of the Tobias family and their associates, discuss personal and business matters, including family health, shipping, money issues, and general news. Geographic locations mentioned include Liverpool, England; New York, New York; Charleston, South Carolina; Boston, Massachusetts; Paris, France; and Cheltenham, England. Addresses mentioned in the letters include Board Street, New York, NY; 29 Nassau Street, New York, NY; Bleecker Street, New York, NY; Broad Street, New York, NY; and 38 Harley Street, London, England. The collection provides insight into the lives and business dealings of a Jewish merchant family in the mid-19th century.

Check issued by the Office of the Board of Fire Commissioners in Baltimore, Maryland, dated January 24, 1879. The check is payable to S. Levy for the amount of $42.04. The check displays a simple design with printed text and handwritten signatures of the President and Secretary.

Autograph letter signed by Rosanna Dyer Osterman to her brother Leon Dyer, written in Galveston, Texas on January 14, 1848. Osterman discusses cholera epidemics, requests copies of Isaac Leeser's *The Occident* and a Jewish Orthodox Magazine, and asks her brother to bring her a Siddur.

Autograph letter signed by Jacob I. Cohen, Jr. to Elie Beatty, Esq., Cashier of the Hagerstown Bank, Hagerstown, Maryland, dated September 3, 1822. The letter, written from Baltimore, Maryland, concerns financial matters and is historically significant in the context of Jacob I. Cohen Jr.'s efforts to overturn Maryland's discriminatory Christian Test Act.

This is a business card for Goldenberg & Weinberg, successors to L. Goldenberg & Co. The front of the card advertises them as "Jobbers and Retail Dealers in Embroideries." The address, 67 W. Baltimore St., four doors above Gay St., Baltimore, Maryland, is clearly printed. The card's design is simple and understated, typical of early coated business cards from around 1870. The back of the card is blank. A second image in this record shows a similar card with minor differences in print, which could be a slightly different version or a variation of the printing process, but the information provided is essentially the same.

Six-page manuscript trial balance for the years 1859, 1860, 1861, and 1864, detailing the financial records of Samuel A. Harrison, a doctor and gentleman farmer from Talbot County, Maryland. The ledger includes listings for property holdings in St. Michaels, Maryland, and two loans: one to H. H. Cohen for $7,350, and another to the Hebrew Congregation for $10,500. The ledger sheet represents the year ending December 31, 1860.

Six-page manuscript trial balance detailing the financial records of Samuel A. Harrison, a doctor and gentleman farmer from Talbot County, Maryland, for the years 1859, 1860, 1861, and 1864. The ledger includes listings for multiple property holdings in St. Michaels, Maryland, and two loans: one to H. H. Cohen for $7,350 and another to the Hebrew Congregation for $10,500.

Six-page manuscript trial balance for the year ending December 31, 1861, detailing the financial records of Samuel A. Harrison, a doctor and gentleman farmer from Talbot County, Maryland. The ledger includes entries related to property holdings in St. Michaels, Maryland, and financial transactions with the Baltimore Hebrew Congregation and the Union Presbyterian Church.

Six-page manuscript trial balance for the year ending December 31, 1864, detailing the financial records of Samuel A. Harrison, a physician and gentleman farmer from Talbot County, Maryland. The ledger includes entries for multiple property holdings in St. Michaels, Maryland, and transactions with the Baltimore Hebrew Congregation and the Union Presbyterian Church.

Trade card advertising the New York Clothing House located at 182 & 184 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD. The verso is blank. The card depicts a frog smoking a pipe under a toadstool. This firm was owned by the Rosenfeld brothers, who were involved in labor law suits. Circa 1885.

This trade card advertises the New York Clothing House, located at 182 & 184 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features a simple design of two dogs standing on a shoreline. The back of the card is blank. [The business was owned by the Rosenfeld brothers who were involved in labor law suits.]

Stereoscopic photograph depicting the Concordia Building in Baltimore, Maryland, circa 1880. The image is part of Chase's National Views series, titled "Metropolitan and Suburban Scenery, Baltimore, Maryland." The Concordia Building, opened in 1865 and destroyed by fire in 1891, served as a center for Baltimore's German cultural and social activities, with many prosperous German Jewish merchants as members.

This trade card advertises the New York Clothing House, located at 182 & 184 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD. The front of the card depicts a boy and a girl in costume. The back of the card provides more details about the business. [This firm was owned by the Rosenfeld brothers. The brothers were involved in labor law suits. Michael Rosenfeld was a part owner of the New York Clothing House. He also operated a factory for men's and boys' clothing. He outfitted streetcar employees, firemen, and police.]

A two-page letter dated December 8, 1891, from Ulman Goldsborough Co. in Baltimore, Maryland, to Bateman & Switzer in Great Falls, Montana. The letter details an order for various types of whiskey, including Maryland Rye, Wilson Rye, and Wilson Bourbon, and discusses pricing discrepancies noted by their agent, Mr. Silberberg.

A commercial letter dated October 9, 1845, from William Wilson & Sons in Baltimore, Maryland, to Hendricks & Bros. in New York, New York. The letter discusses a copper order. The letter is a stampless folded letter postmarked 10/9/1845 with a 5-cent rate from Baltimore, MD to New York, NY.

Trade card and New Year's card advertising M. Westheimer Wines and Liquors, located at 31 North Eutaw Street, Baltimore, Maryland. The front features a girl's head looking through a horseshoe with "Good New Year" in Hebrew. The verso is a commercial broadside letter dated September 1, 1882, extolling the company's wines and spirits. Printed by Isaac Friedenwald of Baltimore.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) photograph of a young girl, taken by Bachrach & Bro. in Baltimore, Maryland. The photograph is undated, but based on the style, it is likely from the late 19th century.

This trade card advertises the Excelsior Clothing House in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card depicts a couple working amidst a pile of coins, suggesting prosperity and value. The style of the illustration and the overall design aesthetic suggest a late 19th-century production date. The back of the card is blank. [Solomon Weil (1850-1910) is listed as the owner of the business, and he is buried in Hebrew Friendship Cemetery in Baltimore. He was unmarried.]

This trade card advertises Weinberg's Boots & Shoes, located at 98 South Broadway in Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features a decorative illustration of a pair of shoes surrounded by flowers. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Henry Sachs, a dealer in boots and shoes located at 195 Gay Street, Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features a whimsical illustration of a duck and a frog with a humorous expression. The back of the card contains additional advertising information about Henry Sachs's business.

Billhead from Leon Frank & Sons, fine shoe manufacturers, located at 369 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD. The billhead is dated January 1884.

Autograph letter signed by Solomon Etting to Hyman Gratz, dated March 31, 1825, from Baltimore, Maryland. Etting discusses the disbursement of funds intended for Solomon De Castro's passage to Curaçao. He details De Castro's change of plans and ultimate receipt of a smaller sum for passage to Virginia. The letter also includes a Passover greeting. Two pages. Autograph address panel on integral blank.

Stampless letter from Edward Johnson Etting in Philadelphia to Reuben B. Valentine in Baltimore, dated April 2, 1829. The letter discusses the iron market, specifically rod and bar iron prices, and the challenges of selling iron. It also includes personal and family greetings. The cover is postmarked "PHIL 2 APR" and addressed to "Mr. Reuben B. Valentine Now at Baltimore."

A broadside advertising the Grand Literature Lottery for the Promotion of Science and Literature, issued in Baltimore, Maryland on November 19, 1827. The broadside indicates that tickets can be purchased from J. I. Cohen, Jr., and Brothers. It includes a partially printed and partially handwritten form addressed to E. K. Ingersoll.

Ticket #9083 for a 1/4 share in the University Lottery of Baltimore, 1823. The ticket is signed by J. I. Cohen Jr. The verso may also contain a signature. The lottery was operated by Jacob I. Cohen, Jr., who acted as principal agent for the contractors.

Ticket #34249 for a 1/4 share in the Grand State Lottery of Maryland, 1818. The ticket is signed by Judah S. Lazarus and J. I. Cohen. The verso is blank. The lottery was operated by Jacob I. Cohen, Jr., who acted as principal agent for the contractors.

Lottery ticket number 403 from a 1791 lottery to purchase land next to the Lutheran Burying Ground in Baltimore, Maryland. The ticket is signed by Simon Gratz on the reverse. The ticket may indicate Gratz purchased the ticket, not that he issued it.

Trade card for the Excelsior Clothing House in Baltimore, Maryland. The card is undated, but based on the style and information found about Solomon Weil, a potential owner, it is likely to date from around 1885. The verso is blank.

This trade card advertises M. B. Fine, a Scientific Optician, located at 640 West Lexington St., Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card features the business name and profession in a clear and concise manner. The back of the card is blank. The image is simple and features only text.

This trade card advertises Sondheim's Silks and Dress Goods, located at 168 Lexington Street, Baltimore, Maryland. The front of the card shows a beach scene. It has a red and white border, and a light blue background. The verso is blank.

A broadside advertising the wholesale grocery business of Guggenheimer & Co., located at 22 Commerce Street, Baltimore, Maryland. The broadside details prices for various goods, including roots, furs, poultry, and butter, and is dated January 22, 1881.