Subject: United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783

Handwritten copy of a 1781 commission for Colonel Isaac Franks as Ensign in the 7th Regiment of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, signed by John Hancock. Created in 1876, this double-sided document (7 1/2 x 12 inches) also includes a history of the house Franks inhabited in Germantown, Pennsylvania, where President Washington stayed during the 1793 Philadelphia Yellow Fever epidemic. In 1876, the commission was owned by George Huffnagle of New Hope, Pennsylvania, Isaac Franks' grandson. The house is still extant and known as the Deshler-Morris House.

This pamphlet contains a sermon delivered by Jonathan French at a lecture in the South Parish in Andover on January 1, 1777. The sermon, titled "A Practical Discourse Against Extortion," uses the Old Testament book of Ezekiel as its foundation to argue against extortion. It offers a commentary on the socio-economic realities of the time and may reflect the anxieties and challenges faced during the early stages of the American Revolutionary War. The sermon was printed in Boston by T. and J. Fleet.

Issue of the American Apollo newspaper from Boston, Massachusetts, published on December 18, 1794. Includes an advertisement for the play "The Jew", which is notable as one of the first English-language plays to portray a Jewish character as the hero. Also contains news from Pittsburgh regarding the Whiskey Rebellion.

This pamphlet reprints an act of Parliament from 1799 that amends an earlier act (from 1756) enabling King George II to grant commissions to foreign Protestant officers and engineers to serve in America. The amendment likely addressed issues or gaps in the original act. Published in London by George Eyre and Andrew Strahan, the pamphlet is a folio-sized document.

Autograph letter signed ("Benj. Harrison") by Benjamin Harrison, Governor of Virginia, to the Commercial Committee, dated July 7, 1779. The 1 1/2-page, 8vo letter discusses missing tobacco, noting 7 hogsheads are missing from the warehouses and that he has credited the committee for the tobacco in his possession. The letter shows signs of age, including small holes, inkburn affecting some letters, and creases. Verso is docketed in another hand.

Autograph letter signed by Moses Michael Hays, addressed to Michael Gratz. Dated January 20, 1768. Hays discusses business matters, specifically the sale of sugar and leather, and mentions drawing a bill of exchange for $500. The letter is written on one page, with the address panel on the verso showing a New York postmark and bishop's mark. The letter's content reflects Hays's mercantile activities. In 1775, Hays famously refused to sign a declaration of loyalty to the American colonies due to a phrase about Christian faith, demonstrating his commitment to the principle of equality for all men. He later signed a revised version without the religious clause.

Autograph letter signed by Moses Michael Hays written to Myer Polock on behalf of Michael Gratz. Dated December 18, 1770. Hays urges Polock to fulfill a promise to Gratz, offering incentives and suggesting assistance in "any matter Honorable & Just." The letter includes an autograph address panel on the verso. Written in New York and concerns matters related to Newport, Rhode Island.

Autograph letter signed by Isaac Moses to Moses Myers, dated August 8, 1784. Written from New York, New York, the letter discusses business matters, including the shipwreck of the North Britain, family news, and financial concerns. The recipient, Moses Myers, was a merchant in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This letter offers insight into colonial American Jewish life and business practices.

Autograph letter signed by Thomas Gage to Thomas Whatley, dated January 23, 1765, from New York, New York. The letter discusses challenges in contracting for provisions for British troops in North America, specifically mentioning difficulties with spoilage under a previous contractor and praising the firm of Sir Samuel Fludyer, Adam Drummond, and Moses Franks, who assumed the contract. Brigadier General Burton's order for inspection of provision stores at Montreal is also noted.

Volume 1 of Bereishith, a Hebrew text with manuscript annotations. This book contains a family tree and Tikun Sophrim corrections. It belonged to Jacob I. Cohen, whose signature appears on folios 49, 50, 75, and 77, with further manuscript entries about his family on the free rear endpapers. The book was printed in Amsterdam circa 1760 and is from the library of Jacob I. Cohen, described by Max Whiteman as "one of the most important early US libraries to survive". Cohen (1744-1823) immigrated to the US in 1773, settling initially in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, then living intermittently in Richmond, Virginia (1781-1799) and Philadelphia. He was a founding member of Beth Shalom in Richmond and president of Mikveh Israel (1810-1811) in Philadelphia. He was a Revolutionary War veteran and conducted business dealings with notable figures like James Madison and Daniel Boone. In Richmond, he partnered with Isaiah Isacks (Isaacs) in merchandising, real estate, and slave trading.

Bill of exchange dated August 19, 1774, from Moses Henry of Schenectady to Robert C. Clince for Eighteen Pounds Pennsylvania Currency. Endorsed in Lancaster, Pennsylvania on October 19, 1774, by Andrew Levy, ordering payment to Michael and Barnard Gratz. This document illustrates the interconnected business relationships within early Pennsylvania Jewish communities, involving prominent figures such as the Gratz brothers and Joseph Simon, a significant Indian trader and merchant.

Issue of the Boston Magazine from January 1785, published in Boston, Massachusetts. This issue contains a notice regarding the death of Haym Salomon on page 39.

Broadside calling for the Pennsylvania militia to quell the Whiskey Rebellion. Hand-addressed to Lt. Col. Isaac Franks. The reverse side contains his handwritten expense account. Dated September 13, 1794. The broadside details the circumstances of the Whiskey Rebellion, a tax revolt against the newly imposed federal tax on whiskey distillers. This tax, part of Alexander Hamilton's economic program, caused hardships for farmers in western Pennsylvania who relied heavily on whiskey production. The broadside provides context of the historical events leading to the rebellion and the need for militia intervention. Lt. Col. Isaac Franks' biographical information is also included, detailing his service in the American Revolutionary War, subsequent appointments, and his role in the suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion.

Two original holographic legal documents, each measuring 8 1/4 x 13 inches, dated March 25, 1794. These documents pertain to a caveat and subsequent judgment concerning land warrants filed by 58 applicants for 400-acre tracts. The case involved Aaron Levy and his partner, Robert Morris, who claimed prior rights to the land in question. The judgment ruled in favor of Levy and Morris. Both documents bear the signature of David Kennedy, the first Land Secretary of Pennsylvania, and an impressed state seal. The documents are in excellent condition. David Kennedy's appointment followed the 1784 treaty with the Six Nations, and his role involved overseeing the fair transition of Native American lands into private hands. Biographical information on Aaron Levy is included in the document.

Check signed by Haym Salomon (Solomon) to Francisco Rendon, personal representative of Charles III, King of Spain, dated January 21, 1784. This $200 check attests to Salomon's financial assistance to Rendon, similar to his aid to several members of the Continental Congress, including James Madison. Haym Salomon's signatures are rare, and this one may be the only one to appear at public auction in the last ten years. The check was sold on October 18, 2023, at University Archives, Lot #244, for $23,750. Additional information describes Salomon's involvement with the Sons of Liberty, his arrest and escape from the British, his work as a broker and paymaster for French forces, and his crucial financial contributions to the American Revolution, particularly providing $20,000 for George Washington's Yorktown campaign. Salomon passed away in 1785 from tuberculosis, leaving his family in poverty.

Legal document attesting to citizenship, signed by Benjamin Nones in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 26, 1810. The document also involves John Kingsland and references Georgetown, District of Columbia.

Congressional Record related to the Haym Salomon case. This document, dated August 9, 1850, from the 31st Congress, 1st Session, accompanies Senate Bill 310. It includes a section titled "A portion of the secret history of the American revolution as seen in Mr. Walker's Senate report no. 177 with appendix." The document is 23 pages long and is mentioned in Singerman (source not specified).

Newspaper clipping from the Connecticut Gazette, October 8, 1790, featuring a letter from Moses Seixas of the Newport, Rhode Island Congregation to President George Washington, along with Washington's reply. This correspondence is considered highly significant in American Jewish history. The clipping is in excellent condition.

Six-dollar Continental Currency note printed by Hall and Sellers in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on February 26, 1777. The note is signed by Benjamin Levy, one of two Jewish signers of colonial notes.

Two dollar Continental Currency note printed by Hall and Sellers in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 2, 1776. The note is signed by Benjamin Levy, one of two Jewish signers of colonial notes.

A two-thirds dollar Continental Currency note printed by Hall and Sellers in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on February 17, 1776. The note bears the signature of Ben Jacobs.

This legal document, written entirely by Thomas McKean, details charges of treason against George Croghan, a prominent Indian agent and land speculator, during the Revolutionary War. The document mentions that merchant Barnard Gratz provided $1,000 for Croghan's bail. The charges, originating in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on June 15, 1778, contributed to Croghan's financial ruin. Croghan had previously served as chairman of the Committee of Correspondence in Pittsburgh.

Engraved broadside on rice paper, measuring 19 1/2 x 13 1/2 inches, commemorating the centennial of the Declaration of Independence (1776-1876). Published in New York by James D. McBride for the Columbian Publishing Company in 1874. This facsimile replicates the Stone engraving but includes a patriotic border and a revised signature arrangement to accommodate advertising in the lower right corner. This particular broadside was presented by S. Freedman & Co., Detroit, Michigan, dealers in dry goods and carpets, located at 147, 149 & 151 Woodward Avenue. S. Freedman was active in local Jewish affairs, and the Freedman family were early Jewish settlers in Detroit, listed in the 1837 city directory.

Four-page deed in folio format (each page 12-1/2"h x 8"w) from Benjamin Seixas and his wife, Zipporah, to Isaac Moses, dated June 14, 1793. Witnessed by Simon Nathan. All parties signed except Moses. Benjamin Seixas, brother of Gershom Mendes Seixas, was a founder of the New York Stock Exchange, a member of the NY Militia, and engaged in privateering with Isaac Moses. Seixas was prominent in Jewish affairs and worked as a saddler and later an auctioneer. Isaac Moses (1742-1818) was a large-scale merchant who operated out of Philadelphia during the British occupation of New York. He was a prominent merchant-shipper and blockade-runner, whose firm, Isaac Moses & Company, later became Isaac Moses & Sons. The document is part of the collection of Judaica Americana.

Deed signed by Israel Israel, son of Michael, to Andrew Sumners Jr. dated March 28, 1801, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Israel Israel, described as having been raised as a Christian, amassed a fortune by age 21 and served as High Sheriff of Philadelphia in 1800.

Deed from Andrew Thatcher to Israel Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated September 18, 1802. The deed includes signatures and seals of Israel Israel, who is described as the son of Michael, raised as a Christian, having amassed a fortune at age 21, and serving as High Sheriff of Philadelphia in 1800.

Indenture dated May 6, 1791, in Philadelphia, between Abigail Hamilton and Timothy Abbott and Samuel Barnes concerning land on the west side of Third Street between High and Chestnut Streets. The deed specifies the land as "the northerly moiety of a larger Lot" previously conveyed to Andrew Hamilton. Abigail Hamilton signed the deed, witnessed by David Franks and Benjamin Levy. The document highlights the post-Revolutionary reconciliation between individuals with differing loyalties during the American Revolution, as the Franks family were Loyalists, while Benjamin Levy was a supporter of the Revolution. Additional biographical information on the individuals involved is included within the record.

Deed for the direct sale of land in Aaronsburg, Pennsylvania, from Aaron Levy to James Duncan and Henry Weiss. The deed is dated August 23, 1803, and features Levy's signature twice, with two Hebrew letters beneath one of the 'Y's. Levy, a partner of Joseph Simon, was involved in supplying troops and loaning money to the Continental Congress during the American Revolution and was a close associate of the Gratz family.

This document is a deed of sale, dated August 15, 1792, for 400 acres of land in Loyalsock Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania. Abraham Singer sold the property to Aaron Levy. The deed is a printed form completed in ink and signed by witnesses.

This document is a deed of sale for 400 acres of land in Loyalsock Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania. Dated August 15, 1792, the deed records the sale from Casper Haines to Aaron Levy. The deed is a printed form completed in manuscript ink.

Deed of sale for land in Germantown, Pennsylvania, dated July 27, 1778. The document records the transfer of land from George Klingle to Barnard Jacobs. It is partially printed with a masthead by Francis Bailey of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and witnessed by Ezekiel Levy.

Deed conveying land in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania to Isaac Franks. Signed by Charles Biddle as a member of the Pennsylvania Executive Council, September 25, 1786.

Deed from George Wescott to Jacob Weissert concerning land in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated September 1, 1785. The land description mentions property adjacent to land granted or intended for Haym Salomon.

Deed of conveyance between Samuel Disbrow and Sarah Disbrow, grantors, and Isaac Hanford and Aaron Adams, grantees, in Fairfield, Connecticut, dated March 9, 1804. The deed is signed twice by David Judah. Annotations mention David Judah's service in the Revolutionary War, his circumcision and conversion, and his appeal to Aron Lopez for post-war financial assistance.

Demand note dated June 9, 1785, issued by General "Mad" Anthony Wayne in Savannah, Georgia, payable to Philip Jacob Cohen in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The note is signed by Wayne and endorsed by Philip Jacob Cohen. This financial record relates to Wayne's acquisition and subsequent loss of an 800-acre rice plantation in Georgia. Further details on this transaction are available in related correspondence (ref. 20.291).

Deposition of Eleazar Cohen of the firm Cohen & Barnett, detailing the extent of Robert Morris's debt, July 1, 1799. This firsthand account lists Morris's notes held by Cohen and the circumstances of their acquisition. Morris had been imprisoned for debt since February 1798. The deposition was used in lawsuits pending in the High Court of Chancery in Virginia. According to Jonathan Sarnia, Cohen & Barnett subsequently went bankrupt, and Barnett fled to the Netherlands. The document provides significant insight into the financial difficulties of Robert Morris and the operations of the mercantile firm Cohen & Barnett.

A discounted bill of exchange, dated April 9, 1776, originating from a note payable to C. Hayes from Samuel Wallis for labor performed on August 26, 1775. C. Hayes assigned his rights to Aaron Levy, with the endorsement witnessed by Joseph Alexander. Ezekiel Levy signed as agent for Aaron Levy. The document is related to Samuel Wallis, a significant landowner in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania. Additional biographical information on Aaron Levy, Ezekiel Levy, and their connections to the Jewish community in Pennsylvania during the Revolutionary period is included in the description.

This 1778 book, "Discours d'un bon Hollandois a ses compatriotes, Sur différents objets intéressants" ["Discourse of a Good Dutchman to his Compatriots, on Different Subjects of Interest"], by Isaac de Pinto, argues for Dutch solidarity with Britain during the American Revolutionary War. De Pinto, a wealthy Dutch Jew, economist, and director of the Dutch East India Company, presents an economic argument against the American Revolution, fearing the potential disruption to colonial trade and the established political order. This work reflects the complex political and economic climate of the time and De Pinto's unique perspective as a prominent Jewish figure in 18th-century Europe.

Dividend receipt for debt owed to Benjamin Franklin and Hall from the estate of Elijah Etting. Dated March 12, 1792, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This document represents a rare association between Benjamin Franklin and the Jewish merchant Elijah Etting.

Eight-dollar promissory note printed by Hall and Sellers and signed by Ben Jacobs on May 9, 1776. The note is part of Manuscript Collection 1410.

Account of the estate of Aaron Levy, listing 10 tracts of land with their names and values, totaling $330.67. The document dates from 1819. Aaron Levy (1742-1815) was a Revolutionary patriot, founder of Aaronsburg, Pennsylvania, and a prominent land owner in Pennsylvania.

This document is an estate account listing lands owned by the estate of Aaron Levy in Boggs Township, Pennsylvania. Seven tracts of land are listed, along with the taxes owed for 1834 and 1835, totaling $9.59, paid on March 21, 1836. The document also includes additional names associated with each parcel: H. Levy, Lebeen, Rasky (?), Rebecca Levy, and Joseph Levy.

A financial receipt issued on February 16, 1796, in Baltimore, Maryland, documenting Jacob Levy's receipt of $786 on behalf of William Augustine Washington. The receipt details a financial transaction between these two individuals.

A one-page financial record detailing payment for provisions supplied to the Continental Army. Dated January 7, 1782, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The document indicates payment of 161 ¼ pounds to Henry Durand for provisions, authorized by a resolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly dated April 8, 1782. The payment was directed to David Rittenhouse, the Treasurer, and receipt was acknowledged by Aaron Levy. The verso is docketed 'Henry Durand Jan 7, 1784, 161/4/4 Pounds'.

Issue of Freeman's Journal, or, the North-American Intelligencer, a newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on April 24, 1782. This particular issue contains an advertisement by Jonas Phillips.

Issue of Freeman's Journal, or, the North-American Intelligencer, a newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 11, 1782. The newspaper includes an advertisement by Salomon and a notice regarding two runaway indentured servants owned by Jacob Myers of Lancaster.

Issue of Freeman's Journal, or, the North-American Intelligencer, a newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 11, 1782. This issue includes an advertisement for Haym Salomon, broker to the Office of Finance, the Consul General of France, and the Treasurer of the French Army.

This book, self-published in New York in 1830, provides a detailed account of the French Revolution of 1830 and its commemoration in New York City on November 25th, 1830. Authored by Myer Moses, the book comprises 255 pages dedicated to the French Revolution and another 151 pages detailing the New York celebration. The book is noteworthy for its first-hand perspective on the event and the author's role in the commemorative activities. This first edition is a rare item.

Newspaper advertisement from the April 20, 1791, issue of the *Gazette of the United States*, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The advertisement promotes the brokerage services of Manuel Noah, who buys and sells Continental and State Certificates. The *Gazette of the United States* was an organ of the Federalist Party.

This issue of the *Gazette of the United States*, a Federalist newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 7, 1791, features an advertisement by Manuel Noah for the buying and selling of Continental and State Certificates. The advertisement is located on page 4, column 3.

Newspaper issue of the *Gazette of the United States*, published in New York, New York on September 15, 1790. This issue features a significant exchange of letters between Moses Seixas of the Newport, Rhode Island Hebrew Congregation and President George Washington. Seixas' letter congratulates Washington on his inauguration, and Washington's reply is a landmark statement on religious tolerance and the principles of the new American government. The complete text of both letters is included.

This leather-bound receipt book, owned by Jacob Banta, documents financial transactions in New York City between 1771 and September 1779, a period that includes the British occupation. The book contains at least twenty-nine receipts signed by Jewish brokers, including Barrak Hays, Jacob De Costa, Solomon Myers Cohen, A. Barrett, Hyman Myers, Philip Rhinelander, Moses Isaacs, Manuel Myer, Abraham De Rivera, and John Myers (?). A notable entry is a receipt dated October 1779 for a red cow, signed by 'Nat'l Swain, commander light dragoon'.

Silver Kiddush cup inscribed "Humbly Presented to the Right Honourable Benjamin Nones for his Dedicated Service to the Jewish Community of Philadelphia." This presentation piece honors Benjamin Nones (1757-1826), a significant figure in early American Jewish history and a veteran of the American Revolution. The cup has been exhibited at prominent institutions, including the Skirball Cultural Center, the American Jewish Archives, and the Museum of American Jewish Heritage. Its image was featured in the 350th-anniversary book presented at a dinner attended by President George W. Bush. The inscription reflects Nones's contributions to the Jewish community of Philadelphia and his service as an officer of the Society of Ezrath Orchim (the first organized Jewish charity in Philadelphia) and president of Congregation Mikveh Israel. The object's history also highlights Nones's political involvement and his outspoken defense against anti-Semitic attacks during the 1790s. This piece is considered an iconic object of early American Jewish life. See Sotheby's auction catalogue of October 2, 1992, in Tel Aviv, and the 350th-anniversary dinner book (September 2004).

Deed documenting a land transfer from Benjamin Conklin to Joseph Sargeant, Jr. in Leicester, Massachusetts on May 1, 1783. The land borders the estate of Aaron Lopez, who died in 1782. The document includes signatures from Benjamin Conklin, Lucretia Conklin, Austin Flint, John Southgate, Hezekiah Ward, and Nathaniel Baldwin.

Ledger -This highly important ledger of David Salisbury Franks covers his commercial activities (6/6/1774 to 2/8/1776) while he resided in Montreal, Canada. It bears witness to his place in American History as the first Jew involved in protests for increased religious freedom in the new World. This protest was the catalyst for his joining the Colonial cause. The ledger contains his expenses while being jailed for his involvement (page 64, entry 4th from bottom, July 1775). There are over 107 pages of transactions plus 30 blank pages. From Dr. Arthur Kiron (U of P)... Hi Arny - I had a nice conversation with Carmine Valentino this evening. He confirmed that the identification of the Ledger as belonging to Franks is not internal to the manuscript. He (Carmine) pieced it together from a number of sources, discovering, for example, the mentioning of the imprisonment, reading about Montreal Jews in the 18th century, identifying many of the names in the ledger as Jewish, finding the story about Franks' imprisonment in a book on Canadian Jewry and linking the sources - internal and external - together to form a conclusive identification, also based on comparison with contemporary letters of Franks for a handwriting analysis. HISTORY....David Salisbury Franks played a prominent role in the protests against the Quebec Act of 1774, a stance that ultimately drove him to join the American revolutionary cause. As a successful Jewish merchant and the president of Montreal's Shearith Israel Congregation, his opposition stemmed from both political grievances and civil rights concerns. His involvement manifested through formal political petitioning, public confrontation, and a subsequent arrest that fully radicalized him against the British Crown. Franks expressed his opposition directly by signing official petitions demanding the repeal of the Quebec Act. He was one of only nine Jewish merchants among 91 Montreal "old subjects"-the English-speaking, non-French residents-who attached their names to these documents. Franks openly criticized King George III over the legislation because, while the Act restored French civil law and granted religious freedom to the Catholic majority, it entirely failed to recognize or protect the civic rights of Jewish residents, effectively diminishing their political standing. His resistance moved from paper to public confrontation following a notorious act of vandalism on May 2, 1775, when a public bust of King George III in Montreal was found defaced with a derogatory message comparing the King to the Pope. During a town gathering regarding the incident, a French-Canadian loyalist named François-Marie Picoté de Belestre loudly declared that the perpetrators deserved to be hanged. Franks openly clashed with Belestre, arguing that hanging was an absurdly harsh punishment for such a minor offense. The disagreement quickly escalated into a physical fight between the two men. This altercation led to his immediate arrest and radicalization. British authorities jailed Franks for roughly two weeks in Montreal for "sedition" and his suspected "attachment to the Cause of America." The rigorous imprisonment served as a final catalyst for his political shift. Upon his release, Franks completely abandoned his allegiance to the British Crown, and when the Continental Army invaded Canada later in 1775, he officially joined the Patriots. David Salisbury Franks achieved the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in the Continental Army and later pivoted to diplomacy, serving directly under Thomas Jefferson during the critical post-war transition. Despite his unwavering patriotism, his military legacy and diplomatic ambitions were permanently shadowed by his close association with America's most infamous traitor. His transition from combat officer to high-level diplomatic courier highlighted both his unique linguistic talents and the persistent political challenges he faced due to wartime scandals. Franks' military career began during the Canadian Campaign of 1775-1776, immediately following his arrest by the British in Montreal. Utilizing his wealth and connections as a successful merchant, he was appointed paymaster to the American garrison by General David Wooster and personally advanced large loans to support the Patriot troops. When the Americans were forced to retreat from Canada, Franks fled with them to escape British retribution. He subsequently joined the main Continental Army in Albany and saw active combat during the pivotal Battle of Saratoga. Because he was fluent in French, he was later assigned as a crucial liaison officer to the Comte d'Estaing, the commander of the French naval forces assisting the American cause. In 1778, Franks was promoted to Major and appointed as aide-de-camp to General Benedict Arnold, who was then serving as the military governor of Philadelphia. He continued in this trusted role when Arnold took command of the strategic fortification at West Point. When Arnold's plot to surrender West Point to the British was exposed in September 1780, Franks fell under heavy suspicion of complicity. Devastated by the betrayal, Franks demanded an official military court-martial to clear his name. The court completely exonerated him of all charges, and George Washington subsequently promoted him to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. However, the stigma of working so closely with Arnold-coupled with the fact that his uncle was a known British Loyalist-permanently tainted his reputation among the public and altered his career path. Recognizing his linguistic talents and seeking a way to restore his public standing, the Continental Congress transitioned Franks into the newly forming diplomatic corps, where he became an intimate aide to Thomas Jefferson. While the treason scandal made it incredibly difficult for Franks to secure domestic government jobs, Jefferson trusted his loyalty and hired him as his personal secretary. Franks served in this high-level assistant capacity for nearly a year while Congress sat in Annapolis, Maryland. In early 1784, when Congress ratified the Treaty of Paris to officially end the Revolutionary War, Jefferson entrusted his secretary with the historic task of hand-delivering the official ratified copies across the Atlantic to Benjamin Franklin in Paris and John Jay in Madrid. Following the successful delivery of the treaty, and with the political backing of Jefferson and Robert Livingston, Franks was appointed U.S. Vice-Consul at Marseilles, France, in September 1784. Two years later, he served as a confidential envoy in the delicate peace and trade negotiations with the Emperor of Morocco, helping to secure a treaty to protect American shipping from Barbary pirates. Despite these diplomatic successes, political rivals launched continuous attacks on his character, repeatedly using his past ties to Benedict Arnold to undermine him. This pressure ultimately forced his removal from the diplomatic corps in late 1786. Franks returned to America penniless but remained respected by Washington, who later granted him 400 acres of land for his wartime sacrifices

A ledger sheet (8" x 6") dated January 22, 1793, documenting financial transactions between Aaron Levy and William Morris, and other transactions involving Robert Morris. The sheet also includes transactions dated January 29th and February 10th, 1793. This document is from Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

Four-page manuscript ledger sheet detailing Accounts Current from September 26 to October 18, 1788, between Moses Michael Hays and John Coffin Jones. The document, signed "MMH" by Hays, includes details of trade with Amsterdam involving goods such as candles, fish, and whale oil. Mentions David S. Greenough. Created in Boston, Massachusetts.

Four-page ledger sheet detailing Michael Gratz's expenses, including payments for soldiers joining George Washington's Continental Army. The ledger covers the period from June 30, 1780, to January 19, 1781, and includes entries signed by Michael Gratz, Isaiah Bush, and others. Created in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Ledger sheet detailing the account of Moses Hays with Dr. John Coffin Jones, dated September 20, 1788. The document lists amounts of money owed to Moses Hays by Dr. Jones. The sheet is on laid paper watermarked with a crown and the initials "GR" (likely King George). The account is signed by Moses Hays. Accompanying biographical information details Moses Hays' move from New York to Newport, Rhode Island in 1769, his later move to Boston, his role in the American Revolution, his involvement in shipping and trade with the Far East, and his founding role in the Massachusetts Bank (later BankBoston).

Three pages of ledger sheets detailing accounts due to Moses Michael Hays from wealthy Boston shipper Dr. John Coffin Jones. The document, dated August 9, 1788, lists amounts of money and due dates. It includes references to D.S. Greenough (for whale oil), a French and English dictionary, and payment to Ben Lee for the crew of the ship Les Trois Amis. The ledger is autographed by Hays. The paper is watermarked with a crown and the initials "GR" (King George). The document provides insight into the mercantile activities of Boston in the late 18th century and the financial transactions of prominent individuals like Moses Michael Hays, Dr. John Coffin Jones, and David Sears Greenough.

Partially printed legal document, completed by hand, concerning a case between Aaron Lopez and Jacob Wilbore in Bristol County, Massachusetts, dated August 5, 1777. Originally printed during the reign of George III, the heading was altered to read “The Government and People of Massachusetts Bay in New England.” The document includes an original seal and the signature of Sheriff Josiah Crocker on the reverse. A rare example of a Revolutionary-era legal document.

Court document signed by David Judah as Justice of the Peace in Fairfield, Connecticut on December 13, 1796. The document pertains to a debt or legal matter involving Judah, Jesup, and Lockwood. David Judah served in Capt. Gregory's Company, Connecticut Line (1776). He was the son of Michael Judah, a devout Jew whose estate was left to New York's Jewish community. David Judah married outside his faith and distanced himself from Judaism.

Three-page letter written by Abraham Minis in Savannah, Georgia, on April 22, 1852, to Dr. Joshua I. Cohen in Baltimore, Maryland. The letter details the authors' unsuccessful search for records of Jewish soldiers who fought in the American Revolution, discusses family matters, and includes an invitation for Dr. Cohen to visit.

Autograph letter from Pennsylvania Senator Andrew Gregg to Aaron Levy, dated Washington, D.C., February 12, 1805. Gregg discusses inquiries regarding Mr. Phillipson and the Committee of Commerce and Manufacturing in Philadelphia. Levy docketed the letter in Yiddish. The letter measures 8" x 10" and is written on rag paper with folds and an integral address leaf.

Letter written by Anthony Wayne from Charleston, South Carolina on July 29, 1785, concerning a judgment in Chester, South Carolina. The letter references other related documents in this collection.

A signed letter written by General Anthony Wayne to Wilhelm Willink on September 28, 1785, from Charleston, South Carolina. Wayne requests Willink to draw money from Philip Jacob Cohen and offers collateral in the form of drafts. This retained draft letter is in response to a letter from Wilhelm Willink dated July 29, 1785. The letter highlights the financial dealings and interconnectedness between American figures and the "Port Jews" of Amsterdam.

A one-page letter, part of a fourteen-letter collection (9 of 14), dated September 10, 1781. Written in Hartford, Connecticut, by Caleb Bull to Aaron Lopez. The letter discusses legal matters concerning a case with Elsworth and general business issues, including product orders and the complexities of the Continental currency. The collection spans June 21, 1779, to October 1, 1781, and details trade between Bull and Lopez, encompassing goods such as rum, ostrich plumes, flour, and fish. The letters show the impact of the Currency Crisis of 1779 on their trade. The letters are physically worn with stains, edge wear, toning, creasing, and some illegible portions due to moisture damage.

A single-page letter written by Caleb Bull of Hartford, Connecticut, to Aaron Lopez on July 12, 1781. This is letter 13 of a 14-letter correspondence spanning June 21, 1779 to October 1, 1781, concerning trade conducted between Bull and Lopez (or Joseph Lopez). The letters discuss business matters, currency problems during the American Revolution, and the sale of goods such as rum, ostrich plumes, flour, and fish. Bull's letter explains his inability to travel to meet Lopez due to his horse's injury, and it mentions his sales on Lopez's account. The letters reveal the impact of the Continental currency crisis on trade and business transactions. The physical condition of the letter is noted as stained, edge-worn, toned, creased, and with portions illegible due to moisture damage.

A single-page letter written by Caleb Bull of Hartford, Connecticut, to Aaron Lopez on September 22, 1781. The letter details general business matters concerning rum and dry goods orders, with Bull acting as a seller on Lopez's account. This letter is one of fourteen in a collection spanning June 21, 1779, to October 1, 1781, documenting the mercantile trade between Bull and Lopez, addressing business issues and the complexities of the Continental currency. The letters discuss trade in goods like rum, ostrich plumes, flour, and fish and the challenges of fluctuating currency values. The collection's physical condition shows signs of age, including staining, edge wear, toning, creasing, and some illegibility due to moisture damage. The letter provides insight into the economic challenges of the American Revolutionary period, particularly the depreciation of Continental currency and its impact on trade.

A single-page letter, the eleventh of fourteen, written on April 16, 1781, in Hartford, Connecticut, by Caleb Bull to Aaron Lopez. The letter details general business matters concerning the sale of Lopez's goods, specifically rum and dry goods, on his account. This collection comprises fourteen letters dated between June 21, 1779, and October 1, 1781, covering trade conducted by or with Aaron Lopez or Joseph Lopez, and merchants Caleb Bull (1746-1797) and Josiah Blakeley of Hartford. The letters discuss business affairs and the challenges presented by the currency crisis of the time. The letters are stained, edge-worn, toned, and creased. Portions of several letters written by Bull are illegible due to water damage. The letters also discuss the use of Continental currency and the economic hardships during the American Revolution.

This archival object consists of a single-page letter, dated October 1, 1781, written by Caleb Bull of Hartford, Connecticut, to Aaron Lopez. The letter focuses on commercial matters, specifically discussing payments and the exchange rate of Continental Currency. Bull details his transactions on Lopez's behalf and mentions his own independent trading activities. The letter is part of a collection (14 letters total) spanning June 21, 1779, to October 1, 1781, detailing trade between Bull and Lopez (or Joseph Lopez). The letters discuss business dealings, the currency crisis, and the complexities of commerce during the American Revolution. The collection includes physical wear and tear such as staining, edge wear, toning, creasing, and water damage resulting in some illegibility. The collection also includes background information on the Continental currency crisis and Aaron Lopez's commercial endeavors.

A single-page letter written on May 15, 1781, in Hartford, Connecticut, by Caleb Bull to Aaron Lopez. This is letter 12 of a 14-letter collection spanning June 21, 1779 to October 1, 1781. The letters detail business transactions between Bull and Lopez, focusing on trade in goods like rum, ostrich plumes, flour, and fish, and the challenges posed by the unstable Continental currency. The letter discusses the state of salmon fishing, Lopez's recent return from Newport, and the types of payment Lopez would accept. The letter displays signs of age and wear, including staining, edge wear, toning, creasing, and some illegible sections due to water damage.

A one-page letter written by Caleb Bull of Hartford, Connecticut, to Aaron or Joseph Lopez on February 12, 1781. The letter discusses a lawsuit against County Courts by Elsworth and includes details about a financial transaction involving 9,000 Continental dollars. Bull also inquires about the availability of ostrich plumes and acceptable forms of payment, highlighting the instability of Continental currency during the American Revolution. This letter is part of a collection of fourteen letters (dated 6/21/1779 to 10/1/1781) concerning trade between Bull and Lopez, which included goods like rum, ostrich plumes, flour, and fish. The letters show the impact of the Currency Crisis of 1779 on business transactions. The physical condition of the letter is noted as stained, edge-worn, toned, creased, and with portions illegible due to water damage.

A one-page letter written on January 29, 1781, in Hartford, Connecticut, by Caleb Bull to Aaron or Joseph Lopez. Bull discusses trade issues, specifically goods being held by an intermediary, and the need to obtain goods from Boston. The letter reflects concerns about trade and the currency crisis of the time. This is letter 8 of 14 letters in the collection, dating from June 21, 1779, to October 1, 1781, concerning trade between Caleb Bull and/or Josiah Blakeley (merchants in Hartford) and Aaron or Joseph Lopez. The letters detail business transactions involving rum, ostrich plumes, flour, and fish, and discuss the challenges posed by the unstable Continental currency. The letters show signs of age including staining, edge wear, toning, creasing, and some illegibility due to moisture damage.

Letter dated December 25, 1770, from the firm of Hays & Polock in Newport, Rhode Island, to the commander of the ship Rising Sun in New York City. The letter requests the delivery of 60 tons of logwood to Michael Gratz.

Two-page, stampless letter written by Jacob F. Levy to William Augustine Washington on February 22, 1796. Levy discusses monies owed to Washington, acting as his agent, the sale of shares, crop prices, and inquires about Washington's ownership of shares in the Potomac Canal. The letter originates from Baltimore, Maryland, and is addressed to Washington in Haywood, Virginia.

Handwritten letter from Major James Gibbon, a Revolutionary War officer and customs collector in Richmond, Virginia, to Moses Myers, a prominent Jewish merchant in Norfolk, Virginia, dated February 15, 1834. Gibbon requests Myers' assistance in overseeing the outfitting of his grandson, J.B. Carter, a young seaman, before he embarks on a voyage.

A one-page, signed letter dated August 28, 1785, written in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by James Monroe to Bernard Gratz. Monroe, a member of the Continental Congress at the time, thanks Gratz for his efforts in obtaining cash but notes he has found another source.

A one-page, hand-written letter from John Connor of the firm Connor & Gernon in Richmond, Virginia, to Isaac Franks, an exchange broker in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated May 7, 1784. The letter inquires about the market prices of various stocks and investment instruments, including Virginia, New York, and Pennsylvania Soldier Certificates; Pierce's Forage Master's Notes; Hillegas stocks; Nine Louse Stock; Financier's stock; and Bills on London and France. The letter is addressed to Isaac Franks on Market Street, Philadelphia, and includes a personal note from Connor.

A letter dated December 10, 1777, from Jonathan Trumbull to Ezekiel Williams, Commissary of Prisoners, in Lebanon, Connecticut. Trumbull issues orders for the release of John Tully, a prisoner of war, to be escorted by Aaron Isaacs to negotiate the release of John Smith, another prisoner held in New York.

A single-page letter written on January 8, 1779, in Hartford, Connecticut, by Josiah Blakeley to Aaron Lopez. This letter, the second in a series of fourteen, discusses commercial matters. The collection contains correspondence between Blakeley and Lopez (or Joseph Lopez), and Caleb Bull, all merchants in Hartford, spanning from June 21, 1779, to October 1, 1781. The letters address business dealings, including the supply of goods like rum, ostrich plumes, flour, and fish, and the challenges posed by the currency crisis of 1779. The letters reveal the instability of Continental currency and its impact on trade. The physical condition of the letters shows signs of age, including staining, edge wear, toning, creasing, and water damage affecting legibility.

A single-page letter written by Josiah Blakeley in Hartford, Connecticut on March 27, 1780, to Aaron Lopez. The letter discusses legal matters before the Admiralty and County Courts, though specifics are not detailed. This letter is one of fourteen in a collection spanning June 21, 1779 to October 1, 1781, concerning trade between Blakeley and Aaron (or Joseph) Lopez. The letters detail business transactions involving rum, ostrich plumes, and other imported goods, as well as the challenges of the Continental currency crisis. The collection displays signs of age and wear, including staining, creasing, and some illegible portions due to moisture damage. The collection also includes background information on the Continental currency crisis of 1779 and Aaron Lopez's life and business dealings.

A one-page letter written by Josiah Blakeley in Hartford, Connecticut on November 22, 1779, to Aaron Lopez. The letter discusses Blakeley's disappointment with the instability of Continental Currency and his hopes for improvement once the French occupied Newport. It also includes personal greetings from Mrs. Blakeley. This is letter 5 of 14 in a collection of letters dated between June 21, 1779 and October 1, 1781, concerning trade between Blakeley and Caleb Bull (merchants in Hartford) and Aaron or Joseph Lopez. The letters detail business transactions, focusing on the challenges posed by the currency crisis. The collection's letters are stained, edge-worn, toned, creased, and some portions are illegible due to water damage. The letters reveal the impact of the Continental Currency crisis of 1779 on trade and commerce, highlighting the depreciation of the Continental currency and its effects on merchants like Aaron Lopez.

A single-page letter dated January 24, 1779, written by Josiah Blakeley in Hartford, Connecticut, to Joseph (Moses) Lopez. The letter contains commercial content and personal regards to Mr. & Mrs. Mendes and Mr. & Mrs. Riviera. This letter is one of fourteen in a collection spanning June 21, 1779 to October 1, 1781, detailing trade between Blakeley and either Aaron Lopez or Joseph Lopez. The correspondence discusses business transactions, including the supply of rum, ostrich plumes, and other imported goods, alongside the challenges of the Continental currency crisis. The letters show the impact of the currency crisis and unstable financial climate of the time on business dealings between merchants. The physical condition of the letters is noted as stained, edge-worn, toned, creased, and with some illegible portions due to moisture damage.

A one-page letter written on June 21, 1779, in Hartford, Connecticut, by Josiah Blakeley to Joseph (Moses) Lopez. This letter, one of fourteen in a collection spanning June 21, 1779, to October 1, 1781, discusses commercial matters. Blakeley sends regards to Mr. Mendes and Mr. & Mrs. Reviera. The collection's letters concern trade between Aaron Lopez or Joseph Lopez (recipients) and senders Caleb Bull (1746-1797) and Josiah Blakeley, both Hartford merchants. The correspondence details business transactions, including the supply of rum, ostrich plumes, and other imported goods by Lopez, and payments and additional goods supplied by Bull, such as flour and fish. The letters also discuss the challenges posed by the currency crisis of 1779 and the depreciating value of Continental currency. The letters are physically damaged, showing staining, edge wear, toning, creasing, and some illegibility due to moisture damage. The collection provides insight into the commercial activities and currency issues of the late 18th century in the context of the American Revolution.

A one-page letter written on November 8, 1779, in Hartford, Connecticut, by Josiah Blakeley to Joseph (Moses) Lopez. The letter discusses the evacuation of Newport, Rhode Island by British forces, concerns for Joseph's brother, and difficulties with currency conversion during the American Revolution. It also mentions the transmission of funds via Mr. Reveria and details commercial transactions involving the exchange of goods such as rum, ostrich plumes, flour, and fish. This letter is one of fourteen in a collection spanning June 21, 1779, to October 1, 1781, documenting trade between Blakeley and the Lopez brothers, highlighting the challenges presented by the unstable Continental currency during the war. The letters show the impact of the Currency Crisis of 1779 on commercial activities and the difficulties in conducting business transactions.

Two-page letter written by Judah Hays to Charles Simms in Boston, Massachusetts, on September 4, 1805. The letter includes a copy of a previous letter sent on July 4, 1805, and inquires about the lack of response. The letter mentions dealings with General Thomson Mason of Alexandria, Virginia. Hays' letter is signed twice.

Three-page letter dated February 16, 1779, written in Lancaster, Pennsylvania by Levy Andrew Levy and Joseph Simon to Michael Gratz in Philadelphia. The letter discusses potential army irregularities in handling the goods of Brizard Magruder, brother-in-law of Levy. It includes a signed note by Michael Gratz dated March 3, 1779. The letter offers insights into family and business matters during the early days of the American Revolution.

A business letter written by Moses Michael Hays of Boston, Massachusetts to John Watson in Salem, Massachusetts on April 25, 1799. The letter's content is related to business matters.

Four-page letter written on April 14, 1787, by Samuel Sterett, a Baltimore merchant, to General Mordecai Gist in Charleston, South Carolina. The letter discusses business interests, financial problems in Maryland, figures from the American Revolution and government, and alludes to the first case docketed with the United States Supreme Court. The letter mentions Major David Salisbury Franks' return from confidential negotiations connected with the Treaty of Peace and Commerce.

Two-page, stampless letter written by Thomas Cooper from Northumberland, Pennsylvania to Aaron Levy in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 9, 1797. Cooper explains his inability to repay a debt to Levy. The letter suggests a pre-existing relationship between the two men.

A one-page letter (written on both sides) from W. V. Wimple, a senior surgeon in the Revolutionary War, to Mr. Judah. Written in Claverack, New York on April 27, 1797, the letter discusses outstanding debts related to the Continental Army and their financing during the Revolutionary War, particularly during the period of British occupation of Philadelphia and the retreat from Canada (circa 1776-1778). The letter mentions John Taylor's involvement and the possible legal recourse Mr. Judah might take to recover payment.

Manuscript Ledger - This is an important business 10" x 14"journal with 404 pages of business activity during the American revolution. Its entries range from prize ships , ship partnerships, arming privateers, to discounting a note from Benjamin Franklin as minister to France. The list of merchants reads like a who's who of the Colonial Philadelphia mercantile class, including Hym Solomon and numerous other Jewish merchants.....in total 25 entries. Oddly enough Robert Morris's name is noticeably absent from the transactions...could this be his ledger? There are numerous Jewish merchant transactions... Michael Gratz(1), Isaac Moses(6), Levy Marks(1), Benjamin, Sexias(3), Simon H. Nathan(1), Abraham Levy & Son(1), Ezekiel Levy(3), Moses Cohen(1)...in addition to 8 for HAYM SALOMONS that include a partnership on a ship. The ledger starts in 1775, stops during the British occupation of Philadelphia and ends in 1784.

Page 4, column 3 of the *Massachusetts Centinel*, published in Boston, Massachusetts on September 16, 1786. This newspaper clipping features an advertisement offering a reward for the apprehension of Elkin Solomon, a Dutch Jew described as a former smuggler and juggler. The advertisement provides detailed information about Solomon's activities and appearance, noting his involvement in smuggling during the war and his profession as a broker in Baltimore by 1789.

Issue of the New-York Gazette newspaper published in New York, New York on October 9, 1758. This issue includes a full-page advertisement for Simons, who recently arrived from London, offering various goods and services. The newspaper also mentions several individuals: Simons, Levy, Samuel Judah, Emanuel Abrahams, and Hayman Levy. Hayman Levy is noted for his patriotism during the Revolutionary War and the French and Indian War, his ownership of a privateer, and his presidency of Shearith Israel Synagogue in New York City.

Newspaper clipping from the *New-York Journal and Weekly Register*, dated January 13, 1785, announcing the death of Haym Salomon a week prior and his burial in the synagogue grounds. The clipping also includes advertisements by Isaac Moses and Judah. Published in New York, New York.

Newspaper clipping from the *Connecticut Gazette*, July 2, 1790, featuring a letter from Levi Sheftel, President of the Savannah, Georgia Congregation, to President George Washington, and Washington's reply. The clipping is described as being in mint condition. The description notes that a similar item, from the *Gazette of the United States*, June 19, 1790, sold at auction for a significant price. The text further discusses the context of this letter within the broader correspondence between President Washington and various Jewish congregations in the United States following his inauguration, highlighting the unique circumstances of the Savannah congregation's independent correspondence and the later use of this correspondence in advocating for Jewish rights in the early 19th century. A 1797 publication containing some, but not all, of this correspondence is mentioned.

Note payable dated April 24, 1789, in which Alexander and Ephraim Blaine issue a bond to Joseph Simon of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, for two hundred pounds in gold or silver. The note bears the signatures of Alexander Blaine, Ephraim Blaine, Mary Blaine, and Deniston Hays. Four endorsements on the verso record payments received on July 14, 1790, September 2, 1790, December 6, 1791, and August 8, 1792. The first two endorsements are believed to be secretarial signatures on behalf of Joseph Simon, who may have been illiterate. The third and fourth endorsements are signed by Simon Gratz and Hyman Gratz, respectively. Joseph Simon was the maternal grandfather of Simon and Hyman Gratz, brothers of Rebecca Gratz.

A printed note payable form, filled in by hand, documenting a loan of $4,000 from Aaron Levy to Robert Morris on April 2, 1794, in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania. The note includes signatures from Robert Morris, two witnesses, and a seal. The verso shows Aaron Levy's signatures indicating receipt of interest on April 2, 1795 and April 2, 1796; the loan was not fully repaid.

A rare Revolutionary War naval payment (State of South Carolina) indented certificate, dated September 1, 1783, payable to John M. Cambridge. This note, originally for 24 pounds with annual interest of one pound/14 shillings, was purchased by Cambridge from a note due to William Horts (sic) for wages as a “patteroon” (seaman) on a boat. The note is signed by W. Parker and Edward Blake, Commissioners of the Treasury. The verso shows subsequent assignments: first to Isaac Da Costa (signed by John M. Cambridge, witnessed by Mathis), then to Joseph da Costa (1759-1809) to Alexander Gillon (6/28/1784). Interest receipts for 1785, 1786, and 1787, signed by Alexander Gillon, are also included. The document measures 7.5 x 15 inches.

Note payable for 110 pounds sterling, discounted to 88 pounds sterling, issued by Cohen & Isaacs of Richmond, Virginia to Robert Morris on October 25, 1787. The note is docketed on the reverse in Yiddish. Accompanied by a later engraving of Robert Morris.

This pamphlet, published in Arnhem in 1778 by Antoine-Marie Cerisier (1749-1828), is a response to Isaac de Pinto's anti-revolution pamphlet, "Discours d'un bon Hollandais à ses compatriotes." Cerisier's work offers a pro-revolution perspective, engaging directly with de Pinto's arguments. This pamphlet is part of a four-part exchange between Cerisier and de Pinto, with all four pamphlets present in this collection. This specific pamphlet is followed by Cerisier's "Suite des observations impartiales d'un vrai Hollandais," also in this collection.

An oil painting depicting Miriam Marks Nones holding her child. This is the second in a pair of family portraits; the first, depicting Benjamin Nones, is item 1.289 in this collection. Miriam married Benjamin Nones on May 2, 1782, in Philadelphia, and they had 13 children. The painting may have been created in 1791, the year Benjamin became President of Congregation Mikveh Israel. If so, the child depicted is Isaac Moses Nones (October 29, 1788 – October 28, 1805). Note that Benjamin Nones experienced bankruptcy in 1795 and subsequent financial hardship; it is therefore unlikely that he commissioned portraits after that date. Benjamin Nones (1757-1826) was an American soldier who emigrated from Bordeaux to Philadelphia around 1777. He served with distinction in the Revolutionary War, notably under Count Pulaski during the siege of Savannah. Post-war, he worked in brokerage with Haym Solomon, was naturalized on October 9, 1784, and served as president of Congregation Mikveh Israel from 1791. In 1800, he published a defense of Judaism and republicanism in the *Gazette of the United States* (Philadelphia).

Continental Currency one dollar note issued in Charleston, South Carolina in 1777. The reverse of the note features four Hebrew letters used as decorative motifs and anti-counterfeiting devices. The note was printed on a press previously owned by Francis Salvador, a Jewish American Patriot who died fighting for American independence.

A one-dollar note printed by Hall and Sellers and signed by Ben Jacobs. The note dates from May 9, 1776. The note is part of Manuscript Collection 1410.

Continental Currency note for one-third of a dollar, printed by Hall and Sellers and signed by Ben Jacobs on February 17, 1776. This example of early American currency reflects the financial challenges faced during the Revolutionary War.

A legal document, specifically a pay voucher, dated February 14, 1777, from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It details payment of $36.00 to Israel Jacobs for services rendered to Valentine Peyton by Valentine Peers of the 3rd Virginia Regiment, covering the period from December 7, 1776 to February 7, 1777. Israel Jacobs is identified as a representative of Philadelphia in the Pennsylvania Legislature (1791-1793).

Payment order dated March 2, 1781, instructing John Gibson to pay 50 pounds to Samuel McLane from funds received from Virginia's Military Fund. Accepted by Barnard and Michael Gratz for payment in Virginia state bonds. The verso records a November 1787 purchase of a desk and bookcase from Gibson and a transfer of accounts receivable. Signed by Barnard and Michael Gratz. This document exemplifies post-war bond transactions involving the Gratz brothers.

Issue of the *Pennsylvania Journal and the Weekly Advertiser* newspaper, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on June 17, 1789. This issue includes an advertisement by S. Isaac Franks.

Newspaper advertisement from the Pennsylvania Packet, dated December 13, 1781, featuring prominent advertisements for Haym Salomon and Jonas Phillips. The advertisement for Solomon is a full-page ad. A separate advertisement appears for Phillips. Both men were key players in the American Revolution, and the newspaper has a connection to Mikveh Israel. Published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Newspaper clipping from the *Pennsylvania Packet*, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 18, 1781. The clipping features a two-inch long advertisement by Haym Salomon and a two-and-a-half-inch long advertisement by Jonas Phillips. The clipping also contains war news.

This leather-bound receipt book, spanning July 22, 1776, to December 29, 1784, belonged to Philadelphia merchant Peter Gallagher. It documents transactions with nine Jewish merchants, including 34 individual entries with signatures and some dates. Notably, entries from Jewish merchants ceased one month before the British occupation of Philadelphia (September 11, 1777 – June 28, 1778) and resumed three weeks after their departure. Several of the merchants listed served in the Continental Army.

Undated portion of a letter to Michael Gratz from J.C. McPherson, an attorney in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter includes a draft reply in Michael Gratz's hand, signed "B[arnard] & M[ichael] G[ratz]". Notes on the cover refer to a potential investment syndicate, taxes, and a trip to England, mentioning I. Levy, M.M. Hays, and M. Seixas. A quarter of the page is missing; additional notes by Gratz are on the back. Moses Michael Hays (1739-1805) of Boston and Moses Seixas (1744-1809) of Newport, Rhode Island are likely referenced.

Oil on canvas portrait of Benjamin Nones (1757-1826), depicting him holding a document dated 1793 from the United States Treasury. Painted in 1795 by Nicholas Vincent Boudet (active 1793-1820). The painting is one of a pair; the other depicts Nones' wife, Miriam Marks Nones (1764-1822), and one of their children. This portrait measures 35 inches in diameter, with the outer dimensions of the frame measuring 40.75 x 41 inches. The painting descended through the Nones family. Accompanying archival materials include biographical information detailing Nones' military service during the American Revolution, his role in the Philadelphia Jewish community, and his public defense of Judaism and republican principles.

Original manuscript privateering contract for the sloop Tryal, under the command of John Robinson, with Joseph Wood and Mordecai Sheftall as beneficiary merchants. Dated June 30, 1758, Savannah, Georgia. The contract includes 36 signatures and wax seals of the seamen. Two pages, 18.25" x 14.75".

Printed promissory note dated December 23, 1772, in which Archibald Mercer loans Michael Gratz nine hundred and fifty-seven pounds and eight pence. The note is signed by Michael Gratz, Levy Andrew Levy, and Judah Philip. The verso details payments made on the loan. The note is from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with additional notations referencing New York, New York.

A quartermaster's voucher or sight draft dated May 2, 1783, from Henry Hart of Albany, New York, to Nicholas Quackenbush for goods and cash totaling 9 pounds 9 shillings and 6 pence. The document relates to the American Revolutionary War, with Hart's payment possibly representing a contribution or supply transaction during the conflict.

This book is a copy of *Raziel Hamalach*, a kabbalistic treatise, from the library of Samuel Judah (August 19, 1728 – October 19, 1781), a significant figure in 18th-century American Jewish life. The book contains Judah's personal annotations, including a quote from Alexander Pope and a reflection on the nature of man, dated January 7, 1760. Judah's birth and marriage dates are also inscribed on the title page. This item offers a rare glimpse into the spiritual life and intellectual pursuits of a colonial American Jew. The book also contains information about Judah's involvement in the American Revolution.

This manuscript receipt book documents financial transactions in New York City between April 3, 1760, and April 7, 1770. Most receipts are made out to Captain John Anderson, and the book includes payments in pounds and shillings for various goods and services. The book features two signed receipts from Isaac Adolphus, dated November 4, 1762, and February 16, 1763. Many individuals listed in the receipt book were involved in the American Revolution. The book offers insights into early New York City commerce and the lives of its inhabitants.

Receipt documenting a payment of 200 pounds for the transportation of eight guns and shot from Portsmouth to Alexandria on April 22, 1780. The receipt mentions the Brig Ranger, its commander Thomas Johnson, and its owners Daniel Bowley and John McLure of Baltimore, and Thomas Gibbons. The document is from the Archives of Maryland and also mentions the issuance of Letters of Marque and Reprisal to the Brig Ranger.

Receipt signed by Jonas Phillips acknowledging payment of 4.2 pounds from John Ellick on October 12, 1774. This sheet is from a payment book kept by John Ellick, and records payments made to creditors. The receipt is dated November 7, 1774, and indicates the payment was made in New York City.

Receipt for wine from Isaac Gomez, a pioneer Jewish merchant in the Hudson Valley, New York, to Conrad Elmendorf, proprietor of a famous inn and tavern in Kingston, NY. Dated April 21, 1757. The receipt measures 2 3/4" x 5 1/2". The inn referenced in the receipt still stands and played a significant role in the Revolutionary War in New York.

A signed receipt from Abraham De Lyon to Isaac De Lyon dated January 7, 1788, in Charleston, South Carolina. The receipt mentions the recipient being a surgeon during the Revolution and includes the affectionate phrase 'your affectionate father'.

Receipt issued by Naphtaly Hart & Co. to Captain Joseph Cozzens for a payment of 50 pounds on October 22, 1753. The receipt is part of a larger account book belonging to Captain Joseph Cozzens, and includes additional sheets relating to transactions with John Collins and others in Newport, Rhode Island.

Receipt signed by Aaron Isaacs acknowledging receipt of 669 pounds and shillings from William Vernon on April 1, 1774, in Newport, Rhode Island. Additional notations on the receipt indicate transactions with Samuel Vernon, Clothic Hathaway, John Glazier, and Benjamin Donham and span from April 1, 1774 to May 27, 1774.

Signed receipt dated August 3, 1813, payable to Nathan Jennings and signed by Jacob and Naphtali Hart, sons of Michael Hart. This receipt may relate to a court case settled in 1811. Michael Hart (1738-March 23, 1813) was a wealthy resident of Easton, Pennsylvania, a member of the first fire company, a Revolutionary War veteran, and an original member of the Mikveh Israel Congregation in Philadelphia (1782). In 1800, he deeded land on South Sixth Street in Easton to his son Jacob for a Jewish burial place. This cemetery was later transferred to Congregation Brith Sholom (now Temple Covenant of Peace) in 1839. His first wife, Leah, died July 4, 1786, aged 32; his second wife, Esther, was the daughter of Rev. Jacob Raphael Cohen. By 1820, the Hart family had left Easton, and there is no record of a permanent Jewish community there until the late 1830s.

Receipt for 342 pounds and seven shillings, signed by Joshua Isaacs on behalf of Napthali and Isaac Hart. Dated August 20, 1766, in Newport, Rhode Island. The receipt mentions William and Samuel Vernon and William Goddard.

Congressional Record, 13th Congress, 1st Session, Report No. 504, accompanying H.R. Bill 425. This report outlines facts gathered on the claim of the family of Haym Salomon for Revolutionary War-era debts. Published April 26, 1848. The document was listed in Unger's catalog (number 19) at $1250.

Congressional Record document from the 13th Congress, 1st Session, accompanying Bill H.R. 425. The report pertains to the memorial of Haym M. Salomon, legal representative of Haym Salomon, deceased, submitted to the Committee on Revolutionary Claims. Date of the report is April 26th, 1848.

Report to the Committee on Revolutionary Claims, accompanying Senate Bill 310, 31st Congress, 1st Session. This document pertains to advances of money made by Haym (Solomon) Salomons during the Revolutionary War. Published August 9, 1850.

Report to the Committee on Revolutionary Claims accompanying Senate Bill 310 from the 31st Congress, 1st Session. The report concerns advances of money made by Haym Salomon's father during the Revolutionary War. Dated August 9, 1850.

Report to the Committee on Revolutionary Claims, accompanying Senate Bill 310, 31st Congress, 1st Session. This document details advances of money made by Haym Salomons (Solomon) during the Revolutionary War. Published August 9, 1850.

Responsum 41, folio 46r, from the book *Leib Aryeh Breslau… Penei Proops, Amsterdam* (small folio; see Vinograd, Amsterdam 2181). This 1790 responsum addresses a halachic question posed by Haym Salomon (Solomon) of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, concerning financial matters related to philanthropy. The book is signed by a previous owner, Hirschel Lehren. Sold at Kestenbaum & Co. auction in NYC on 11/17/1998 for $1,700 (including commission).

First edition of Isaac de Pinto's *Reponse de Mr. J. De Pinto, Aux Observations d'un Homme Impartial*, published in The Hague by Pierre-Frederic Gosse in 1776. This 60-page unbound work, housed in patterned boards, represents the earliest known printed response to the American Revolution by a Jew. De Pinto, a wealthy Dutch Jew of Portuguese descent, critiques the revolution, fearing colonial independence would disrupt the established political and economic order. He expresses concerns about the potential for American control over other European colonies and the resulting impact on the flow of bullion. The book is considered significant for its insight into the perspectives of early modern Jewish thinkers on the American Revolution and the political and economic climate of the time. References to this work can be found in *JE*, Vol. X, p. 54; *EJ*, Vol. XIII, cols. 553-4; M.H. Gans, *Memorbook* (1977) pp. 112-13; A. Hertzberg, *The French Enlightenment and the Jews* (1968), pp. 142-3, 150-2; J. L. Cardoso and A. de Vasconcelos-Nogueira, *Isaac de Pinto: An Enlightened Economist and Financier* (2005); and J.S. Wijler, *Isaac de Pinto, sa vie et sa oeuvres* (1923).

Seven Dollar Continental Currency note printed by Hall and Sellers and signed by Benjamin Levy. One of two Jewish signers of Colonial notes. Issued November 2, 1776.

Deed of a sheriff's sale of land and an unfinished cabin in Aaronsburg, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania. The deed, dated November 27, 1798, transfers property from Frederick Henning the Elder to James Duncan. Robert Irwin signed the deed, which was completed on June 20, 1800. The document mentions Aaron Levy, a business partner of Joseph Simon and former employee of Robert Morris, who played a role in supplying troops and lending money to the Continental Congress during the American Revolution and was closely associated with the Gratz family.

Invoice from Captain Bill, Master of the Brig Enterprise, to Michael Levy for 21,899.19 pounds sterling. The invoice details numerous items and their prices across three sides of a large sheet folded in half. Signed twice by Levy on May 26, 1789, in New York, New York. The document measures 12.5" x 8" and consists of four pages, one blank.

Six-dollar Continental Currency note printed by Hall and Sellers on November 2, 1776, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Signed by Benjamin Levy, one of two Jewish signers of colonial notes. The note is part of a larger collection of financial records related to the American Revolution. This particular note is one of two signed by a Jewish signer of colonial notes. The description notes that the signer, Benjamin Levy, was an American merchant, a signer of the Non-Importation Agreement of 1765, and a friend and supporter of Robert Morris and Horatio Gates during the Revolutionary War.

Subpoena issued on July 1, 1788 in Charleston, South Carolina. The document was signed by Thomas Heyward at the request of Mordecai Myers against Benjamin Post for trespass. The subpoena includes the State Seal.

This 1779 book, "Continuation of the Impartial Observations of a True Dutchman, On the Interests and Present State of Political Affairs of France, England, the Netherlands and the United States of America," is a rejoinder to a 1778 pamphlet. Authored by Antoine-Marie Cerisier, it argues that England has historically been the most dangerous rival to Dutch commerce and critiques Isaac de Pinto's pro-British stance on the American Revolution. The book includes a sharp critique of Isaac de Pinto, a prominent Dutch economist, and his economic treatise. This uncut and unopened copy is preserved in its original contemporary wrappers.

Supplement to Volume 15 of Volume III, New Series of Niles' Weekly Register, published in Baltimore, Maryland in 1819. This newspaper measures approximately 6-1/4" x 9-5/8" and contains 192 pages. Of particular interest to American Judaica studies are five pages dedicated to debates in the Maryland legislature concerning the "Jew Bill," proposed legislation aiming to grant Jews equal rights to Christians. Included are letters from Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and James Madison to Mordecai Noah (dated 1818), expressing their views on Jewish rights and citizenship, along with speeches delivered in the Maryland House of Representatives on the matter. The newspaper covers the period from September 1818 to March 1819. Additional content includes over 50 pages on the Florida Seminole War, featuring speeches from U.S. Congress members such as Cobb and Henry Clay debating the condemnation of General Andrew Jackson's actions, including the trial and execution of British subjects, and his occupation of Pensacola and St. Marks in Spanish Florida. The front page serves as an index to the contents.

This archival item contains the January 1768 edition of The Gentleman's Magazine, a British periodical. Of particular note are two letters written by Benjamin Franklin, published under pseudonyms, supporting the American cause. These letters are mentioned in Paul Leicester Ford's "A List of Books Written By, Or Relating to Benjamin Franklin." The magazine also includes a brief, unrelated piece opposing Jewish emancipation.

Newspaper advertisement from the *Independent Gazetteer, Or, the Chronicle of Freedom*, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 22, 1783. The advertisement is by Haym Salomon and concerns the sale of two slaves. News regarding the British abandoning New York City is also included.

Issue of *The Independent Gazetteer, or, The Chronicle of Freedom*, a newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 6, 1784. This issue includes advertisements, notably one placed by Haym Solomon for an apprentice. Moses Cohen and Benjamin Nones are mentioned as executors of Solomon's estate.

Newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 7, 1784. The newspaper contains advertisements from Haym Salomon and Moses Cohen, a report on the construction of a balloon in Edinburgh, and an obituary for Caesar Rodney.

Issue of The London Chronicle newspaper from February 25, 1783, containing reports on American finances after the Revolutionary War, including details of loans obtained by John Adams and the debt owed to France. The newspaper also mentions plans for General Washington to become Protector of the American Republic and Dr. Benjamin Franklin's return to America.

Eight-page newspaper, The London Chronicle, published in London, England on July 21, 1770. The newspaper includes a report on Newport, Rhode Island merchants who allegedly failed to adhere to the colonial boycott of British goods in protest against British taxation. Pages 65, 66, and 69 are included in this item.

Issue of The New-York Journal & Patriotic Register newspaper from September 17, 1790, featuring a letter from Moses Seixas of the Newport, Rhode Island Congregation to President George Washington, along with Washington's reply. This correspondence is considered highly significant in American Jewish history. Published in New York, New York.

Newspaper - THE PENNSYLVANIA PACKET, Philadelphia, July 25, 1782. Features ornate lettering in the masthead. Pages 2 & 3 contain a lengthy letter written "on board the South Carolina, at Philadelphia, 10th July, 1782." The back page includes a lengthy advertisement for "Intelligence Office" by Moses Cohen, a Jewish broker and shopkeeper in Philadelphia, and an advertisement by Benjamin Seixas, also a Jewish merchant.

A thirty-dollar note, printed by Hall and Sellers and signed by Ben Jacobs, dated July 7, 1776. The note is part of a collection of financial records. The physical location is Ms. Coll. 1410, OOS, Box 4, Folder 3.

Pair of uncut lottery tickets issued by the Continental Congress on November 18, 1776, to fund the Revolutionary War. Endorsed on the back as paid to Aaron Levy and Andrew Levy. One of the earliest known extant Jewish-American lottery tickets.