Subject: Slavery

This manuscript ledger records the 1863 tax assessments for the 7th District of New Orleans, Louisiana. Compiled most likely before the Federal occupation of May 1863, it details the taxes assessed on real estate, slaves (including those owned by Free People of Color), income, and personal property of numerous residents and businesses. The ledger is handwritten in ink and pencil, bound in gray cloth boards, and features printed column headings. It provides a valuable snapshot of the demographics, wealth distribution, and economic activities of New Orleans during the Civil War.

This volume contains the acts passed during the first session of the ninth Louisiana Legislature, which convened in New Orleans on December 8, 1828. Printed by Benjamin Levy, this is considered the first printing contract awarded by a state to a Jewish printer in the United States. The book includes English and French text on facing pages and features a list of acts, an index, and the 1812 Constitution of Louisiana. Notable acts included are a comprehensive slave registration statute and various laws concerning the militia, infrastructure, land titles, and civil and criminal matters. This is a first edition.

Book - "An Authentic Narrative of the Loss of the American Brig Commerce, Wrecked on the Western Coast of Africa, in the Month of August, 1815. With an Account of the Sufferings Of Her Surviving Officers and Crew, Who Were Enslaved By the Wandering Arabs"....One of the earliest (if not the earliest) known copper engraving of a circumcism in a popular American book. Also as Riley is a slave he is last in the pecking order...1) Blacks 2) Jews...as artsians 3) Christains This edition is not found in OCLC...it may well be the 1st edition. "Hartford; Published by the Author.... James Riley was one of the most celebrated, skillful, and ill-starred American seaman of the 19th century. Riley (1777-1840) survived shipwreck and enslavement by the Arabs in Morocco in 1815, and in 1817 published this account of his and his shipmates' ordeal that went through many editions and became one of the most popular books of the 19th century. Abraham Lincoln called it one of his half dozen favorite books, and he was surely influenced by the book's description of white Americans enslaved and humiliated by black Moors, as well as by Riley's salute to the charity and benevolence of a Muslim.This is a one of the most famous accounts of shipwreck, slavery, and rescue in all of American history! It had been re-published throughout the 19th Century....

This 56-page pamphlet, published in 1854 by M. W. Dodd in New York, presents William Jay's examination of the Mosaic laws concerning servitude. The first edition, originally issued in octavo format and lacking its wrappers, offers a scholarly analysis of this aspect of Jewish law within its historical context.

This 56-page pamphlet, published in New York in 1854, presents a scholarly examination of the biblical laws concerning servitude. Author William Jay argues against the interpretation of these laws as supporting the institution of slavery. The pamphlet represents a significant contribution to the abolitionist discourse of the mid-19th century.

Autograph letter signed by Dr. Aaron Lopez of Charleston, South Carolina, dated December 10, 1839, reporting on the health of "the boy Samuel" to Colonel J. G. Moses at the Charleston Hotel. The letter discusses Samuel's health and lack of information regarding his parents, hinting at the possibility that Samuel was an enslaved individual whose health was being assessed for a potential buyer. The letter also mentions a deed held in the Secretary of State's office in Charleston, South Carolina.

Autograph letter signed "Leonard Jacoby," Philadelphia, September 25, 1791, instructing John Klein to deliver orders to Salomon Raphael. Raphael's signature appears on the verso. The letter references business transactions between the parties.

A one-page, stampless letter written by Tobias I. Tobias in New York City to David Judah in Richmond on April 14, 1823. The letter expresses anger regarding a misstatement on a note from Pollock and Judah, and notes that Pollock has cancer. David Judah & Co. was licensed as auctioneers on November 11, 1822, with Judah, Tobias, and Edward Pollock as principals.

This pamphlet contains the text of a sermon delivered by Rabbi Morris J. Raphall at Congregation B'nai Jeshurun in New York City on January 4, 1861, the day President Buchanan proclaimed a National Fast. In this highly publicized sermon, Raphall argued that the Bible did not prohibit slavery and defended the institution, drawing both praise from the South and criticism from abolitionists in the North. Published by Rudd & Carleton, New York, 1861.

This pamphlet contains the text of a sermon delivered by Rabbi Morris J. Raphall at the Bnai Jeshurun Synagogue in New York City on January 4, 1861, a nationally proclaimed day of fasting. In this sermon, Raphall offers a pro-slavery interpretation of biblical texts, arguing against abolitionism and defending the institution of slavery as consistent with Jewish law. The sermon sparked significant controversy, generating both praise in the South and criticism from abolitionists in the North. Published by Rudd & Carleton in New York, this is considered a significant historical document in the context of 19th-century American religious and political debates.

This pamphlet contains the text of a sermon delivered by Rabbi Morris J. Raphall at the Bnai Jeshurun Synagogue in New York City on January 4, 1861, a nationally proclaimed day of fasting. In this sermon, Raphall argues that the Bible does not prohibit slavery and that the institution is justifiable under certain conditions. This Baltimore edition of the sermon, published by James Lucas, reflects the strong pro-slavery sentiments prevalent in the South during the secession crisis. The sermon sparked considerable controversy, earning Raphall both praise in the South and criticism from abolitionists in the North.

Bill of exchange (number 610) issued in Curaçao on October 8, 1863, by the Ministerie van Kolonien (Ministry of Colonies) to the Jesurun family (Sarah, Rachael, Judith, Abigail, Gravia, Ester, and Moses) for 1000 guilders. This compensation was paid to former slave owners for the manumission of slaves previously owned by Moises Abraham Jesurun (d. 1853), a former parnas and mohel of the Mikveh Yisrael congregation. The document, signed by Governor J. D. Crol, bears numerous endorsements, seals, and stamps from various banking establishments, tracing its journey to Amsterdam, where it was redeemed on December 22, 1863. The bill consists of two leaves; the first is printed and filled, and the second is in manuscript form. This document relates to the abolition of slavery in the Dutch colonies in 1863.

Bill of Sale documenting the sale of an Afro-American individual for $1290 to Franklin Moses in Charleston, South Carolina. The sale took place on January 1, 1857. The document also includes biographical information on Franklin Moses, son of Major Myer Moses, noting his legal career and service in the South Carolina Senate, including his role as chief justice of the state.

Bill of sale documenting the sale of an enslaved twelve-year-old girl named Lucy from Bartlet Sanders to Hayman Levy in Camden, South Carolina, on February 8, 1832. The document includes the names of witnesses: Thoms B Lee and Will E Hughlou. The verso of the document notes "Captured at Mobile, AL, June, 1865 Bob Certra," suggesting its later use as a war souvenir.

Bill of sale documenting the sale of an enslaved Black girl named Emiley by J.S. Riggs of Charleston, South Carolina, on May 10, 1858. The sale price was $375, with deductions for commission, maintenance, and transportation totaling $20.38, resulting in a net price of $354.62. The document features Riggs's advertising 'store card' in the upper left corner, identifying him as a Broker and Auctioneer at 4 State Street, Charleston, S.C. The bill of sale measures 8" x 10".

Single-page printed bill of sale documenting the sale of three enslaved individuals—Fanny and her two children, Martha and William—for $575, and Sally for $425. The seller, Solomon Davis, a Jewish slave dealer from Richmond, Virginia, filled out and signed the document on February 12, 1848. The buyer was Thomas R. Williams. The sale took place in Charleston, South Carolina. This document highlights the involvement of Jewish individuals in the American slave trade.

Bill of sale document from Talbot County, Maryland, dated February 12, 1858, detailing the sale of enslaved individuals: Stephen, Liggy, and their three children, Betty, Lotty, and John, from Daniel Levy to William Aningdale for $1,500. The document consists of three pages measuring 8" x 10".

Partially printed bill of sale, 8 x 13.25 inches, Charleston, South Carolina, March 4, 1847. Documents the sale of an enslaved woman named Chloe by Solomon Davis to Mary Kennedy for $430.00. The verso records the subsequent sale of Chloe by Kennedy to Henry Willis for $275.00 on September 1, 1847, with Thomas W. Mordecai witnessing the transaction as an officer of the court. This bill of sale highlights the involvement of Jewish slave traders in the American South.

Bill of sale for the purchase of an enslaved girl, Marie Frances, by Rebecca M. Canter from Jacob Hule, Jr. in Charleston, South Carolina on June 1, 1843. The document details the sale and transfer of ownership of the enslaved person for three hundred dollars.

Billhead detailing the stores to outfit the sloop Molly, sold to Master Joseph Rodman by Naphtali Hart on February 12, 1746, in Newport, Rhode Island. The inventory includes a significant quantity of codfish and oil, suggesting a long voyage. The Molly was a slaver owned by the Vernons.

Printed and filled-in bond document concerning the sale of a Negro girl named Elira to Isaac Rose for $211.38 in satisfaction of a debt. The bond is dated October 3, 1840, and originates from Norfolk, Virginia. The document details the transaction and payment terms.

Issue of the Charleston Courier newspaper from Charleston, South Carolina, dated February 7, 1807. This issue contains advertisements for a public sale of an estate including sixty enslaved people, and for a cargo of sugar and brandies. The sale of the sugar and brandies was delayed due to weather.

A Confederate field office report, dated November 6, 1861, from H. Hagerman to an unidentified General, concerning the enslaved persons held in the estate of Moses Davis in Charleston, South Carolina. The report lists twelve enslaved individuals by name and age, intended for appraisement. The document measures 7.5" x 10".

A two-page manuscript contract detailing the sale of an enslaved woman named Katy from Daniel M. Patterson of Jefferson County, Mississippi, to Benjamin Weil of St. Helena Parish, Louisiana. The contract, witnessed by Dr. Wellington W. Carter and Abraham Frank, was executed before Notary Public C.D. Strickland Jr. on May 2, 1853, in Greensburg, Louisiana. The sale price was $500.

Two-page debt instrument detailing monies owed by Thomas and Patrick Grant to Samuel Vernon of Newport, Rhode Island. Witnessed by Naphtali Hart and Daniel Vernon. Dated March 12, 1745.

Deed of sale for an enslaved female for $1500, from Isaac Levy to George B. Shepherd in St. Mary Parish, Louisiana, dated November 7, 1855, and recorded November 19, 1855. The deed provides details of the sale and identifies the enslaved person.

Deed of sale for an enslaved woman, dated May 22, 1855, in St. Mary Parish, Louisiana. The deed, executed by Isaac Levy, records the sale for $1500.

Envelope addressed to General John L. Manning at home. The envelope also bears the inscription "By servant of N. Du Boise" and a possible signature of F. J. Moses on the side. The envelope dates to September 1, 1861.

Manuscript expense account detailing the costs of suppressing a rebellion of enslaved people in Jamaica in 1705. The document lists individuals and the amounts they paid towards the military expenses, including Aaron Portello, Simon Pasco, and Joseph Desilva. Signed by Thomas Wood, General of the Island. This document is significant for its potential connection to early Jewish settlers in Jamaica and their involvement (however indirect) in the slave trade.

This book contains ten sermons delivered during a period of national crisis in the early months of 1861, following Abraham Lincoln's election and the secession of South Carolina but before the attack on Fort Sumter. The sermons represent diverse viewpoints on the issues of slavery and national unity, with contributions from clergymen in both the soon-to-be Confederate States and Union States. Notably, the collection includes the controversial sermon "Bible View of Slavery" by Morris Jacob Raphall, offering a pro-slavery interpretation of scripture. Other prominent contributors include James Henley Thornwell, Benjamin Morgan Palmer, Robert Lewis Dabney, Robert Jefferson Breckinridge, Henry Jackson Van Dyke, and Thomas Lewis. The compilation provides a valuable snapshot of religious and political thought during a pivotal moment in American history.

This volume contains four bound works printed by Christopher Sower (Sauer) in Germantown, Pennsylvania, circa 1759-1760. The works include: "The Way to the Sabbath of Rest," "The Journeys of the Children of Israel," "Discourse on Mistakes concerning Religion, Enthusiasm, Experiences," and "Observations on the Enslaving, Importing and Purchasing of Negroes." This collection is notable for its association with the Sower printing family and for containing an early anti-slavery treatise. This volume was owned by four generations of the Franks family, prominent Jewish individuals in New York and Philadelphia.

An insurance policy issued by the Southern Mutual Life Insurance Company of Columbia, South Carolina, on May 4, 1863, insuring two enslaved persons, Martha (18 years old) and Eva (15 years old), owned by Samuel Levy of Columbia, Georgia. This policy is considered the only known extant Civil War-era insurance policy for enslaved people owned by a Jewish person.

Manuscript invoice detailing the expenses of B. H. Jacobs incurred on behalf of the estate of A. McRae on January 8, 1842, in Charleston, South Carolina. The invoice primarily lists shipping-related costs and includes a charge of $1.00 for "dinner for Negros." B. H. Jacobs may have been part of a prominent Jewish family in Charleston and served as an agent for Holmes & Co. at the wharf. The invoice suggests the shipment of slaves and other goods from Jacksonville, Florida to Charleston for the McRae estate.

Ledger sheet detailing the account of Solomon Cohen with Hill Dickinson & Co., Augusta, Georgia, dated February 25, 1863. This document records the transaction for 16 slaves and includes payments to Jacob Davis of Petersburg, VA. Solomon Cohen is listed in Augusta and Atlanta. This is considered an important record related to Jewish slave traders in the American South.

A two-and-a-half-page legal document penned and signed by Judah P. Benjamin on February 10, 1838, in New Orleans, Louisiana. The document is a petition on behalf of Millander against Elias Polock concerning the sale of a slave whose propensity to run away was not disclosed.

This legal manuscript document, dated April 1, 1863, from Columbia, SC, is a report from R.D. Burger to Col. John Phillips. It details the results of a comprehensive search for unsatisfied judgments against M. Cohen (Marx E. Cohen) and A.J. Salinas (Anthony J. Salinas) in the Charleston District and City Court records, spanning twenty years back to October 1861, as well as an examination of records in the Office of the Clerk of the Confederate Court. The report concludes that no unsatisfied judgments were found against either party. The document features an attractive court watermark. 3.

Inquest - 1st is a 7 page folio, pgs 1 & 2 appoints Ezekiel Solomons in Mackinaw City, Michigan to serve on a commission with others to take deposition in Michilmackinac in the; state of NY on issues of property ownership including slaves. The remainder of; the pages are the questions in French. Mackinaw City, Michigan...8/20/1801 The 2nd document is also 7 pgs. With the; answers in French corresponding to the # of the questions. Signed twice by Solomons See below the full transcription Ezekiel Solomons, an 18th-century Jewish fur trader is known as Michigan's first Jewish settler. Born about 1735, he was one of the many Bohemian Jews who were expelled by the Empress Maria Theresa about 1746," The Jewish refugees of the 18th century came from Bohemia, a region that is today part of the Czech Republic. He was part of a consortium of five Jewish traders who received permission from the British to establish a trading post at Fort Michilimackinac in 1761. The venture was considered potentially lucrative, but enormously risky. It ended abruptly on June 2, 1763, the date of a native attack on the British stronghold known as the Pontiac uprising. As one of the lucky few to escape with their lives, Solomons was captured and ransomed to British forces in Montreal. Cousins Ezekiel and Lucius Levy Solomons were pioneering Jewish merchants who established the British fur trade in the Great Lakes region, but their enterprises were severely disrupted by the Quebec Act. By expanding Quebec's borders, the legislation placed their vast trading networks—including Ezekiel's major post at Michilimackinac—under strict, centralized government control, suddenly heavily regulating their licenses, routes, and legal recourse. In response to this bureaucratic and economic interference, Ezekiel joined other frustrated colonists in an act of political defiance, signing a 1775 petition that demanded the immediate repeal of the Quebec Act.Few scholars had managed to penetrate deeply into Ezekiel Solomons' colorful career. He is regarded as a somewhat elusive historical figure because, unlike other Jewish pioneers of the period, he was illiterate in English and left no papers to posterity. The transcription was published in Lande’s Canadian Historical Documents and Manuscripts (Montreal, 1977-82), as entry #B844. AS FOLLOWS: DAVID MITCHELL, EZEKIEL SOLOMONS, AND JOSEPH LAFRAMBOISE, MEMBERS OF A COMMISSION TO INVESTIGATE SLAVER Y "They were formerly objects of trade in the Upper Countries; at present, I don't know" 265 SOLOMONS, EZEKIEL (1760-180?) 2 D.s., at Michilimackinac, 20 August, 1801. 7 p. folio and docket-title and 7 p. 4to and docket-title. The first document is a Letter from James Reid, the prothonotary, to Dr. David Mitchell, Ezekiel Solomons, Joseph Laframboise, and Isidore Lacroix: "... we have given unto you ... jitll power and authority to call before you ... Adhemar St-Martin, of Michilimackinac ... notary public ... and Charles Morison ... merchant, witnesses ... in a certain cause ... wherein Sir John Johnson '" and Robert Jones, executors of the last will and testament of the late John Dean ... are plaintiffs en reprise d'instance, and Joseph Ainsse, ... is defendant ... (2 p.). The other five pages consist of the interrogatory of Adhemar St-Martin and Morison, and the second document contains Adhemar St-Martin's and Morison's answers to these questions. Some salient points (in translation:) Fifth question: Are there among the said papers (of the late John Dean) minutes of an act of sale of a certain negro called Frank and of a certain negress called Salley, sold by Mr. Charles Morrison ... to the defendant, Joseph Ainsse, then Indian interpreter; the said act passed before the late Maitre Carignan, in the month of June or July, 1789? Adhemar's answer is negative. Eight question: To your knowledge, have negro and Indian slaves been, at any time, and are they still, at Michilimackinac, at Detroit and in the Upper Countries, an object of trade? Adhemar's answer: "To my knowledge slaves have been in the upper countries an object of trade, negroes as well as panis (Indians). " Ninth question: Have you at any time traded in them and where and when? (Answer:) I have neither sold nor bought any, bu t I have only owned them by cession. Tenth question: Are there more formalities to their sale than to that of common merchandise? (Answer:) The sale is generally undertaken in approximately the same manner as for common articles of trade, and the seller is ordinarily only bound to prove his right of possession. Charles Morison's interrogat01y concerns details of the sale of the slaves Frank and Salley. Morison admits having sold a negro and a negress to Joseph Ainsse, but does not know their names. Asked whether slaves were an object of trade in the Upper Countries, Morison answers "They were formerly objects of trade in the Upper Countries, at present, I don't know." He also states that he himself has never traded in slaves, either black or Panis (Indian), nor that he has any knowledge of the slave trade undertaken by others. Ezekiel Solomons, fl.. 1760-180-?, Jewish jitr trader, cousin of Lucius Levi Solomons, was captured by the Indians at Michilimackinac in 1763, and was afterwards taken by the Ottawa Indians to Montreal and ransomed. Many of his half breed descendants settled, first at Drnmmond Island, and afterwards at Penetanguishene, Upper Canada. Ezekiel Solomons was, according to his grandson, a native of Berlin, Germany. see Wallace, p. 706 (vide Levi Solomons). see also D.CB. IV (Fr. ed.), p. 779-80 (vide Lucius Levi Solomons). Adhemar de St-Martin, the fourth of that name, great-grandson and grandson of two of Montreal's most important notaries. John Dease, d. 1800, MD., of the Indian Department, a nephew of Sir William Johnson, Bart., the father of Charles Johnson Watts Dease, Francis Michael Dease, John Warren Dease and Peter Warren Dease, jitr-traders and explorers. For the sons, see Wallace, p. 178-179. Sir John Johnson, bart., 1742-1830, loyalist, the only son of Sir William Johnson. see Wallace, p. 350 . The biography of Dr. David Mitchell, d. 1832, will appear in D.C B. VI Cf Lande, Hist. Mss., B844, for the answers to this investigation only. DAVID MITCHELL, EZEKIEL SOLOMONS, JOSEPH LAFRAMOISE----MEMBERS OF A COMMISSION TO INVESTAGATE SLAVERY [Translation] Witness depositions produced, sworn & examined the 20th day of August in the year of Our Lord 1801, at Michilimakinac, in the State of New York, by virtue of a commission emanating from the Court of King's Bench for the district of Montreal in the province of Lower Canada. Giving us power and authority, to us David Mitchell, Ezekiel Solomons, Joseph Laframboise here present, together with Isidore Lacroix, absent, or two of us, to examine under oath, Adhemar St-Martin of the said Michilimakinac, esquire, notary, and Charles Morison, of the same place, merchant, witnesses in a case pending in the said Court of King's Bench, between Sir John Johnson, Knight & Baronet, and Jones, esquires, executors of the will of the late John Dease, esquire, who during his life resided on Cote des Neiges in the District of Montreal, plaintiffs in appeal, and Joseph Ainsse, esquire, of the parish Varennes in the said District of Montreal, defendant, on the interrogatories annexed to the said commission, oath having been taken prior to this by us the said commissioners present, and the secretary of the said commission, appointed by us, to loyally and without partiality, examine and edit in writing the depositions of the said witnesses produced and examined on behalf of the said defendant by virtue of the said commission, and moreover not to reveal nor publish the said depositions before they be published in the said Court of King's Bench. Adhemar de St-Martin of Michilimakinac, esquire, notary, after oath solemnly taken to say the truth, answers as follows to the interrogatory annexed to the said commission. To the first interrogatory: My name is Adhemar St-Martin, practicing notary, residing at Michilimakinac, in the district of New York, aged sixty-one years. 2d question: I know Joseph Ainsse, but I have not known the late John Dease. 3d question: I am neither parent nor associated, nor interested in the case in any manner. 4th question: I am the depository of the minutes of the acts, passed before the late M. Carignan, who during his life was notary at the said Michilimakinac. 5th question: I answer this 5th question in the negative. 6th question: I answer this sixth question with a second negative. 7th question: I reside in this post of Michilimafinac since the month of May, 1791. 8th question: To my knowledge slaves have been in the upper countries an object of trade, negroes as well as panis (Pawnees). 9th question: I have neither sold nor bought any, but I have only owned them by cession. 10th question: lThe sale is undertaken in approximately the same Manner as for common articles of trade, and the seller is ordinarily only bound To prove his right of possession. 11th question: I answer this question that to my knowledge, the manner of this kind of sale has always been arbitrary. 1'2th question: I have known the late Mr. Alexis Laframboise, heretofore from he said Michilimakinac; he died April 2, 1800. 13th question: I answer to this thirteenth question that I know him. 14th question: Sieur Charles Morison is still resident at Michilimakinac. 15th question: I answer this 15th question in the negative. (marked: ) signed on verso. After reading, has persisted in his an\wers, and has signed: (signed:) Adhemar St-Martin. The above deposition has been taken under oath and signed by the said Adhemar St-Martin, esquire, the 20th of August 1801, before us. (signed:) D. Mitchell; Ezekiel Solomons; Joseph Laframboise. Charles Morison of Michilimakinac, merchant, after oath, solemnly taken to say the truth, answers as follows to the interrogatory annexed to the said commission: To the first interrogatory: My name is Charles Morison, merchant of Michilimakinac, district of New York, aged fifty-eight years. 2d question: I know Joseph Ainsse and I have known the late John Dease. 3d question: I am neither parent nor associated, nor interested in the case in any manner. 4th question: I have sold the said Joseph Ainsse a negro and a negress, but I do not know their names. 5th question: I have sold the said slaves in the autumn of the year 1789. 6th question: I answer to this question that I remember the said slaves, to be of a good complexion, heavy, and of an ordinary size, their hair getting near gray, especially for the woman. 7th question: I do not know whom they belonged to, but they were sent to Mr. Wm. Malcolm. 8th question: There was no order for sale, but a Letter advising same. 9th question: I cannot produce anything but the Letter which has authorized me to undertake the sale. 10th question: I will not produce the original of the Letters which gave me power for the sale of the said slaves, but I will produce copy of these, affirmed by me as true, being in the hand of Mr. Malcolm, and signed by him and copied by me, marked "A" and initialled. 11th question: Follows from the 10th, in answer. 12th question: I have sold the said slaves for the sum of three thousand francs. 13th question: I have received the said sum in notes, as shown in the copy of my Letter to Mr. Malcolm, which I produce as a true copy. - act of sale for the said slaves and I have or passed any when selling them. 15th question: I answer as above. 16th question: I have not made any note of this sale in my books, since I had no interest in the sale. 17th question: I answer no, from the above. 18th question: Nobody was present when I made the sale. 19th question: I answer that I have known the late A. Laframboise, who died on April 2, 1800. 20th question: I have no knowledge about it but the Letter of Mr. Malcolm, of Which copy is given to you, and which has been dictated by me. 2 I8t question: They were formerly objects of trade in the upper countries, at present, I don't know. 22d question: I have never traded in slaves, either black or panis (Pawnees). 23d question: I have no knowledge of the slave trade undertaken by others. 24th question: It was not, to my knowledge, usual to pass act of sale for slaves. 25th question: I answer this 25th question in the negative. 26th question: I know sr. Adhemar St-Martin, esquire, notary, resident of Michilimakinac. 27th question: I do not know anymore about the subject of the present case. After reading, has persisted in his anwsers, and has signed: (signed:) Charles Morison. The above deposition has been made under oath and signed by the said Morison, merchant, the 20th August, 1801, before us. (signed:) David Mitchell; Ezekiel Solomons; Joseph Laframboise. 7 p. 4to. For watermark see Churchill, No. 324, p. [CCLlV] and p. [80], which dates this paper from 1777. Please refer to B37, p. 243 in this bibliography and pages 57 to 63 in "Memoires et Documents Relatifs a l'Histoire du Canada Publies par la Societe Historique de Montreal- Montreal 1859" which relates to B37 and slavery in Canada. See Lande 804. Solomons, Ezekiel, fl. 1760-180-?, Jewish fur-trader, cousin of Lucius Levi Solomons, was captured by the Indians at Michilimackinac in r763, and was afterwards taken by the Ottawa Indians to Montreal and ransomed. Many of his half-breed descendants settled, first at Drummond Island, and afterwards at Penetanguishene, Upper Canada. Ezekiel Solomons was, according to his grandson, a native of Berlin, Germany. See Wallace, grd ed., p. 706 (under Levi Solomons). See also D.C.B. (Fr. ed.), Vol. 4, pp. 779-80 (Vide Lucius Levi Solomons). Adhemar de St-Martin, the fourth of that name great-grandson and grandson of two of Montreal's most important notaries. Dease, John, d. r800, M.D., of the Indian Department, a nephew of Sir William Johnson, Bart., the father of Charles Johnson Watts Dease, Francis Michael Dease, From: Arthur Kiron <kiron@pobox.upenn.edu> The above "From:" address may be forged. Save Address Reminder To: ahkaplana@att.net Subject: Re: Ezekiel Solomons Translations Date: Tuesday, July 7, 2009 7:40:41 PM [View Source] Hi Arny - these are really exceptionally important documents. I must confess I know nothing about this episode and was struck by a number of points. The commercial and legal dimensions, of course, provide first hand documentation of existence of the trade of slaves (both Blacks and Indians) in the "upper countries". But there are also social dimensions too: for example, most discussions of "miscegenation" I've read about have been focused on Sephardic plantation owners in the Caribbean or Jewish slave-owners in the South. Here we learn about the "half-breed descendants" of an Ashkenazi (really German-Jewish, i.e., Berlin-born) fur trader, who apparently had children with a native Indian? Or did I mis-read the document? I also find it fascinating to read in the tenth question about how the sale of slaves was handled, wherein the answer is "in approximately the same manner as for common articles of trade." What does "approximately" mean?! I wonder what (insignificant) difference the speaker intended between the trade of (human) slaves and that of, e.g., (animal) hides?! Also - did David McKnight I ever mention to you that when he worked at McGill in Montreal, one of his major projects was the digitization and transcription of historical manuscripts about the colonial fur trade in Canada)? See: http://digital.library.mcgill.ca/nwc/toolbar_1.htm . I quickly searched the site and found no mention of Ezekiel Solomons.With your permission, I would love to show him this material! Thanks so much for sharing it with me. All best, Arthur Kiron (U of P)

This document contains a report from The Committee on the Judiciary and a proposed bill to amend the law related to trading with slaves in South Carolina. Authored by Franklin J. Moses as Chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary, the report details the rationale for stronger penalties against illegal slave trading and liquor sales to enslaved persons. The proposed amendment to the bill specifies increased fines, imprisonment, and physical punishment (whipping) for repeat offenders, explicitly excluding white females from corporal punishment. The document is a printed form, showing signs of age with some staining and torn edges, characteristic of historical legislative papers from the mid-19th century. The amendment was successfully passed on December 21, 1857. The description also notes the historical significance of this specific amendment, its absence in prominent historical texts on the slave trade, and the involvement of Franklin J. Moses Sr., a notable figure in South Carolina's history. **3.

A handwritten letter from Alexander Levinsky of Oglethorpe, Georgia, to Carhart & Roff in Macon, Georgia, dated September 23, 1854. The letter concerns an incorrect order where pepper sauce was sent instead of peppermint, which Levinsky had intended for his bar. He notes that he will keep the pepper sauce as he can dispose of it to the hotel, and requests that one dozen peppermint be sent. The body of the letter is in a different hand than the signature of Alexander Levinsky. A postscript mentions, "You can send it by the bearer of this Boy Mortimer belonging to Col Osborn," indicating the use of an enslaved individual for delivery. The back of the letter is addressed to "Mefs Carhart & Roff Macon Ga" and also notes "by Boy Mortimer."

A brief letter written by A. H. Bund from Graham, North Carolina, to an unidentified recipient in Richmond, Virginia, dated April 25, 1860. The letter mentions a "very dull negro market." The Davis family of Richmond, known slave dealers, are referenced. The letter is part of the collection Arc.MS.56, Box 7, Folder 3.

A commercial letter written by Charles Smith & Co. in New York, New York to William Vernon in Newport, Rhode Island on September 27, 1794. The letter mentions enclosed bills and notes, and references Nathan Phillips and Charles De Wolfe. William Vernon is noted as the largest slaver in the U.S.

Three-page business letter from David Judah & Co. in Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York, New York, dated March 29, 1824. The letter details sales, prices, and mentions an inquiry from Mr. Gomez.

Letter from David Judah in Richmond, Virginia to Edward Pollock & Co. in New York, New York, dated November 27, 1822. The letter pertains to commercial dealings between the two parties and references D. Hart. A stampless cover from Richmond is included.

A one-page business letter written by David Judah in Richmond, Virginia, to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York, New York, on October 27, 1825. The letter discusses the shipment of tea and stout and requests that Tobias & Co. cease business dealings with a certain Jones, deemed too difficult.

Two-page business letter from David Judah in Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias in New York City, dated October 1, 1824. The letter discusses business sales, personal matters, and includes a prayer request.

This archival item consists of a single, stampless letter dated November 15, 1825, written by David Judah of Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias. The letter discusses blankets, woolens, and other mercantile items, suggesting a business relationship between the two individuals. Judah mentions his poor health, detailing symptoms of gout, headaches, and fever. Accompanying metadata references additional letters in the collection from David Judah to Reverend Isaac Leeser. Also included is information about a July 5, 1822, advertisement in the *Richmond Enquirer* for a Jewish-owned business including David Judah, Edward Pollack, and Tobias L. Tobias. David Judah is noted as an auctioneer who dealt in slaves, referencing Bertram Korn's *Jews and Negro Slavery 1789-1865*.

This two-page letter, dated November 8, 1815, from Isaac Cohen in Savannah, Georgia, to Moses Brown in Newburyport, Massachusetts, discusses the rice and cotton trade. It includes an unlisted broadside announcing Cohen's entry into the commission business on October 27, 1815, and lists prices for rum, sugar, molasses, and treasury notes. The letter is signed "Isaac Cohen & Co." and bears a 37 1/2 cent war-rate stamp on the envelope.

A three-and-a-half-page letter written by J. Hamilton Criper near Darien, Georgia, to Francis P. Cubin on October 4, 1855. The letter discusses the sale of slaves and mentions Jacob Cohen, a prominent slave dealer in Charleston, South Carolina, who appraised the slaves. The letter highlights Cohen's significant role in the slave trade.

A two-page letter from Judah Touro in New Orleans, Louisiana to David Hart in New York City, dated September 1, 1835. Touro discusses problems with a runaway slave. Hart was a long-time friend and business associate of Touro. Letters with personal content from Touro are extremely rare.

This letter, dated June 25, 1829, was written by Moses Myers of Norfolk, Virginia, to James Nimmo. Myers details a contribution to the American Colonization Society for the transportation of freed slaves from Virginia to Africa and requests that his name be withheld. The letter highlights Jewish involvement in the Colonization Society and offers insights into the social and political climate of Norfolk, Virginia, in 1829.

Four-page letter written by Moses N. Nathan on May 23, 1863, from Kingston, Jamaica, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter offers insights into Nathan's views on slavery and the American Civil War, commenting on the labor force in Jamaica and the impact of the war. This is one of four letters in the collection from Nathan to Leeser.

A half-page letter dated January 27, 1829, from the Farmers Bank of Virginia in Richmond to Tobias I. Tobias in New York City. The letter addresses an inquiry about the debt owed by David Judah & Co. to the bank, indicating that the debt is small and being paid off. This correspondence is the last in the Tobias Collection referencing David Judah, whose firm dissolved in 1828, after which he moved to Baltimore.

A one-quarter page commercial letter sent from Whitwell Bond & Co. in Boston, Massachusetts to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York City on February 21, 1825. The letter forwards a remittance draft from David Judah & Co.

This book, published in 1843, is a collection of letters written by Maria L. Childs detailing her travels and observations in New York. Childs's letters cover a range of topics, including her visit to a German synagogue in September 1841 (pp. 25-35), slavery, Native Americans, and daily life in the city. This is a first edition.

Handwritten manumission document granting freedom to a slave named Peter in Charleston, South Carolina on March 11, 1807. The document includes multiple signatures, and is a copy of the original, indicating Peter's ownership of the document. The text is written on both sides of the paper.

Marriage License - Authorization Allowing Two ex-Slaves to Marry ...Talbot County Georgia…."for any minister of the gospel, Jewish minister, judge of the inferior court or justice of the peace to marry Alexander Barksdale (colored) and Hester Stephenson(colored)." The lower half is marriage by Justice of the Peace on 4/26/1868. In 1868 Alabama, freedmen and freedwomen followed rules established by state conventions and the Freedmen's Bureau. Former slave unions were legally validated without the need to obtain a new license if the couple was already living together. For new marriages, freed couples were subject to the same standard state procedures as white citizens.

Book -This is a one of the most famous accounts of shipwreck, slavery, and rescue in all of American history! It had been re-published throughout the 19th Century. Notes Jews in Slaver's pecking order. Illustration of circumcision "AN AUTHENTIC NARRATIVE OF THE AMERICAN BRIG COMMERCE, WRECKED ON THE WESTERN COAST OF AFRICA, IN THE MONTH OF AUGUST, 1815"... By James Riley. New York: publisher: and Published by the Author, 1818. Third Edition New York: 407p. Illustrated and embellished with ten handsome copperplate engravings, including a folding map. 8vo (5 1/2" x 8 3/4"), Original full leather binding. Some light to medium scattered foxing. Half of the fold-out map of Africa is missing. One of the earliest known copper engraving of a circumcism in a popular American book. Also as Riley is a slave he is last in the pecking order...1) Blacks 2) Jews...as artsians 3) Christains. James Riley and James Barron were two of the most celebrated, skillful, and ill-starred American seamen of the 19th century. Riley (1777-1840) survived shipwreck and enslavement by the Arabs in Morocco in 1815, and in 1817 published this account of his and his shipmates' ordeal that went through many editions and became one of the most popular books of the 19th century. Abraham Lincoln called it one of his half dozen favorite books, and he was surely influenced by the book's description of white Americans enslaved and humiliated by black Moors, as well as by Riley's salute to the charity and benevolence of a Muslim. Bound with A NARRATIVE OF THE SHIPWRECK OF THE SHIP OSWEGO, ON THE COAST OF SOUTH BARBARY... By Judah Paddock her late master. New York: Published by Collins & Co. 1818. 186 pages. ...first edition. The Ship Oswego was based in Hudson, New York, and commanded by Captain Judah Paddock. In 1800, it sailed for the Cape Verde Islands to load salt for New York, with 14 people on board. The ship was lost, but all 14 hands made it to shore in Lisbon. After a mutiny by the crewmen and nearly dying from dehydration, they were captured by a band of Arabs. They were imprisoned and held for ransom. After months of captivity, the ransom was paid and the crew returned to New York. Upon landing in New York, Paddock told his story to Secretary of State John Marshall and wrote this book about his ordeal.

Newspaper clipping from the *New-York Times*, published in New York, New York, on January 5, 1861. The clipping summarizes a sermon by Rev. Dr. Raphael on slavery, which was apparently misunderstood. The article appears on page 3, occupying approximately 1.5 columns.

Issue of the New-York Tribune newspaper published in New York, New York on January 5, 1861. This issue includes a summary of Reverend Dr. Raphael's misunderstood sermon on slavery.

This is an issue of the "Daily Richmond Examiner" newspaper from November 21, 1863, published in Richmond, Virginia. The double-folio newspaper features various articles and news, including war updates with a focus on the "situation at Chattanooga." A significant portion of the paper is dedicated to a letter from Edwin De Leon in Paris to Secretary of State Judah Benjamin, detailing diplomatic efforts in Europe. The issue also contains local news, an editorial, advertisements for various goods and services, and a slave sale advertisement for "Sixty Five Negroes" from the estate of John Flood Edmunds. The newspaper exhibits a typical 19th-century layout with multiple columns of text.

Partially printed legal document from New Orleans, Louisiana, attesting to the sale of an enslaved woman to Isaac Bloom on August 7, 1858. The document details the woman's age (approximately 31), her medical condition (chronic swelling and ulceration of the legs), and the sale price ($850, with a down payment of $500 and the remaining $350 paid over time). The document also includes the consent of the seller's wife, Rosanna Marks.

Ten-page notarized document detailing the estate of Esther Hunt, totaling $13,289.75. Includes a list of household slaves purchased from Jacob Nainez Cardozo and names numerous other Jewish executors and beneficiaries, including I. Philips, David & Joe Van Ostern, Sarah Van Ostern, Bernard Cohen, Benjamin & Henry Florence, and L. Barnett. Authored by A. Barnett as Notary Public on August 7, 1849. The document offers a glimpse into the lives of prominent New Orleans Jewish community members in the 1840s.

A note payable signed by Naphtali Hart, factoring a note from William Vernon of London, dated April 2, 1743, with a related transaction from January 23, 1745, between William Vernon and Naphtali and Samuel Hart. This financial record reflects early transatlantic commercial activity and indicates high interest rates in the period. The document originates from Newport, Rhode Island.

This document is a record of a speech delivered by Judah P. Benjamin to the United States Congress on February 11, 1859, concerning the acquisition of Cuba. The speech addresses major issues of states' rights and slavery within the context of the potential annexation of Cuba. The document appears to be a printed excerpt from the Congressional Record.

This 24-page pamphlet, published in Amsterdam in 1863, contains two ordinances related to the transition from slavery to a system of indentured servitude in Suriname following the abolition of slavery in 1863. The first ordinance addresses the control of the introduction of free laborers. The second ordinance details the government's offer of premiums to incentivize the recruitment of these laborers. While printed in Amsterdam, the text is in English. This pamphlet provides valuable insight into the complex socio-economic dynamics of post-emancipation Suriname.

This pamphlet, printed by C. Sherman in 1863, alleges to present intercepted instructions from Judah P. Benjamin, Confederate Secretary of State, to L.Q.C. Lamar, Confederate minister to Russia. The instructions detail resisting any treaty obligating the Confederacy to outlaw the international slave trade. Benjamin argued that this power resided with individual states, not the federal government. The pamphlet includes editorials from the National Intelligencer, a Washington D.C. newspaper, asserting the letters' authenticity and claiming the Confederacy aimed to revive the international slave trade. WorldCat lists numerous copies of this pamphlet. The authenticity of the letters is questionable and may be a hoax.

A pamphlet alleging instructions by Judah P. Benjamin regarding the secret purpose of rebellion to revive the international slave trade. Intercepted instructions to L.Q.C. Lamar are mentioned. The pamphlet, dated 1863, was printed by C. Sherman. WorldCat lists numerous copies of this pamphlet, which is likely a hoax.

This broadside is a program for a special prayer service held at the Neveh Shalom Synagogue in Paramaribo, Suriname, on Wednesday, July 1, 1863, to commemorate the emancipation of slaves. The program is bilingual, featuring both Dutch and Hebrew. It details the order of service and likely includes prayers and readings relevant to the occasion.

Printed receipt for the sale of an enslaved person named Bella, age 11, for $940. The receipt is signed by M. Cohen and dated September 2, 1832, in Savannah, Georgia. This document offers valuable insight into the little-documented practice of Jewish involvement in the slave trade in the antebellum South.

Signed receipt from Moses Levy acknowledging receipt of a consignment of wine and rum aboard the ship Molly, totaling 1040 pounds sterling. The receipt is dated August 23, 1745, in Newport, Rhode Island. The ship Molly was owned by the Vernon brothers and was involved in the transatlantic slave trade.

A receipt dated December 15, 1746, issued by merchant Remington on the order of Solomon Isaacs from William Vernon, a known slaver based in Newport, Rhode Island. Solomon Isaacs was likely the son of Asher Isaacs, a New York City merchant who died around 1757.

Issue of the Richmond Enquirer newspaper from Richmond, Virginia, dated July 5, 1822. This issue contains an advertisement for a Jewish-owned business and reports on a fire that damaged several businesses in the city, including the hatter's shop of Mr. Solomon Marks.

A handwritten sales record detailing a transaction made by Benjamin Davis on account of Mr. William Parr in Richmond, Virginia, on April 8, 1853. The document lists the sale of an enslaved "Girl Maria" for $800.00 and an enslaved "Boy Joseph" for $895.00, totaling $1,695.00. Additional itemized charges include commissions (2% for $33.90), clothing ($8.50), and board ($1.50), leading to net proceeds of $1,651.10. The record is handwritten in script, signed "Benj Davis for N Daniels," and features a simple, unadorned layout typical of financial documents of the period. 3.

Legal document detailing the sheriff's sale of an amulatto boy for $825 to Franklin J. Moses in Charleston, South Carolina on December 1, 1839. The document originates from Sumter, South Carolina.

Legal document detailing the sheriff's sale of three enslaved African Americans for $800 to Franklin J. Moses in Sumter and Charleston, South Carolina on April 26, 1841. The document provides details of the sale and the parties involved.

A government slave shipment form dated June 19, 1860, documenting the transportation of four enslaved individuals from Savannah, Georgia, to New York, New York, aboard the ship Augusta. The form certifies that the enslaved individuals were not imported after 1808 and details their owners, Abraham Minis, M. I. Cohen, and I. A. Winkler, all Jewish merchants. The document measures 18.5" x 13.75" unfolded. It includes details about each enslaved person, including their sex, age, height, and description.

Shipping manifest dated May 29, 1793, detailing the shipment of goods from Moses Myers in Norfolk, Virginia, to Thomas Robinson in Havre de Grace, Maryland. The manifest lists 23 enslaved people as cargo.

Printed receipt for the sale of an enslaved person named Lucie. The receipt, dated November 8, 1864, was issued by Solomon Cohen, a slave dealer in Augusta, Georgia. The buyer was Deighen & Baker. The receipt states that six thousand dollars were paid in full for the purchase of the enslaved person. Solomon Cohen's business address is listed as Ellis Street, Augusta, GA. This document is noted as rare and is referenced in Bertram Korn's *Jews & Negro Slavery in the Old South*, page 45. A similar document sold at auction for $9,585.

Congressional Record - KANSAS BILL. SPEECH OF HON. J.P. BENJAMIN, OF LA., DELIVERED IN SENATE OF UNITED STATES ON THURSDAY, MARCH 11, 1858. SLAVERY PROTECTED BY THE COMMON LAW OF THE NEW WORLD. GUARANTIED BY CONSTITUTION. VINDICATION OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE U.S. Washington: Gideon. 1858. A brilliant justification of the Dred Scott decision by the Louisiana lawyer and Senator, who also rebuts Stephen Douglas's Popular Sovereignty doctrine, that inhabitants of a territory had the power to vote slavery up or down, as they saw fit. Benjamin argues, "independently of the authority of the [Dred Scott] decision," that the early colonists "brought with them the common law of England as their birthright...I shall not hazard too much in the assertion that slavery was the common law of the thirteen States of the Confederacy at the time they burst the bonds that united them to the mother country." He supports his thesis with much detail, including the early law and custom of England, aspects of the Dred Scott decision, and in colloquy with Senator Fessenden of Maine. Benjamin's theoretical work presaged the escalation of Southern demands for Congress to pass Slave Codes which would prohibit, not merely Congress, but a territorial legislature as well, from restricting slavery in the territories; and require Congress to protect slaveholders from hostile territorial inhabitants should such a legislature fail to do so. This is evidently the only edition of this work. FIRST EDITION. Sabin 4705. LCP 1093. Not in Work, Harv. Law Cat., Singerman, Eberstadt, Decker, Blockson, Marke, BEAL.

This handwritten statement of account, likely issued by Samuel Vernon to Moses Levy, details financial transactions and balances related to Levy's 1/4 ownership of the Sloop Mollye. The document lists charges for "cargo & Outreit to Madera" amounting to £764.19.4 1/2, with an additional £5.19.2 1/2 due, totaling £770.18.7. On the credit side, it notes "By your acctt supplys to ye Sloop" for £745.10.9, "By Hughs Bill" for £12.2.6, and "Cash p. S. Vernon" for £13.5.4, also totaling £770.18.7, indicating a balanced account. A separate note near the bottom mentions "J. N. Hart for Weaving." The manuscript features clear, ornate handwritten script and organized columns of figures typical of mercantile records from the mid-18th century. This document is part of a series related to the Sloop Mollye, a vessel involved in the slave trade. 3.

Partly-printed tax receipt document signed by G.W. Lancaster. The receipt, dated January 1, 1837, details the taxes owed by Emanuel Rohelia on his eleven enslaved persons. Printed at the Mississippi Free Trade office. One page, measuring 6-3/4 x 3 inches.

This pamphlet, published in Philadelphia in 1863 by C. Sherman, Son & Co., alleges that the secret purpose of the Confederate rebellion was to revive the international slave trade. It purports to reveal intercepted instructions to L.Q.C. Lamar, detailing plans to circumvent treaty stipulations against the slave trade with European powers. Authorship is attributed to Judah P. Benjamin, though the authenticity of the document is questionable. The pamphlet reflects the anxieties and propaganda surrounding the American Civil War.

Pamphlet titled "The African slave trade: the secret purpose of the insurgents to revive it. No treaty stipulations against the slave trade to be entered into with the European powers... intercepted instructions to L.Q.C. Lamar; insures reader that the secret purpose of rebellion is to revive international slave trade." Alleged instructions by Judah P. Benjamin, possibly a hoax. Printed in 1863 by C. Sherman. WorldCat lists numerous copies.

Pamphlet alleging instructions by Judah P. Benjamin regarding the revival of the international slave trade, likely a hoax. Printed by C. Sherman in 1863. The pamphlet claims that the secret purpose of the rebellion is to reinstate the international slave trade and warns against treaty stipulations against it with European powers. WorldCat lists numerous copies of this pamphlet.

Newspaper advertisement from the *Independent Gazetteer, Or, the Chronicle of Freedom*, published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 22, 1783. The advertisement is by Haym Salomon and concerns the sale of two slaves. News regarding the British abandoning New York City is also included.

This book is a third edition reprint of Peter Still's slave narrative, recounting his experiences of over forty years of enslavement in Kentucky and Alabama, ultimately gaining his freedom with the assistance of Jewish merchants Isaac and Joseph Friedman. Published in 1856, it is notable for highlighting the participation of Jews in the antebellum anti-slavery movement. The narrative includes an introduction by Rev. Samuel J. May and an appendix by William H. Furness, D.D. The book was printed by E. O. Jenkins and published by William T. Hamilton in Syracuse, New York.

Issue of The Post Boy newspaper from London, England, dated September 3, 1726. An article on the front page details the release of an English ship captured en route from London to New York, noting that eleven Hollanders, five Jews, and a Jewess were taken into slavery. The article highlights the vulnerability of Jews traveling at sea due to lack of governmental protection.

Trade card advertising the slave trading business of Davis, Deupree & Co. in Richmond, Virginia. The card reads: "DAVIS, DEUPREE, & CO., will give their entire attention to the sale of Negros, publicly and privately, Odd Fellows' Hall, corner of Mayo and Franklin Street." This rare card is the only known card from R. H. Davis, a member of a Jewish family of slave dealers based in Richmond. Robert H. Davis and William S. Deupree opened their “Negro Bazaar” auction rooms in Richmond’s Odd Fellows Hall in 1859. The firm was short-lived, bankrupted early in the Civil War. The card is printed on glossy stock and is estimated to date from circa 1850-1855. The Davis family were well-known slave dealers in Petersburg and Richmond, Virginia, with the first generation (Benjamin, Ansley, George, and Solomon Davis) selling slaves beginning in 1838.

A collection of lithographs depicting scenes from Surinam (Dutch Guiana) published in Brussels in 1839. The lithographs, by Pierre Jacques Benoit, illustrate various aspects of life in Surinam, including markets, shops, workshops, and interactions between Europeans and the local population. The work includes depictions of Jewish merchants and commentary on slavery.

Issue of the *Winyaw Intelligencer* newspaper, published in Georgetown, South Carolina on May 1, 1830. This issue contains notices from Soloman Cohen regarding tax payments for free persons of color in 1828 and 1829. Advertisements for escaped slaves are also featured.