Subject: Merchants

One-page autograph receipt signed by Aaron Lopez, a Jewish merchant in Newport, Rhode Island, for the purchase of "9 Elephants Teeth" from David Ross for the sum of £17/9/11. Dated December 8, 1768. The receipt shows evidence of having been torn from a larger book or sheet.

Bill of sale detailing the sale of 25 boxes of spermaceti candles and boxes of paper from Aaron Lopez to William and Samuel Vernon. The document lists each box separately, totaling 1,843 pounds sterling. Dated January 8, 1770, in Newport, Rhode Island.

Billhead from Isaac A. Isaacs, a merchant, located at Union Hall, Corner of Superior and Union Streets, Cleveland, Ohio. The billhead features a detailed illustration of Union Hall, with the date September 13, 1864. The billhead is a letter written in cursive script, likely to a client, detailing a transaction of goods or services, but missing the detail of the actual transaction. The note mentions the Singer Company, and a transaction of goods or services was likely made at the Singer store.

Billhead from L. Arneberg & Brother, merchants and tailors, located on Montague Street, near Court Street in Brooklyn, New York. The bill is dated June 20, 1867. The transaction details include a list of items, likely clothing items, such as vests, coats, and pants, with their respective prices. The bill also has a government revenue stamp that is part of the transaction, suggesting the transaction may be a bill of exchange or other government-related financial transaction.

Billhead for Albenberg & Conhaim, located at 373 Jackson Street and Factory 268 Bowery, New York. Dated March 19, 1886. The 1884 Eau Claire City Directory, Eau Claire Co., WI, lists Adolph Albenberg (of Albenberg, Conhaim & Co.) residing in St. Paul, Minn., and Albenberg, Conhaim & Co. (Adolph Albenberg, Louis and Morris Conhaim) as dry goods merchants at 308 Barstow.

Billhead from Bachman Bros., importers of foreign and domestic dry goods, located at 10 & 12 Battery Street, San Francisco, California. Dated June 6, 1877. The billhead also references N. S. Trowbridge & Co. of Tybo, Nevada.

Billhead from Bachman Bros., foreign and domestic dry goods merchants, located at 10 & 12 Battery St., San Francisco, California. The billhead is dated March 27, 1877, and also references N. S. Trowbridge & Co. of Tybo, Nevada.

Billhead from Blumauer & Rosenblatt, located in a fire-proof brick building at the corner of Front and Stark Streets, opposite the Metropolis Hotel in Portland, Oregon. Dated October 14, 1862. The archival record also includes a newspaper clipping from the *Oregonian* dated April 29, 1908, detailing the death of Simon Blumauer, a pioneer resident of Portland and co-founder of the business. The obituary provides biographical information about Simon Blumauer, including his birth in Bavaria, emigration to America in 1847, arrival in Oregon in 1852, his involvement in merchandising with his brother Joseph and Leopold Hirsch, his marriage to Molly Radelsheimer in New York, and his philanthropic activities. The obituary also mentions his family members and his role as president of Temple Beth Israel.

Billhead from D. Block & Co., a dry goods business with locations in Helena, Montana; New York, New York; and San Francisco, California. Dated February 5, 1877. The billhead lists the New York address as 46 West Broadway and the San Francisco address as 22 and 24 Battery Street. J.J. Koenigshofer is listed as running the Helena store.

Billhead from E. R. Selliger, a dry goods, groceries, hats, and plantation supplies merchant and cotton buyer in Greenwood, Mississippi, dated September 17, 1894. The billhead is addressed to John I. Terry.

Billhead from Feigenbaum & Co., dated May 24, 1878. The billhead lists the company's addresses as 120-126 Sansome Street and 217-219 Pine Street, San Francisco, California. It was sold to S. L. Schoenfeld Bros. in Red Bluff, California.

Billhead of G. Rosenblatt & Brother, Importers and Jobbers of Dry Goods, located at 78 Chambers Street, New York City. The billhead is dated December 3, 1868.

Billhead of Henry Levin, fish merchant, dated April 21, 1852. The billhead features a large print of a fish. Henry Levin's business address is listed as 50 North Wharves, below Race St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Billhead from September 2, 1876, issued by Heynemann & Co., dry goods merchants at 5 Sansome Street, San Francisco, California, and payable to N. S. Trowbridge & Co. of Tybo, Nevada. The billhead specifies payment in gold.

Billhead from Hubash, Joseph / Elleau, H./ Kurtz, G.M. dated June 18, 1877, addressed to Salomen D. Schoenfeld at 328 Bushe Street, San Francisco, California. The billhead is accompanied by a biographical sketch of Salomen D. Schoenfeld, detailing his emigration from Westphalia, Germany in 1836, his arrival in the United States and subsequent business ventures in New York, California (Red Bluff), Nevada (Star City), and Idaho (Silver City). The sketch describes Schoenfeld's entrepreneurial activities, real estate holdings, family life, and involvement in the Masonic fraternity.

Billhead of Isador Cohn, Dealer in General Merchandise, Sheridan, Nevada. Dated April 5, 1888. This item is a billhead from Isador Cohn's business. The billhead indicates that Cohn dealt in general merchandise in Sheridan, Nevada.

Billhead of J. D. Rosenberger, Commission Merchant and Dealers in all kinds of country produce, located at 38 North Wharves, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated May 4, 1866.

Billhead from J. Pache & Co., Commission and Forwarding Merchants. Their office was located in the Starbuck Building, corner of Commerce on the Levee, opposite the Steamboat Landing, Stockton, California. The date on the billhead is April 10, 1866.

Billhead of Jacob Stern, a merchant in Bangor, Maine, dated December 9, 1875. Stern's business involved embroideries, laces, dress trimmings, and hosiery. His shop was located at 56 Main Street. Additional notes indicate that he was jailed on November 5, 1887, for fraudulent activities, bailed out by associates, and subsequently left Bangor.

Billhead from Jonas Schoenfeld's business located at 423 and 425 Jackson Street, San Francisco, California, dated August 21, 1877. The billhead is made out to Salomen D. Schoenfeld of Red Bluff, California. The document includes a biographical sketch of Salomen D. Schoenfeld detailing his emigration from Westphalia, Germany in 1836, his early business ventures in New York and California, his establishment of mercantile businesses in Red Bluff, Star City (Nevada), and Silver City (Idaho), his real estate holdings, family life, and involvement in the Masonic fraternity.

Billhead from Jonas Schoenfeld's business at 423 and 425 Jackson Street, San Francisco, California, dated March 19, 1878. The billhead is made out to Salomen D. Schoenfeld of Red Bluff, California. The document includes an extensive biographical sketch of Salomen D. Schoenfeld, detailing his immigration from Westphalia, Germany in 1836, his early business ventures in New York and California, his successes in Red Bluff and other mining towns (Star City, Nevada; Silver City, Idaho), his real estate holdings, family life (marriage to Helena Myer and children David S. and Golda S.), and his involvement in the Masonic fraternity.

Billhead of Joseph Sampson & Son, a dry goods, clothing, boots and shoes, crockery, hardware, groceries and liquors store, located on Front Street, Georgetown, South Carolina. The billhead is dated May 18, 1880, and advertises that the company buys cotton and country produce. Additional information notes that Joseph Sampson served in the Civil War (Company I, 21st Infantry, detailed to Quartermaster Department) and his grandfather was listed in the 1818 business directory.

Billhead from Judah Touro & Co., dated March 1, 1857. The billhead is related to business operations at Alabama Landing, Louisiana. The billhead references the steamer Judah Touro, named after the prominent Jewish merchant of New Orleans.

Billhead from Julius Cohen, a wine merchant located at 40 Water Street in New York, New York, dated November 24, 1885. The billhead features an image of wine bottles. The archival record is a single billhead, suggesting it may be part of a larger collection of Julius Cohen's business records.

Billhead from L. M. Jacobs, dealers in general merchandise, located at the corner of Congress and Meyers Streets in Tucson, Arizona Territory. The billhead is dated circa 1885.

Billhead from L. Weiskopf, located at 325 King Street, Charleston, South Carolina. The billhead, dated February 19, 1875, details a sale of lamp oil. L. Weiskopf is mentioned in Jewish marriage notices.

Billhead from Louis Einstein's business in San Francisco, California, dated May 1, 1890. Einstein sold sponges, chamois, skins, brushes, cutlery, druggists' sundries, and feather dusters. His business was located at 114 Sutter Street, San Francisco, California.

Billhead from M. Simon & Son, dealers in dry goods, Placerville, California. Dated May 9, 1877. The billhead measures 8 1/2 x 14 inches and features a decorative logo. Recipient: William R. Haynerd.

Billhead from Moise, T., a dry goods merchant in Owensboro, Kentucky, dated December 20, 1887. The billhead indicates the merchant's business and location. This item is part of the collection of Judaica Americana.

Billhead for sacks of wool from Myer Friedman & Bro., Wool Dealers & Wholesale Grocers. The bill, dated September 25, 1897, totaled $1802.20. The business was located in Las Vegas, New Mexico.

Billhead from N. H. Hirshberg & Co., wholesale and retail dealers in paints, oils, varnishes, glues, and window glass, located at 407 Broad Street, Richmond, Virginia. The bill is made out to Mr. D. B. Cox and dated September 20, 1869. The company advertised special attention to country orders.

Billhead from November 5, 1886, issued by Olcovich Brothers, importers in San Francisco, California, to Rosenberg Brothers in Nevada City, California. The billhead features an illustration of a sailing ship. The Olcovich brothers, Hyman, Joseph, Herman, and Benjamin, immigrated to Carson City, Nevada from Prussia in the early 1860s and established a successful dry goods business. They later expanded into other ventures, including a saloon, drug store, jewelry store, and a Chinese wash house. Isaac and Selig Olcovich, sons of Hyman Olcovich, published the semi-weekly newspaper *The Sun* from June 1889 to July 1891.

Billhead from P. Berwin & Brother, hat and cap merchants, located at 106 Battery Street, San Francisco, California. Dated October 16, 1876. The billhead indicates payment is payable in gold and also references N.S. Trowbridge & Co.

Billhead from S.B. Dinkelspiel located at 328 Bush Street, San Francisco, California, dated August 6, 1877. The billhead is made out to Salomen D. Schoenfeld, a prominent citizen and merchant of Red Bluff, California. The document includes a detailed biographical sketch of Salomen D. Schoenfeld, recounting his emigration from Germany in 1856, his entrepreneurial endeavors in California, Nevada, and Idaho, his real estate investments, and his family life. The biographical information is repeated twice within the document.

Billhead from Sands Brothers Dry Goods store located at 40 Main Street, Helena, Montana, dated August 27, 1878. The firm later operated two locations, one in Helena, Montana run by M. Sands, and another at 54 Worth Street, New York, run by J. Sands. The Helena building still stands.

Billhead from Senftenberg Bros. & Co., a dry goods firm in La Grange, Texas, dated September 27, 1886. The billhead includes the names of W. R. Pollard and E. P. Jarmon. An article from the *La Grange Journal*, January 27, 1881, describes the firm and Adolph Senftenberg's move to La Grange.

Billhead from the firm of Sterling & Franks, located at 228 North Third Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The date is May 25, 1864.

Billhead from May 18, 1878, for a purchase of 1000 cigars from Walter H. Lowenstein, a tobacco merchant in Galveston, Texas, to the Menger Hotel. The bill shows a purchase price of $50 plus $0.50 for the box, with the cigars to be sent via Express. The brand of cigar is listed as "Marquis of ???". The billhead is notable for its striking graphics. Further research reveals that a Milton Walter Lowenstein was born in 1888 and married Theresa Freiberg, daughter of Henry Freiberg and Emma Judah Mendelsohn Freiberg. Additional information is unavailable.

Billhead detailing a sale of eight boxes of spermaceti candles from Naphtali Hart & Co. to William Vernon on May 1, 1764, in Newport, Rhode Island. The invoice is handwritten by Naphtali Hart.

Billhead for an order from J. Ambler to Mr. Isaacs for two casks of Jamison's jam. Dated May 31, 1788 in Richmond, Virginia. The billhead is docketed on the back "Mr. Isaacs". Mr. Isaacs, also known as Isaiah Isaacs, was the first permanent Jewish resident of Richmond, a prominent merchant, and business partner of Jacob Cohen.

Two billheads from June 1, 1876. One billhead is from Walter, Rosenthal & Co. in Silver City, Idaho, and lists general merchandise purchased. The other billhead shows purchases made by the Pacific Mill and Mining Company, Bacon Hill, from Walter, Rosenthal & Co. in Virginia, Nevada. Both billheads specify payment in gold coin and indicate a full assortment of mining and milling goods were available.

A glass bottle with the inscription: "132 EAST GAY ST.; NAME WITHIN AN OVAL...COHEN, JOHN B.....WEST CHESTER, PENNSYLVANIA." This bottle likely dates from circa 1885 and is associated with the business of John B. Cohen in West Chester, Pennsylvania.

A glass bottle with a lead stopper, from the business of John B. Cohen located at 132 East Gay Street, West Chester, Pennsylvania. The bottle is circa 1885.

Business card for Newburger & Levy, cotton buyers. The card is dated circa 1915, based on contextual information provided by the donor. The geographic location is inferred as the United States based on the context of the collection.

A commercial letter dated May 5, 1884, sent from Abe Mayer & Brother, general merchants and dry goods and groceries in Clinton, Louisiana, to A. Lehman & Co. in New Orleans, Louisiana. The letter features a vignette of the Mayer Building.

Three-page business letter dated November 4, 1830, from Mordecai Myers in Petersburg, Virginia, to Matthew Maury in New York, New York. The letter details cotton purchases Myers made on Maury's account, totaling approximately $12,000 (equivalent to approximately $300,000 in 2017).

Collection of eight telegrams sent between April and September 1878 from Yuma to Tucson, Arizona. Most were sent by David Neahr, forwarding agent for L.M. Jacobs & Co., a pioneer Jewish mercantile firm in Tucson, and concern the transfer of goods and money. The telegrams bear the imprint of the War Department, Signal Service U.S.A. They are approximately 5" x 7 3/4" on lined paper.

A one-page commercial letter, dated October 15, 1830, from the firm Mordecai & Myers in Petersburg, Virginia, to Matthew Maury in Boston, Massachusetts. The letter discusses cotton shipments, market prices, and business arrangements. It was forwarded from New York City.

A one-page court document (198 x 324 mm) from Philadelphia, dated October 3, 1746. The document details an account from March 1, 1743/4, by Philadelphia merchant John Wister for fabrics and clothing sold to Lyon Lepman. Partial payment was made by Messrs. Levy and Franks on Lepman's behalf. The document includes a complaint from Wister regarding an outstanding balance and notes that Lepman was a storekeeper in Frederick County, Virginia. The document is signed by Wister and Sheriff Septimus Robinson. This record is significant for its early representation of commercial activity between Jewish merchants in Philadelphia.

A debt document from June 18, 1818, involving Michael E. Cohen, Abram L. Hart, and Richard Roe in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The document appears to be part of a larger printed form, possibly related to commercial trading fees. The document obligates the parties to pay a sum of $150.00.

Four-page deed of conveyance, dated March 24, 1818, from Solomon Moses to Isaac Moses for $1.00. This legal document transfers property from Solomon to Isaac and his son, Moses Levy Moses, following the dissolution of Isaac Moses & Sons. The deed lists the property owned by Isaac Moses at his death and includes mention of land on Long Island. Signed by Solomon Moses, his wife Rachel Gratz Moses, and witnessed by Benjamin Gratz and Reuben Etting. It also bears the signature of William Tilghman, Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court.

This deed, dated May 28, 1818, details the settlement of the estate of Isaac Moses. Moses L. Moses and David Moses transfer property to Gulian Ludlow and Joshua Moses. The document includes a schedule of debts owed to various creditors in Philadelphia, Baltimore, Richmond, and Norfolk. Signed by David Moses and Moses Moses, witnessed and signed by Hayman Moses.

Manuscript financial record dated January 15, 1762, from Newport, Rhode Island. The document notes fees due by various merchants, including M. Levy and L. Hart, who are listed as creditors.

Manuscript financial record of Hawkins & Norwood, a business in New Orleans, Louisiana. The document, dated October 31 and November 8, 1859, details the official measurement of 40 barrels of molasses. It includes the notation of an office located at 11 Bienville Street and mentions A. Samuel and M.B. Miller as partners.

A ledger sheet detailing 25 commercial transactions between Aaron Lopez and the Vernon brothers (William and Samuel) in Newport, Rhode Island, from June 23, 1766, to March 24, 1767. The transactions involve the purchase and sale of goods such as West Indies rum, tea, linseed oil, and candles, totaling 11,010 pounds sterling in purchases and 8,344 pounds sterling in sales, resulting in a balance owed of 2,665 pounds sterling. This document provides a detailed record of commerce between two prominent colonial merchants.

Ledger sheet detailing sales transactions from Aaron Lopez to S. & W. Vernon. The record covers March 1767 through April 1768 and lists various goods including candles, whale oil, wine, beef, flour, tea, logs, linseed oil, and labor. The total sales exceed 30,300 pounds sterling. The sheet measures 11 3/4" x 11 1/4".

Loose journal sheets comprising five double-sided manuscript pages documenting the accounts of the Tobias family from March 15, 1815, to August 2, 1815, in London, England. These sheets, found within Letter Book 20.1430T, include entries related to R. S. Stevens, John Morris, Mosley Woolf, Benjamin Angworth, and Jonathan Morris. Additional materials include a blotter and blue paper cover marked "August 2, 1815."

Legal document apprenticing Barnet Hart to Samuel Judah in the art of merchandizing for seven years. Signed by Elizabeth Judah for her husband, and witnessed by Barnet Cohen and A. Cohen. Dated March 3, 1778, with an intact revenue stamp. The document was created in London, England, and mentions Montreal, Canada.

A legal invoice from Samuel Chase, signer of the Declaration of Independence, to Mark Pringle, dated June 29, 1790. The invoice details legal services rendered in October 1788 on behalf of Isaac Moses, Samuel Myers, and Moses Myers, prominent early American Jewish merchants. The document is twice signed by Samuel Chase and includes details of the civil actions involving the merchants.

Invoice or folio bill presented to Captain James Cahoone of the sloop Molly by Naphtali Hart on August 1, 1746 in Newport, Rhode Island. The invoice details over 24 entries, including a payment by Moses Levy for flour. The document measures 12" x 7.5" and is folded in two. Hart's name appears at the head and back of the sheet.

Invoice from Samson Levy to Samuel Wallace for goods purchased. Dated April 12, 1761, Philadelphia. Written on fine laid paper with a partial watermark. This document is potentially in Levy's hand. Samson Levy (1722-1781) was a prominent Philadelphia merchant and one of the first patriots to sign documents protesting British rule. The invoice reflects commercial activity in 18th-century Philadelphia.

A single-page ledger sheet (4.75" x 15.5") listing dry goods consigned to Tobias I. Tobias. The sheet suggests a business relationship between Tobias I. Tobias and Parkhill, Robertson & Kelso in Richmond, Virginia, circa 1822.

Ledger sheet detailing the account of Aaron Lopez with James Lucena, dated September 12, 1763. The account includes items such as tobacco, broadcloth, duties on sugar and snuff, spermaceti, and carriage on board. The sheet is signed by James Lucena. The verso contains a further account of Mr. Aaron Lopez from James Lucena, settled on the same date. Provides insight into the mercantile activities of Aaron Lopez in the mid-18th century.

Ledger sheet detailing the Dorsey account with Bernard & Michael Gratz & Co., primarily documenting land transactions. The entries span from November 4, 1783, to March 1785.

Ledger sheet detailing accounts of Moses Franks, Aaron Levy, J. Simon, Henry Marks, Simon Gratz, Reuben Etting, and Samuel Hays. Henry Marks is possibly Zvi Hirsch Marks, brother of Levy Lipman Marks, born in England in 1726 and died in Charleston in 1809. The entries span February 16, 1795 to March 19, 1795. The sheet measures 5/8" and consists of four pages folded from 10" x 8". The ledger sheet is from the Gratz Collection in Canada, Nathan Family Archive.

Three-page ledger sheet (8" x 9 3/4") detailing a sales report from William Moore to Tobias I. Tobias, care of N. Judah, dated June 1, 1821. The report originates from Petersburg, Virginia, and is addressed to Richmond, Virginia.

A commercial letter from A. C. Brown & Green in New York City to Hendricks Brothers in Liverpool, England, dated July 4, 1851. The letter pertains to the copper trade, highlighting Hendricks Brothers' significant role as a major copper importer in the USA and a primary supplier to the US Navy and Paul Revere. The letter is stampless.

A 2 1/4-page letter written by A. E. Baldwin in New York City to Charles Tobias in New Orleans on November 19, 1852. The letter discusses business matters, including orders, silver, a notice of dissolution, and general business notes, suggesting financial difficulties for the Baldwin firm.

A stampless business letter written by Alexander Kursheedt in New York, New York, to Henry White in New Haven, Connecticut, on November 18, 1837. The letter discusses business matters.

A business letter written on the letterhead of Arthur Lewin & Co., Commission Merchants & Mfg. Agents, located at 18 & 20 Battery St., San Francisco, California. Dated October 11, 1886, the letter addresses the Eagle & Phenix Manufacturing Co. concerning dissatisfaction expressed by Kahn Bros. regarding a received towel order. The letter measures 8 x 10 inches and is written on both sides.

A letter from the firm Cohen & Fosdick in Savannah, Georgia, to I. G. Weld in Boston, Massachusetts, dated November 21, 1851. The letter discusses cotton prices and other matters related to the cotton trade.

A stampless letter from the firm Cohen & Fosdick in Savannah, Georgia, to I. G. Weld in Boston, Massachusetts, dated November 5, 1852. The letter discusses cotton prices and is written on a copy of "The Savannah Republican Prices Current," Vol. 12, No. 8.

A one-and-a-half-page stampless letter from D. Judah & Co. in Richmond, Virginia, to Edward Pollock & Co. in New York, New York, dated October 9, 1822. The letter discusses drafts received totaling $5,178.63. A third page contains a separate, unusual letter to Tobias, with Judah denying involvement and ending with "I am here where are you? I am done, D J."

A one-page business letter written by David Hart to George W. Johnson & Co. on April 3, 1835. The letter, sent care of Judah Touro, details Hart's sales on behalf of Johnson. In 1845, Hart was listed among the 100 wealthiest citizens of New York City.

A half-page business letter written on December 27, 1825, from David Judah & Co. in Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York, New York. The letter expresses dissatisfaction with a previous order, noting a discrepancy in the color of goods received.

A one-page business letter written by David Judah in Richmond, Virginia, to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York, New York, on October 27, 1825. The letter discusses the shipment of tea and stout and requests that Tobias & Co. cease business dealings with a certain Jones, deemed too difficult.

A one-and-a-half-page letter written by Fred M. Tobias in Liverpool, England, on April 7, 1838, to his cousin Charles Tobias in New York City. The letter discusses family matters, including the potential return of Fred and his brother Henry to America at their father's request. It also details the challenges faced by British merchants selling goods in America due to high import duties and mentions a scheme to circumvent these duties. The letter further mentions that George is ill and that this increases Fred's workload.

A business letter written on June 15, 1881, by H. Hall of Feigenbaum & Co. in Highland Mills, New York, to A. Blumenthal in New York City. The letter references samples to be sent and features a prominent company logo.

Autograph document signed by Moses Michael Hays and Myer Polock, written to Michael Gratz on September 13, 1768. The letter details losses to be recovered in Amsterdam on insurance ordered by Isaac Elizer, providing an accounting of insurance payments for numerous losses in pounds and guilders. The two-page letter includes an autograph address panel with a New York postmark and bishop's mark. This letter exemplifies cross-Atlantic insurance interactions.

A one-page letter, approximately 7-3/4" x 9-5/8", dated April 11, 1832, from Henry Hays in Philadelphia to Seth Low & Co. in New York City. The letter, signed by Alexander Lipman on behalf of Hays, concerns the sale of rhubarb and inquires about other goods Seth Low & Co. might wish to sell.

Two-page letter written by Horace E. Baldwin in New York City to Charles Tobias in New Orleans on January 15, 1851. The letter discusses the poor financial state of Baldwin & Co., details regarding store space, and items to be shipped. Horace E. Baldwin was a partner in Taylor, Baldwin and Co. in Newark, New Jersey before moving to New Orleans in 1842. He appears to have remained in New Orleans until 1853, purchasing much of his silver from New Jersey and New York producers.

A one and a half page letter dated June 5, 1789, from Capt. John Clarks to Michael Gratz of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Clarks orders items from Gratz against the harvest, notes his inability to dispose of land, and writes from Fair View. Gratz's hand on the back dockets the amount owed on June 30, 1789.

A single-page letter dated January 24, 1779, written by Josiah Blakeley in Hartford, Connecticut, to Joseph (Moses) Lopez. The letter contains commercial content and personal regards to Mr. & Mrs. Mendes and Mr. & Mrs. Riviera. This letter is one of fourteen in a collection spanning June 21, 1779 to October 1, 1781, detailing trade between Blakeley and either Aaron Lopez or Joseph Lopez. The correspondence discusses business transactions, including the supply of rum, ostrich plumes, and other imported goods, alongside the challenges of the Continental currency crisis. The letters show the impact of the currency crisis and unstable financial climate of the time on business dealings between merchants. The physical condition of the letters is noted as stained, edge-worn, toned, creased, and with some illegible portions due to moisture damage.

A letter dated October 25, 1848, from L. Elias (per P.S. Jacobs) in Columbia, South Carolina, to Jacobs & Meyer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses a request for Torah portion books ("Parasha books") and a discrepancy in a prior merchandise bill. The letter also mentions business dealings and financial matters.

Letter from Lehman, Durr & Co., cotton factors and general commission merchants in Montgomery, Alabama, to D. W. Boz in Wetumpka, Alabama, dated October 15, 1867. The letter discusses cotton prices in Mobile and New Orleans. Lehman, Durr & Co. was the founding firm of Lehman Brothers in New York City.

Three-page letter dated February 16, 1779, written in Lancaster, Pennsylvania by Levy Andrew Levy and Joseph Simon to Michael Gratz in Philadelphia. The letter discusses potential army irregularities in handling the goods of Brizard Magruder, brother-in-law of Levy. It includes a signed note by Michael Gratz dated March 3, 1779. The letter offers insights into family and business matters during the early days of the American Revolution.

A business letter dated August 22, 1885, from M. Levy & Sons, cotton factors and merchants in New Orleans, Louisiana, to the Eagle & Phenix Manufacturing Co. in Columbus, Georgia. The letter pertains to a cotton order.

One-page letter written on the letterhead of "Office of Martin & Cardozo, Commission Merchants," dated Richmond, Virginia, November 11, 1868. Addressed to Mr. James A. Walker, the letter mentions the shipment of 28 bags of an unspecified item. The letter shows signs of age, including stains and folds.

A one-page stampless letter written by Michael I. Tobias in Liverpool, England to his brother, Tobias I. Tobias in New York, New York, dated December 7, 1833. The letter declines an order from T.I. Tobias due to concerns about profitability and comments on the poor quality of apples previously received.

A commercial letter dated July 14, 1857, from Newton Keates & Co. in Liverpool, England, to Hendricks Brothers in New York, New York. The letter pertains to business matters related to the Hendricks copper dynasty.

A broadside letter dated November 4, 1854, from Octavius L. Cohen in Savannah, Georgia, to David S. Brown & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cohen, a cotton merchant, requests business. The broadside portion details cotton market prices and conditions.

A single-page commercial letter written on the letterhead of S. Seligman & Brother, merchants in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Dated September 6, 1876, the letter is addressed to Felipe Chaves in Belen, New Mexico. The letter announces the upcoming visit of a salesman with samples of fall and winter goods and details their extensive stock of dry goods and notions at competitive prices.

Autograph letter signed by Salomon Raphael, written in Philadelphia on June 18, 1792, to Daniel Clymer in Reading, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses business matters, specifically a financial transaction involving Mr. Zeanley and Mr. Coleman, and arrangements for payment via a stagecoach to Philadelphia. The letter is written on one page and measures 6.5" x 7.75", with an integral hand-carried cover.

A one-page letter written by Simon Greenleaf to Aaron Lopez in Boston, Massachusetts on September 7, 1772. Greenleaf discusses goods left with Lopez by Captain Richard Bartlett to be sold on his account and inquires about their status. He also offers his services for any business negotiations in Newburyport.

A business letter dated April 11, 1877, written by T. Romero & Bro. in Las Vegas, New Mexico, to L. M. Jacobs & Co. in Tucson, Arizona. The letter discusses business matters, including a wagon master, freight bills, and Zeckendorf Bro. The letter is written on T. Romero & Bro. letterhead.

This 10" x 14" ledger contains 404 pages detailing business activities in Philadelphia between 1775 and 1784. The records encompass a wide range of mercantile transactions, including prize ships, ship partnerships, privateering ventures, and even a discounted note from Benjamin Franklin during his time as minister to France. The ledger features numerous entries involving prominent colonial merchants, many of whom were Jewish, such as Haym Salomon, Michael Gratz, Isaac Moses, Levy Marks, and others. Notably, the ledger lacks entries for Robert Morris. The record-keeping ceases during the British occupation of Philadelphia.

This 144-page receipt book belonged to Philadelphia merchant Martin Noll and documents his financial transactions from August 8, 1762, to May 11, 1781. The book contains the signature of prominent colonial Jew Michael Gratz, along with numerous other signatures, including that of the scientist Joseph Priestley.

A merchant's license issued to H. Scheppel in Philipsburg, Montana on August 25, 1869, valid for three months. The license is a single-page document.

This small, leather-bound account book (4" x 6") documents estate disbursements from October 18, 1822, to June 10, 1824. The handwritten entries, signed by the executors of the will of Moses Levy of Hamburg, Pennsylvania (who died in 1822, with his will probated May 13, 1822), detail transactions and payments. Family members named include his wife, Mary, son Nathan, and daughter Sarah. Executors were John Bailey and William Feather. Individuals mentioned in the entries include John Wagner, Henry Prior, Henry Fister, Abraham Wolff, Jacob Lynn, Joseph Breitensman, and Jacob Snell. The book offers insights into the financial activities of a Jewish merchant in an early 19th-century Pennsylvania German farming community.

A license issued to Solomon & Crescenzo, a firm in Austin, Nevada, on February 5, 1895, permitting them to conduct mercantile business for three months after payment of a $5.00 fee. The license is signed by M. D. Murphy.

Two separate Port of Entry documents for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, detailing the importation of cloth by Ostheimer Brothers from Vienna, Austria. The documents are dated August 5, 1886, and December 9, 1886.

Broadside documenting the port of entry to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania for Henry Cohen, importing sealing wax and steel pens. Dated April 11, 1866. Signed by Henry Cohen.

A two-sided broadside price list from Kuhn & Co., merchants from America, detailing over 100 products. Published in Genoa, Italy, in 1888.

Promissory note dated December 1, 1769, payable to Naphtali Hart Myers from Mary Bradstreet. The note was collected and signed by her husband, Colonel John Bradstreet, in Albany, New York. The note was witnessed by Judah, acting as an agent for Myers. Naphtali Hart Myers signed the note twice. This financial record reflects a transaction between Bradstreet and Myers, highlighting a business relationship between the two families.

Promissory note on a printed form, documenting a loan of 823 pounds, 11 shillings, and 8 pence from Michael Gratz & Company to Robert Callander. Dated December 7, 1767, in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and witnessed by Joseph Simon. The verso records three payments on the loan, each signed by Michael Gratz. This note is from the Gratz Collection in Canada, Nathan Family Archive.

Promissory note signed by Aaron Lopez to John Gorton for goods sold, payable in four months. The document is entirely in Lopez's hand, dated July 13, 1763, in Newport, Rhode Island.

This manuscript receipt book documents financial transactions in New York City between April 3, 1760, and April 7, 1770. Most receipts are made out to Captain John Anderson, and the book includes payments in pounds and shillings for various goods and services. The book features two signed receipts from Isaac Adolphus, dated November 4, 1762, and February 16, 1763. Many individuals listed in the receipt book were involved in the American Revolution. The book offers insights into early New York City commerce and the lives of its inhabitants.

A page from a receipt book documenting financial transactions in New York City between December 11, 1807, and February 19, 1808. The primary entry records a payment of $67.50 from James C. Roosevelt to Ephraim Hart for dividends on Merchant Bank stock. Additional, unrelated transactions by Eliza Clark and others are also included.

A handwritten receipt issued on June 23, 1773, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, documenting the purchase of clothing by Michael Gratz from Allen McLean. The receipt details the specific items purchased and their costs. The merchant's signature is distinct from the body of the text, suggesting that it may have been written by Michael Gratz himself.

A receipt issued on October 23, 1867, by Lehman, Newgass & Co., cotton merchants in New Orleans, Louisiana, acknowledging receipt of cotton bales shipped via the steamboat Morgan Lines from Mobile, Alabama. The document provides details of the shipment and is a commercial record reflecting business transactions in the textile industry during the late 19th century.

A receipt listing funds due from Moses Levy, Abram Hart, and Naphtali Hart, with amounts in pounds and credited amounts; initialed. This bill, from Newport, Rhode Island, dates to circa 1760 and measures 8" x 6".

A receipt documenting the purchase of goods by T. J. Tobias & Co. from James Cummings in New York City on February 1, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 4.5".

This document is a receipt from Mills & Minton to T. J. Tobias & Co. for goods purchased in New York City on December 7, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 4.5".

This document is a receipt dated November 13, 1761, from Newport, Rhode Island. Merchant Aaron Lopez details goods sold to John Gorton, including looking glasses and buckles. The receipt is handwritten and signed by Aaron Lopez.

A six-pound receipt for a load of hay, signed by Richard Randolph III in Curls Neck, Virginia on October 24, 1785. The transaction was made through "Mr. Isaacs, merchant, Richmond."

A receipt listing numerous textile purchases, forwarded for the account of Henry & Charles Tobias in New York through Leech Harrison & Co. in Liverpool. The receipt, dated July 15, 1840, is a single folded sheet with two sides numbered 352 and 353; the verso is blank. The document indicates transactions between New York City and London/Liverpool, England, and Huddersfield, England. The document measures 8" x 10.5".

Receipt for the purchase of Hanover duck for 154 pounds sterling, dated September 1, 1732. Signed by Moses Levy of Rhode Island. Moses Levy (1704-1792), a prominent merchant and trader, was one of several Ashkenazi Jewish families in Newport at that time. He owned the Touro Street Mansion, willed the property to Moses Seixas in 1792, and was an original benefactor of Touro Synagogue. He was the grandfather of Gershom Mendez Seixas. This receipt was exhibited in the opening exhibit of the National Museum of American Jewish History (NMAJH) in 2010.

Receipt for wine from John Hertell to Benjamin Judah in New York City on June 12, 1788. The receipt is signed on the back by Judge Robert Morris.

Receipt documenting items purchased by T. I. Tobias & Co. from A. O. Brodie in New York City on October 6, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

Handwritten receipt dated June 30, 1763, in Newport, Rhode Island. Merchant Aaron Lopez acknowledges the sale of goods to John Gorton. The document, measuring 4x6 inches, is entirely in Lopez's handwriting.

A signed receipt from Aaron Lopez, a prominent Jewish merchant in Newport, Rhode Island, to William and Samuel Vernon for 250 bushels of salt. Dated April 26, 1771. The Vernons were major slave traders. This receipt provides insight into the commercial activities of Lopez and the interconnectedness of the transatlantic slave trade with other mercantile enterprises in colonial America.

Receipt documenting items purchased by T. I. Tobias & Co. from David Brooks & Son in New York City on April 13, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt dated January 11, 1787, documenting an order from Elizabeth Randolph, wife of Governor Edmund Randolph, for 75 yards of osnaburgs and a pound of thread from the mercantile partnership of Isaiah Isaacs and Jacob Cohen in Richmond, Virginia. The document is docketed on the back with "Mr. Cohen."

Receipt for items bought by T. J. Tobias & Co. from George C. Lamb in New York City on April 25, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 4.5".

Receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Haggerty, Austin & Co. in New York City on April 11, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

Receipt documenting items purchased by T. J. Tobias & Co. from Hicks, Lawrence & Co. in New York City on April 7, 1825. The receipt lists several items, and measures 8" x 6.5".

Receipt documenting items purchased by T. J. Tobias & Co. from Hicks, Lawrence & Co. in New York City on December 8, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

Receipt documenting items purchased by T. J. Tobias & Co. from Hicks, Lawrence & Co. in New York City on May 7, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. J. Tobias & Co. from Hicks, Lawrence & Co. on October 8, 1825 in New York City. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

Receipt for goods purchased by T. I. Tobias & Co. from J. & P. Hone & Co. in New York City on April 7, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt for one and a half dozen hair brushes and three additional hair brushes, issued by J. H. Noe to H. Tobias in New York City on October 24, 1841. The receipt measures 8" x 4".

A receipt documenting items purchased by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Joseph Walker in New York City on November 5, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt issued on December 13, 1825, by Leggett, Pearsall & Co. to T. J. Tobias & Co. for goods purchased in New York City. The receipt measures 8" x 2.5".

Receipt for goods purchased by T. J. Tobias & Co. from Leggett, Pearsall & Co. in New York City on November 11, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt for goods purchased by T. J. Tobias & Co. from Leggett, Pearsall & Co. in New York City on November 18, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

Receipt from the Lippincott auction house to T. I. Tobias for the sale of wines and champagnes. The receipt, dated August 3, 1841, details the sale of Tobias's wines and champagnes at auction. Accompanying the receipt are two handwritten letters and an invoice discussing shipments, sales, and quality issues related to the wines and champagnes. The materials are addressed to Tobias in New York and involve the Jewish merchants Joseph Moss and Edward Moss.

A financial record, specifically a receipt page, dated October 10, 1808, from New York City. The document shows a payment of $352.50 received by Ephraim Hart from James C. Roosevelt representing the balance of proceeds from the sale of 30 shares of Merchant Bank stock. Additional unrelated transactions involving Eliza Clark, Moses Marsh, and William Berrian are recorded on the document. The document measures 4" x 6".

A receipt issued by Montmollin & Moses to William Meredith on September 26, 1815, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The receipt details a payment for various goods, including screens, tubs, pipes, a sink, jars, and pans. The receipt is signed by E. George Jr. on behalf of Montmollin & Moses.

A receipt dated December 15, 1746, issued by merchant Remington on the order of Solomon Isaacs from William Vernon, a known slaver based in Newport, Rhode Island. Solomon Isaacs was likely the son of Asher Isaacs, a New York City merchant who died around 1757.

Receipt signed by Aaron Isaacs acknowledging receipt of 669 pounds and shillings from William Vernon on April 1, 1774, in Newport, Rhode Island. Additional notations on the receipt indicate transactions with Samuel Vernon, Clothic Hathaway, John Glazier, and Benjamin Donham and span from April 1, 1774 to May 27, 1774.

A receipt documenting a purchase made by M. I. Tobias & Co. from S. E. Fotterall & Sons in New York City on October 19, 1825. The receipt measures 9" x 7.5".

A receipt detailing items purchased by Benjamin Fry from Moses Isaacks (Isaaks) in April and March of 1785. The receipt suggests a New York City origin based on contextual clues.

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Ader, Timpson & Co. in New York City on November 29, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Buchanan, Calder & Co. in New York City on May 7, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

Receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from H. Thompson & Son in New York City on April 22, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 4.5". It is part of a larger collection of financial records acquired January 7, 2013.

Receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Haggerty, Austin & Co. in New York City on April 28, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Haggerty, Austin & Co. on December 1, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Haggerty, Austin & Co. in New York City on December 15, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Haggerty, Austin & Co. in New York City on May 12, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A commercial receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Haggerty, Austin & Co. in New York City on May 2, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Haggerty, Austin & Co. in New York City on November 17, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

Receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Haggerty, Austin & Co. in New York City on November 14, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from J. & P. Hone & Co. on April 18, 1825 in New York City. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

Receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from J. & P. Hone & Co. on October 24, 1825 in New York City. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from S. & E. & E. P. Sewall in New York City on April 23, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 4.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Thomas Newbould & Co. in New York City on April 23, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 4.5".

Receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Thomas Newbould & Co. in New York City on December 19, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A commercial receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias from J. & P. Hone & Co. in New York City on May 4, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

This archival item consists of a receipt documenting a purchase made by T. J. Tobias & Co. from D. Brooks in New York City. The main receipt is dated November 19, 1825, and measures 5" x 6.25". An additional undated receipt is also included. The receipts were acquired on January 7, 2013, and were part of the collection 20.1132 in Collectify.

Receipt documenting a purchase made by T. J. Tobias & Co. from Haggerty, Austin & Co. in New York City on May 1, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. J. Tobias & Co. from Hicks, Lawrence & Co. in New York City on April 20, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. J. Tobias & Co. from Hicks, Lawrence & Co. in New York City on April 7, 1825. The receipt lists three unspecified items. It measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting the purchase of goods by T. J. Tobias & Co. from Henry Costan in New York City on July 19, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 4.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Buchanan, Calder & Co. in New York City on November 11, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Buchanan, Calder & Co. in New York City on November 25, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Corlies, Mabbett & Merritt in New York, New York on November 26, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from David Brooks & Son in New York City on April 30, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Haggerty, Austin & Co. in New York City on April 15, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Haggerty, Austin & Co. in New York City on December 8, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

Receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from L. P. Hone & Co. in New York City on November 17, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from L. P. Hone & Co. in New York City on November 18, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Laverty & Gantley in New York City on November 26, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Mills & Minton in New York City on October 19, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 4.5".

Receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Randolph & Withers on April 18, 1825 in New York City. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Randolph & Withers in New York City on April 7, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Randolph & Withers on March 24, 1825 in New York City. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Randolph & Withers in New York City on May 12, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Rich Holt Lager in New York, New York on October 18, 1825. The receipt measures 9" x 7.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from S. E. Fotterall & Sons in New York City on October 18, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 4.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Shetters & King in New York City on May 13, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 4.5". It is part of a larger collection of financial records.

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Thomas Newbould & Co. in New York, New York on November 26, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 4.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. I. Tobias & Co. from Vandewoort & Vanwinkle in New York, New York on October 17, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt documenting a purchase made by T. J. Tobias & Co. from James Cummings in New York City on February 7 and April 21, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 4.5".

A two-sided receipt listing numerous textile purchases from three vendors (Thornton, Alterburg & Co., Pilling & Tanar, and T. Schuamn), priced in pounds sterling. The receipt, numbered 403 and 404, measures 8" x 10" and is believed to be a report from a London (or Liverpool) agent acting on behalf of Tobias. Circa 1840.

Shipping record detailing the arrival of the barque Louisa Gallagher in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 7, 1842. The record notes Rosengarten as the port of entry and lists boxes of buttons among the cargo. The document includes the names of several individuals associated with the shipment, including Richard L. Howells and Jacob Dewees.

Partially printed shipping document dated November 30, 1769, detailing goods shipped by Aaron Lopez of Newport, Rhode Island to Richard Ellis, a merchant in New Bern, North Carolina. The document lists a variety of goods including rum, candles, molasses, onions, potatoes, cider, apples, and cloth, illustrating the scope of Lopez's commercial activities.

Ledger sheet detailing the cargo manifest of the ship Newport in Norfolk, Virginia, on March 26, 1796. The record lists cargo items and likely includes details of the shipment's origin and destination. The document is a single ledger sheet with entries on both sides. This record was created by Moses Myers.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of goods from Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by Gans Leberman & Co. on May 13, 1856. The record indicates the port of entry and details of the shipment.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of goods from Hirsh & Bros. in Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on April 3, 1876. The record notes a date of September 2, 1875, possibly indicating an earlier date related to the shipment's preparation. The document includes details related to the port of entry and the involvement of Mason Hirsh.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of goods from Hirsh & Bros. in Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 2, 1875. The record details the port of entry and indicates that Leopold Hirsh was involved in the transaction.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of three cases of black silk handkerchiefs from Canton, China, to New Orleans, Louisiana, via Philadelphia. The record indicates that J. Kohn & Bordier, merchants in New Orleans, were the consignees, with payment instructions to Samuel Moses in New Orleans on August 12, 1830. The final destination of the goods was the Rio Grande. The document is signed by Kohn's agent in New Orleans.

Printed and filled-out shipping record from Kaufman Bros. & Bondy, Jewish merchants of New York City, detailing the shipment of goods from Liverpool, England to Edinburgh, Scotland, arriving in the United States on November 6, 1862. The document indicates the port of entry and lists the goods shipped.

Shipping record detailing goods shipped from Guangzhou, China, to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on March 12, 1827, by J. Kohn & Bordier, merchants in New Orleans, with their agent's signature. The record indicates that M. C. Ralston & Latimer were also involved in the shipment.

Shipping record documenting the importation of Iodine Potash and Chlorate Potash by Rosengarten & Sons from Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 28, 1862. The record notes that the materials became part of Merck & Co. and that the company still existed in the late 20th century.

A signed shipping record dated June 12, 1832, documenting goods shipped between J. Kohn & Bordier in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Samuel Moss & Sons in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The record indicates that J. Kohn & Bordier were merchants in New Orleans, shipping goods to Moss in Philadelphia. This broadside is signed by an agent for J. Kohn & Bordier and bears the 'M' mark. The record is mentioned in Korn's book, "The Early Jews of New Orleans," on pages 122/303.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of goods between I. Kohn & Bordier in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Samuel Moss & Sons in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 18, 1832. The record is signed by an agent for I. Kohn & Bordier, a Jewish mercantile firm.

Shipping record documenting goods shipped from Samuel Moss & Sons in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to J. Kohn & Bordier in New Orleans, Louisiana on May 30, 1832. The record is signed by Joachim Kohn, agent for Samuel Moss & Sons. The document includes details about the shipment and is marked with the "M" mark of Samuel Moss & Sons.

Shipping manifest detailing the inland transport of goods from New York City to Philadelphia via New Jersey, arriving December 30, 1806. The manifest includes an oath sworn by Joseph Gratz as collector, attesting to the accuracy of the listed goods. The document is dated December 31, 1806, but refers to the goods' departure from New York on July 20, 1806.

Two shipping documents detailing a shipment from Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 13, 1856, by Simon Levine & Son. The documents list the port of entry as Philadelphia and specify Liverpool as the point of origin.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of wine from T. I. Tobias in New York, New York to Dunlop, Moncure & Co. in Richmond, Virginia on August 25, 1835. Printed by Solomon H. Jackson at 163 Chatham Street, New York.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of wine from T. I. Tobias in New York, New York to Jacob Levy in New Orleans, Louisiana on January 23, 1835. Printed by Solomon H. Jackson at 163 Chatham Street, New York.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of wine from T. I. Tobias in Petersburg, Virginia, to New York, New York. Printed by Solomon H. Jackson at 163 Chatham Street, New York, New York, October 17, 1835.

Shipping record documenting the receipt of merchandise by T. I. Tobias in New York from a family member in Liverpool, England, on April 15, 1835. The record indicates a shipment of cloth. T.I. Tobias was from a well-known Jewish merchant family.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of wine from T. I. Tobias in New York, New York to Jacob Levy in New Orleans, Louisiana on November 13, 1835. Printed by Solomon H. Jackson at 163 Chatham Street, New York.

Four port of entry documents detailing shipments of raw materials to Rosengarten & Sons in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from Liverpool, England between October 1, 1873, and September 13, 1880. The documents are part of a larger collection that later describes the acquisition of Rosengarten & Sons by Merck of Germany and the subsequent formation of Merck & Co. in the United States after World War I.

Sight draft from David Franks in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to his brother Moses Franks in London, England, dated July 30, 1772. The document is a receipt for a financial transaction, measuring 4" x 8". David Franks was a partner in Gratz Bros. and Joseph Simon, involved in supplying goods for the fur trade. Moses Franks was a major supplier to the Crown during the French and Indian War. This document exemplifies trans-oceanic family business transactions during the period.

Handwritten store bill from Julius Ash & Co., New Bern, North Carolina, dated October 22, 1866. The one-page document includes a revenue stamp and details the sale of general store items such as cotton, drawers, scissors, shoes, and a trunk to J. F. Suggs and Josia Wooten.

Collection of eight telegrams, sent between April and September 1878, from Yuma to Tucson, Arizona. The messages, primarily sent by David Neahr, forwarding agent for L.M. Jacobs & Co., concern financial transactions, shipping of goods, and delivery details. The telegrams bear the imprint of the War Department, Signal Service, U.S.A. (Form No. 1).

Book titled "THE OLD MERCHANTS OF NEW YORK CITY...FOURTH SERIES" by Asher Mark and Jacob Mark. Published in 1866. This work focuses on the mercantile history of New York City, featuring biographical information and accounts of prominent merchants.

This trade card advertises Altman & Co., located at 31 and 33 Washington Avenue South, Minneapolis, Minnesota. The front of the card features a wintry scene with a red rose and birds. The back of the card contains more information about the business. [Altman & Co. was a branch of the Buffalo, New York-based wholesale and retail company owned by Isaac, Henry, and Julius Altman and David Rosenau. The Minneapolis store opened in 1888 and was managed by W.H. MacWatters. In 1897 the store was purchased by Minneapolitan Frank G. Raichle and renamed The Surprise Store, a clothing, hat, and furnishings business.]

This trade card features an Art Nouveau design of a young blond-haired boy, advertising Arthur Kohn. It is a classic trade card with an elegant feel, with a red border and a black and white illustration. The card indicates the store is located at the corner of 2nd and Morrison Streets, Portland, Oregon. The business description indicates that Arthur Kohn offers a variety of clothing items, including clothing, hats, tailoring services, and other general merchandise. The back of the card is blank.

The front of this trade card features a colorful floral design with red roses. The text on the front indicates the business is located at 25 North Eighth Street. The back of the card includes a full advertisement that lists the products sold by Charles Kaufman's, including laces of all descriptions, gloves, and buttons.

This trade card advertises E. Essmann's dry goods store in San Francisco, California. The front of the card features an illustration of a rural scene, possibly depicting a farm road and a hay harvest. The back of the card is a full advertisement, and it indicates that foreign languages are spoken. The address of the store is listed as 1022 Market Street, opposite Fifth Street, and 17 Eddy Street, opposite the Tivoli.

This trade card advertises E. Gross, a business located at 701 Brown Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a charming illustration of children making a snowman. The children are dressed in winter clothing and are smiling as they build the snowman. The background is a snowy landscape, suggestive of wintertime in the city of Philadelphia. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Friedberger & Strouse, wholesale and retail dry goods merchants located at 111, 113, and 115 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia. The card features a colorful image of a bouquet of roses. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises J. Borgenski's, a clothing store located at 458 North Second Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts two children playing at the seashore. One child is holding a basket, and the other is holding a doll. The children are standing on the beach with a wooden railing in the background. The image is simple and charming. The back of the card includes a full advertisement for the business, suggesting a large Jewish family was associated with the business.

This trade card advertises J. Feld & Co., a merchant tailor located at 1152 Market Street, San Francisco, California. The front of the card features a scenic illustration of a man and a woman fishing in a tranquil setting. The card features a blue and green color scheme. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises J. Levy & Son, a dry goods merchant located at 1207 Market St. Wheeling, West Virginia. It was published in 1884, and features a large, red fan with roses on the front. The back of the card is filled with advertisements for various products.

This trade card advertises J. Romansky & Co., wholesale merchants in St. Louis, Missouri. The front of the card lists the types of products the company bought and sold, including feathers, beeswax, ginseng, hides, furs, wool, sheepskins, and country produce. The address of the business is listed as 11 S. Main Street. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Jacob Laubenstein, a merchant in Collinsville, Connecticut. The card features a colorful illustration of a man holding a large, ornate key. He is surrounded by a variety of goods, including a barrel, a bag of flour, a basket, and a clock. The design is whimsical and suggests a well-stocked general store. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Joe Poheim, a merchant in San Francisco, California. The front of the card features an illustration of a family of mice dressed in human clothes, enjoying a picnic. The mice are seated at a table, eating and drinking, with a basket full of food next to them. There are also a few smaller mice running around the table, adding a humorous touch to the scene. The card has a red border. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Julius Saul, a clothing merchant located at 324 & 326 River Street, Troy, New York. The front of the card features an illustration of a young girl in a dark dress and white apron tending to a goat. She appears to be feeding the animal. A wooden fence and trees are in the background. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Kline & Bro., clothing merchants located at 605 Hamilton Street in Allentown, Pennsylvania. The card features a sailor boy standing on the deck of a sailing vessel, suggesting that Kline & Bro. may have sold sailor-related clothing or supplies. The illustration depicts a single mast with the ship's sails partially unfurled. The card's back is blank.

This trade card advertises Louis Golder, a dry goods merchant located at the Northwest corner of Howard and Tenth Streets in San Francisco, California. The front of the card features a simple image of a rose in a vase. The back of the card contains a full advertisement for Golder's business.

This trade card advertises Louis Snider's Sons, a paper goods merchant at 121 Walnut Street in Cincinnati, Ohio. The front of the card features a decorative design incorporating seashells. The back of the card advertises trade cards for $8.00 per 1,000. The card has a red border.

This trade card advertises R. Frauenthal, a dry goods merchant located at 29 S. Main Street, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a large portrait of a young woman wearing a white feathered hat. She is depicted in a formal, elegant manner, likely intended to convey the quality and refinement of Frauenthal's merchandise. The portrait is surrounded by a decorative border and includes a small illustration of a man in a suit and holding a cane, possibly indicating the availability of clothing and accessories for men. The back of the card is not visible in the scan.

This trade card advertises Rosenbaum & Co., a dry goods store located at 208 North Eighth Street, Philadelphia. The front of the card depicts a child tossing a pillow in the air with an exaggerated expression. The back of the card has a full advertisement.

This trade card for S. Wertheimer, a dry goods merchant, features a child holding a balance scale. The card includes the address 701 & 703 North 2nd Street. The back of the card is blank. There is a second trade card with the same information, but it has a slightly different design.

This trade card advertises Shoneman Brothers, located at 116, 118, & 120 North Eighth Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card displays an illustration of two men in a forest hunting. One man is holding a bow and arrow while the other carries a dead deer. The back of the card lists the store's products: ornaments, silks, fringes, buttons, handmade leather satchels, and pocketbooks.

This trade card advertises Simeon Levy, a dealer in imported and domestic kid gloves. The front of the card, with red text on a white background, states that the office is located at 19 Summer Street in Boston. The back of the card is blank. The card has a red border.

This trade card advertises Weichselbaum & Schwamenfeld, manufacturers of quilts and jobbers in dry goods, located at 548 North Second Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts a charming domestic scene. The back of the card provides more detailed information about the business, including its address and the products it offers.

Trade card advertising Doring Brothers, merchants located at 363 Fulton Street, corner of 4th Street, in New York City, circa 1885. The card depicts an Arab mail carrier on a camel and advertises watches, clocks, musical, optical, and draughting instruments, as well as unredeemed pledges at a bargain. This item is part of the O collection.

Trade card advertising Fechner Brothers, merchants selling watches, diamonds, paintings, and notions. The card lists two locations: 490 State Street, New Haven, and 62 State Street, Bridgeport, Connecticut. The card is circa 1885.

Trade card advertising the wine merchants Feld & Fine. The card shows an angled view of a building, possibly their establishment, located at the southwest corner of 6th and Main Streets in Cincinnati, Ohio. A full advertisement is printed on the reverse side. The card was displayed at a Library of Congress exhibit in Cincinnati in 2005. Circa 1885.

Trade card advertising Hart & Hinman, merchants located at 171 and 173 East Main Street. The card depicts an oxen pulling a wagon with two men, another man on the road leading. The advertisement includes the phrase "Wines Liquors and Cigars, Open Night and Day." Printed by Morrison, Card 496. Circa 1885.

Trade card advertising the services of Louis Lowenthal, Merchant Tailor, located at the corner of Cherry and Cotton Avenues in Macon, Georgia. The card is circa 1885.

Lithographed trade card advertising S. Goldman as a leading dry goods merchant in the Miami Valley, Ohio. The card features a lithograph of Goldman's head and indicates locations in Middletown and Farmersville, Ohio. Undated, but likely circa 1890.