Subject: International trade

Bill of exchange dated December 31, 1794, drawn by C. Dutih & Wachsmith in Rotterdam, Netherlands, and endorsed to Barnett & Co. of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The bill of exchange represents a transaction between businesses, highlighting international commerce between the Netherlands and the United States in the late 18th century. Nathan Barnett, who is mentioned in relation to this bill, was a member of Mikvah Israel and originally from Holland. His wife, Elizabeth (Sheprah) Barnett, later married Naphtaly Hart.

Bill of exchange for $444, written in Charleston, South Carolina on August 9, 1793, payable to Abraham Sasportas from Edmond Charles Genet, French Ambassador to the United States. The bill is endorsed on the verso by Abraham Sasportas. This document is a significant piece of Judaica Americana, highlighting the commercial activities of Abraham Sasportas, a prominent Jewish merchant in Charleston known for his trade with France and his later dealings with James Madison regarding British privateering.

Billhead of Haas Brothers, Importers and Wholesale Grocers, located at 100 & 102 California Street, San Francisco, California. Dated January 25, 1877. The billhead includes an invoice for goods, with the buyer listed as N.S. Trowbridge & Co., with an address of 99 Pearl Street in New York City. The billhead contains a list of items purchased, including a description of the quantities and prices. Terms of payment are listed as Payable in U.S. Gold Coin. The billhead is printed in a traditional Victorian style with bold lettering and decorative elements.

Billhead from Hoffman & Co., Importers and Wholesale Dealers in Fancy Goods, Embroideries, Ribbons, Laces, Millinery Goods, and Ladies’ Furnishing Goods, Dress Trimmings, Hair Nets, Perfumery, and a General Assortment of Small Wares. The bill is dated October 30, 1872, and is addressed to A. Cohn & Co. The bill lists various goods and prices. The billhead is decorated with ornate, hand-drawn lettering and includes the business address and a list of their products and services. It is printed on a standard commercial paper. The billhead features the address “17 and 19 Battery Street, near Bush, San Francisco.”

Billhead from J. W. Davidson & Co., importers of foreign & domestic dry goods, located at 101 & 103 Kearny St, NW Cor. Post, San Francisco. The bill lists items purchased by R. G. By & Lee, with a total of $711.1/4. The billhead features an image of a building labeled “The White House” with the date 1870 above the entrance, indicating it is an establishment of the J. W. Davidson & Co. The billhead includes ornate lettering and a decorative border surrounding the company name and address.

Invoice from L. Feldmann & Co., importers and wholesalers of wood and willow ware, located at 220 & 222 Front Street, San Francisco, California. Dated January 31, 1893. The bill includes an itemized list of items purchased, most likely for the Utica Mining Co. in San Francisco. The billhead features a printed header and includes details of the business, address, and transaction. It also notes that the company has branch offices in Melbourne, Australia; Sydney, Australia; and Portland, Oregon.

Invoice from Louis Rosenstein & Co. to George Blanchard & Co. for the purchase of bird food. The billhead lists the quantity and price for a purchase of 25 cases of bird food. The transaction took place on August 22, 1881 in New York, NY and included a shipping cost of $5. The billhead features an ornate header section with the name of the business and their services, an Excelsior Bird Food logo, and a hand-drawn bird cage. The business was located at Nos. 317 and 319 Greenwich St., New York, NY.

Invoice from M. L. Levy, importer of watches, jewelry, and watch materials, located at No. 14 John Street, room 3, New York, New York. Dated June 13, 1873. The bill lists a variety of watch parts and materials purchased by W. Hunt of Uniontown, Pennsylvania, including gold and silver watch parts, chains, and other items, with corresponding quantities and prices. The billhead is simple and features handwritten details in a plain style.

Invoice from Straus, Kohnstamm & Co., importers and wholesale dealers in crockery, china, and glassware. Located at Nos. 102 & 104 Battery Street, San Francisco. Dated August 7, 1877. The bill lists an itemized list of items sold to N. S. Trowbridge & Co. The billhead features a vignette of a silver pitcher and uses red and black ink for printing.

Billhead from Bachman Bros., importers of foreign and domestic dry goods, located at 10 & 12 Battery Street, San Francisco, California. Dated June 6, 1877. The billhead also references N. S. Trowbridge & Co. of Tybo, Nevada.

A broadside advertisement for Wm. G. Meier & Co. leaf tobacco, addressed to J. H. Rottman in Bremen, Germany. The broadside includes a stamp and is undated, though estimated to be from around 1875. Published in New York, New York.

This business card advertises H. Lehmann, an importer of human hair and ornamental hair manufacturer, located at 1213 Broadway, between 29th and 30th Streets in New York City. The front of the card displays the business name and a description of their services, indicating that they specialize in importing human hair and manufacturing hair ornaments. The back of the card is blank. The image is primarily text-based, with the business information prominently displayed. The style is typical of late 19th-century business cards.

This business card advertises Rosenfeld Bros., clothing importers, located at 365 & 367 Broadway, New York, NY. The front of the card features the business name, 'ROSENFELD BROS.', prominently displayed in a stylized, uppercase font. Below the name, 'CLOTHING IMPORTERS' is also displayed. The address, '365 & 367 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NEW YORK', is clearly visible beneath. The design is simple and elegant, typical of business cards from the late 19th century. The back of the card is blank. The card's overall color scheme is monochromatic and understated.

A stampless business letter written by Henry Tobias in Liverpool, England to Charles Tobias in New York City on March 13, 1840. The letter discusses the poor state of business. The Tobias family was known for its involvement in the clock and watch industry.

A two-page commercial letter written in neat, small handwriting by Leech Harrison & Co. of Liverpool, England, to H. & C. Tobias in New York City on September 30, 1840. The letter discusses the political climate in Europe, predicting the avoidance of war, and provides a detailed trade report and market analysis focusing on cotton and flour.

A two-page commercial letter dated July 31, 1840, from Leech, Harrison & Co. in Liverpool, England, to H. & C. Tobias in New York, New York. The letter provides a detailed trade report and analysis of cotton, flour, and overall market conditions, including predictions about American crops. The writers express a generally optimistic outlook on the return of confidence in trade.

Commercial letter from M. I. Tobias & Co. in Liverpool, England, to Henry Tobias in New York, New York, dated June 18, 1844. The letter pertains to business matters.

Four-page letter detailing a commodities report from Bunge & Co. in Amsterdam, dated August 27, 1846. The report covers various commodities including sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotton, rice, ashes, and whale oil. The letter was likely sent to the firm of Tobias in New York City.

Export/Import Certificate issued to Joshua Moses for the exportation of goods from the Port of New York and for the importation of goods into Philadelphia. Dated March 2, 1832.

Two handwritten legal documents from New York City, dated August 28 and 29, 1834, and December 26, 1834, detail a suit brought by Benedict Joseph against the United States Government. The case involves the alleged undervaluation of imported goods—72 telescopes, 20 gross of steel pens, and one gross of imitation quills—purchased by Joseph's mother in London, England. The documents include affidavits, witness lists, and information about the transfer of the case to Judge Samuel R. Betts' chambers. The documents offer a glimpse into 19th-century legal practices and international trade, with a focus on a Jewish merchant family's transatlantic business dealings. One document is three pages long (two sheets, both sides written on), while the other is a single page.

This letter book contains correspondence from Tobias I. Tobias, written in New York City between August 8, 1816, and March 12, 1817. The letters detail his business dealings in the import and export of watches, gold chains, furs, cloth, and other goods with various business partners in London and New York City. The volume also includes personal letters and family matters.

This letter book documents the business and personal correspondence of Tobias I. Tobias in London from August 21, 1815, to June 15, 1816. The 37-leaf volume contains 44 letters, detailing his mercantile activities, including dealings in watches, clothes, cordage, boots, shoes, butcher knives, and razor cases. The letters also reveal personal matters, family concerns, and financial difficulties, with frequent communication with his brother, Samuel I. Tobias, in New York City. The book provides insight into Tobias I. Tobias's trading practices, relationships with clients and associates, and the challenges he faced during this period. Many letters are signed "T.I.T." or "Tobias."

Two-page letter written by Aaron B. Nones in Les Cayes, Haiti, to S. I. Tobias & Co. in New York City on March 12, 1819. The letter discusses sales of cologne water, lists prices of various commodities, requests references to Mr. Harbeck and colleagues, and notes the opportunities for business ventures in Haiti.

Two-page letter written by Aaron B. Nones in Les Cayes, Haiti, to S. I. Tobias & Co. in New York City on August 7, 1819. Nones reports on the sales of cologne water, lists prices of various commodities, and discusses his inability to sell silks due to French imports.

A one-page letter written by Aaron B. Nones in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, to S. I. Tobias & Co. in New York City on February 9, 1819. Nones reports on his arrival in Haiti, the poor prospects for sales due to a large influx of goods from France, and his intention to travel to Aux Cayes to sell goods for Tobias & Co. He expresses gratitude for the hospitality received in New York City. Nones is identified as the son of Benjamin Nones, a patriot of the American Revolutionary War. A related 1825 legal document from New York City, in which Nones is a defendant in a civil matter, is also part of this collection.

Autograph letter, double-signed by Aaron Lopez and John Hyer, dated circa 1770. Lopez instructs Hyer to sell "Jew beef tongues" in Kingston, Jamaica, and to purchase molasses. The letter also mentions Captain Wright and potential war with Spain. It reveals the extensive reach of Lopez's business network, including contacts in the Falkland Islands, West Indies, Madeira, Lisbon, Gibraltar, Cadiz, and Barbados.

A four-page letter, plus four cross-hatched pages of writing, from Abraham Joseph in London to Tobias I. Tobias in New York City, dated May 12, 1823. The letter discusses family matters, including the birth of Tobias I. Tobias's son, and commercial affairs, mentioning the Rothschilds. The letter is written in English.

A single-page letter, the eleventh of fourteen, written on April 16, 1781, in Hartford, Connecticut, by Caleb Bull to Aaron Lopez. The letter details general business matters concerning the sale of Lopez's goods, specifically rum and dry goods, on his account. This collection comprises fourteen letters dated between June 21, 1779, and October 1, 1781, covering trade conducted by or with Aaron Lopez or Joseph Lopez, and merchants Caleb Bull (1746-1797) and Josiah Blakeley of Hartford. The letters discuss business affairs and the challenges presented by the currency crisis of the time. The letters are stained, edge-worn, toned, and creased. Portions of several letters written by Bull are illegible due to water damage. The letters also discuss the use of Continental currency and the economic hardships during the American Revolution.

A single-page letter written on May 15, 1781, in Hartford, Connecticut, by Caleb Bull to Aaron Lopez. This is letter 12 of a 14-letter collection spanning June 21, 1779 to October 1, 1781. The letters detail business transactions between Bull and Lopez, focusing on trade in goods like rum, ostrich plumes, flour, and fish, and the challenges posed by the unstable Continental currency. The letter discusses the state of salmon fishing, Lopez's recent return from Newport, and the types of payment Lopez would accept. The letter displays signs of age and wear, including staining, edge wear, toning, creasing, and some illegible sections due to water damage.

A one-page letter written by Caleb Bull of Hartford, Connecticut, to Aaron or Joseph Lopez on February 12, 1781. The letter discusses a lawsuit against County Courts by Elsworth and includes details about a financial transaction involving 9,000 Continental dollars. Bull also inquires about the availability of ostrich plumes and acceptable forms of payment, highlighting the instability of Continental currency during the American Revolution. This letter is part of a collection of fourteen letters (dated 6/21/1779 to 10/1/1781) concerning trade between Bull and Lopez, which included goods like rum, ostrich plumes, flour, and fish. The letters show the impact of the Currency Crisis of 1779 on business transactions. The physical condition of the letter is noted as stained, edge-worn, toned, creased, and with portions illegible due to water damage.

A one-page, stampless letter written by Charles Tobias in Liverpool, England, to Henry Tobias in New York, New York on August 31, 1841. The letter discusses general business news, mentioning buttons, terry silks, and satin.

A two-page letter written by Charles Tobias in Kidderminster, England, on May 26, 1841, to his brother Henry Tobias in New York City. The letter discusses business matters related to the button trade, family news, and Charles's travels and lodging at the Lion Hotel.

A three-page, stampless letter written by Charles Tobias in Liverpool, England, to Henry Tobias in New York City on August 17, 1841. The letter discusses Charles's recovery from an operation, business matters concerning braid and silk, and indicates a misunderstanding between the two brothers regarding business practices, specifically the sending of invoices and instructions.

A three-page, stampless business letter written by Charles Tobias in Liverpool, England, to Henry Tobias in New York, New York, dated July 11, 1841. The letter discusses business matters, including collection issues and purchases.

A two-page, stampless letter written by Charles Tobias in Liverpool, England, on August 3, 1841, to his brother Henry Tobias in New York City. Charles describes his travels, a recent illness requiring an operation, and details purchases of gold rings, chains, and hairpins made in Paris with M.I. Tobias & Co.

A four-page letter written by Charles Tobias in Liverpool, England, on August 6, 1841, to Henry Tobias in New York City. The letter details various purchases, including cloth, doeskins, watches, and paste diamonds. Charles Tobias also describes his illness and impending surgery.

Three-page letter written by Charles Tobias in Liverpool, England on June 17, 1841, to Henry Tobias in New York City. The letter primarily discusses business matters, including orders for jewelry, silk, velvet, and knives placed in Paris on June 11, 1841. It also includes personal details expressing concern over Henry's spending habits and his emotional state.

A three-page letter written by Charles Tobias in London, England on July 21, 1841, to Henry Tobias in New York City. The letter details business transactions, including orders for jewelry and knives from Paris, financial difficulties, and a health update.

A one-and-a-half-page letter written by Fred M. Tobias in Liverpool, England, on April 7, 1838, to his cousin Charles Tobias in New York City. The letter discusses family matters, including the potential return of Fred and his brother Henry to America at their father's request. It also details the challenges faced by British merchants selling goods in America due to high import duties and mentions a scheme to circumvent these duties. The letter further mentions that George is ill and that this increases Fred's workload.

A two-page, stampless letter written by George Tobias in Liverpool, England, on November 7, 1837, to Henry Tobias in New York City. The letter primarily discusses business matters, mentioning potential market improvements, speculation impacting inventory, and an anticipated price drop after Christmas.

Autograph document signed by Moses Michael Hays and Myer Polock, written to Michael Gratz on September 13, 1768. The letter details losses to be recovered in Amsterdam on insurance ordered by Isaac Elizer, providing an accounting of insurance payments for numerous losses in pounds and guilders. The two-page letter includes an autograph address panel with a New York postmark and bishop's mark. This letter exemplifies cross-Atlantic insurance interactions.

A two-page business letter written by Henry Tobias in Liverpool, England, on March 31, 1837, to Thomas Peck. Sent via the packet ship "George Washington," the letter discusses the failures of houses in America within the context of the Panic of 1837.

A business letter written by Henry Tobias of M. L. Tobias & Co. in Liverpool, England, dated April 15, 1843. The letter was sent to an unspecified recipient in New York City. The content of the letter pertains to business matters. The letter is stampless.

Two-page letter from Henry Tobias in Liverpool, England, to Charles Tobias in New York City, dated April 27 and May 1, 1838. The letter discusses the appointment of Henry and Charles as agents for their cousins George and Fred Tobias, Henry's hope to receive money from Uncle Asher, a suggestion of a loan from Uriah Hendricks, and the takeover of the family firm by the sons. The letter mentions American papers.

A two-and-a-quarter page stampless letter written by Henry Tobias in Liverpool, England to Charles Tobias in New York City on May 7, 1838. The letter details business matters concerning two boxes of watches for Read & Taylor, Fellows & Wadsworth, and instructions to contact Hutchinson, Reed, Leseure, McGean, Farr, and Dixon regarding notes payable.

A 2 1/2 page letter written by Henry Tobias in London, England, on December 3, 1841, to Charles Tobias in New York City. The letter discusses general business matters, including cloth and buttons, and the health and affairs of Asher Tobias, who is planning a trip to America. Henry seeks assistance from Uriah Hendrick regarding Asher's financial matters.

A 2 1/2 page letter from Henry Tobias in London, England to Charles Tobias in New York City, dated May 19, 1838. Henry announces receiving 1000 pounds from Uncle Asher, using the funds to purchase approximately 550 pounds worth of goods to be shipped to Charles, anticipating a handsome profit. He also mentions purchasing a new sign for the store.

A two-page stampless letter written by Henry Tobias in London, England on January 3, 1841, to Charles Tobias in New York, New York. The letter details business transactions involving goods such as buttons, velvet, and silk, including discussions of discounts and sales.

A three-page, stampless letter from Henry Tobias in Manchester, England, to Charles Tobias in New York City, dated November 28, 1841. The letter discusses general business matters, including watches, gold dials, braid, silk, and moleskins.

Four-page letter from Henry Tobias in Paris to Charles Tobias in New York City, dated December 26 and 31, 1841. The letter details Henry's business trip, including invoices and a request for funds due to unexpected expenses.

A copy of a one-page business letter written by Henry Tobias in Liverpool, England to Low & Berry in Paris, France on March 20, 1837. The letter is part of a letter book.

One-page business letter written by Henry Tobias in Liverpool, England on April 10, 1838 to Low & Berry in Paris, France. The letter is a copy from a letterbook.

A business letter written by Henry Tobias in Liverpool, England to M. I. Tobias & Co. in New York, New York, on December 4, 1843. The letter pertains to business matters, reflecting the commercial activities of the Tobias family, known for their involvement in the clock and watch industry.

A two-page stampless letter written by Henry Tobias in Manchester, England on January 11, 1836, to T. I. Tobias in New York City. The letter discusses business matters, specifically the arrival of Mr. Peck's shipment in England and Henry's upcoming travel to London and Paris.

A single-page letter written on January 8, 1779, in Hartford, Connecticut, by Josiah Blakeley to Aaron Lopez. This letter, the second in a series of fourteen, discusses commercial matters. The collection contains correspondence between Blakeley and Lopez (or Joseph Lopez), and Caleb Bull, all merchants in Hartford, spanning from June 21, 1779, to October 1, 1781. The letters address business dealings, including the supply of goods like rum, ostrich plumes, flour, and fish, and the challenges posed by the currency crisis of 1779. The letters reveal the instability of Continental currency and its impact on trade. The physical condition of the letters shows signs of age, including staining, edge wear, toning, creasing, and water damage affecting legibility.

A single-page commercial letter dated January 27, 1857, from M. B. Isaacs in Barbados to Messrs. McGilvery & Co. in Portland, Maine. The letter discusses market prices and the availability of various goods, including lumber and fish. It's signed by M.B. Isaacs, with a notation that it was written by his clerk, John T. Potter.

A one-page stampless letter written by Michael I. Tobias in Liverpool, England to his brother, Tobias I. Tobias in New York, New York, dated December 7, 1833. The letter declines an order from T.I. Tobias due to concerns about profitability and comments on the poor quality of apples previously received.

A three-page letter from Michael I. Tobias in Liverpool, England, to his brother, Tobias I. Tobias, in New York, New York, dated December 7, 1836. The letter discusses business matters, specifically the shipping of knives and forks, and details the tight credit situation in London and the significant discount on bills of exchange, highlighting economic conditions in both the United Kingdom and the United States.

A one-page stampless business letter from N. Hart in London, England, to T. I. Tobias in New York, New York, dated November 28, 1822. The letter discusses accounts and mentions Tobias's illness (gout).

Two-page letter from N. Mears, formerly of Jerusalem, residing in Peckham, Surrey, London, to Michael I. Tobias, a watchmaker in Liverpool, England, dated March 14, 1823. Mears details a debt owed by Tobias related to a watch case draft that was dishonored due to the bankruptcy of a third party, Rosenberg. Mears discusses previous attempts to collect payment, including a visit to Tobias in New York City by an associate, and indicates that if payment is not made, he will pursue legal action.

A two-page letter written by Nathaniel Isaacs on Matakong Island, Sierra Leone, to E. D. Kimball in Salem, Massachusetts, on February 18, 1861. Isaacs discusses business opportunities, specifically the sale of hides and India rubber, and the impact of the impending American Civil War on trade between Africa and the United States. The letter reveals Isaacs's entrepreneurial activities in West Africa and his efforts to navigate the complexities of international trade during a period of political unrest.

A commercial letter dated July 14, 1857, from Newton Keates & Co. in Liverpool, England, to Hendricks Brothers in New York, New York. The letter pertains to business matters related to the Hendricks copper dynasty.

A two and three-quarter page letter (4.5" x 8") written by Thomas Ward in London, England to Tobias I. Tobias in New York, New York on April 9, 1852. The letter primarily discusses business matters, including hose, bitters, and sardines, and also contains some personal gossip.

A two-and-a-half page letter from Tobias I. Tobias in New York City to his brother, Mike Tobias (likely in England), dated January 24 and February 1, 1836. The letter discusses business matters, specifically the high prices of French brandy due to the possibility of war and suggests purchasing Pope Brandy instead. A later portion discusses clover seed purchases by Cohen in Baltimore for Rothschild and advises on selling due to oversupply.

A one-and-a-half page stampless letter written by Tobias I. Tobias in New York City on January 24, 1836, to his brother Mike (likely residing in England). The letter primarily discusses business matters concerning shipments of seed, rum, and barley.

A one-page letter (8 1/4 x 7 in.; 211 x 178 mm) written in New York on January 15, 1729/30, by William Bradford Jr. to Johann David Wolf. Bradford instructs Wolf to contact Mr. Abrah Sandford and Mr. Gomez in Barbados to inquire about rum shipment and the delivery of money in exchange for flower and bread. The letter contains a chart on the verso in an unidentified hand. The document is signed by William Bradford Jr. and shows some signs of age, including folds and pin-sized holes. Bradford was the grandson of William Bradford, the official printer of the First Continental Congress.

A one-and-a-half-page letter (10" x 8") written by William Page in London, England on December 23, 1859, to Tobias I. Tobias in New York City. The letter quotes prices for wine.

One-page letter (10" x 8") written by William Page in London on July 6, 1855, to Tobias I. Tobias in New York City. The letter confirms an order and requests insurance.

One-page letter (10" x 8") written by William Page in London, England, on June 22, 1855, to Tobias I. Tobias in New York City. The letter provides an update on a shipment in progress, including details.

A note payable signed by Naphtali Hart, factoring a note from William Vernon of London, dated April 2, 1743, with a related transaction from January 23, 1745, between William Vernon and Naphtali and Samuel Hart. This financial record reflects early transatlantic commercial activity and indicates high interest rates in the period. The document originates from Newport, Rhode Island.

Two separate Port of Entry documents for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, detailing the importation of cloth by Ostheimer Brothers from Vienna, Austria. The documents are dated August 5, 1886, and December 9, 1886.

Record of entry of cloth into Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from Paris, France on May 29, 1878. Shipped from Loeb Feres in Paris to Loeb Brothers, 57 North 3rd Street, Philadelphia. The document is signed by M. Loeb in Philadelphia.

Record of a port of entry for a shipment of Liebig Meat Extract. The shipment originated in London, England on November 30, 1886, and was destined for Eisner and Mendelson in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The consignor was Corneill David & Co. of London.

A two-sided broadside price list from Kuhn & Co., merchants from America, detailing over 100 products. Published in Genoa, Italy, in 1888.

A receipt listing numerous textile purchases, forwarded for the account of Henry & Charles Tobias in New York through Leech Harrison & Co. in Liverpool. The receipt, dated July 15, 1840, is a single folded sheet with two sides numbered 352 and 353; the verso is blank. The document indicates transactions between New York City and London/Liverpool, England, and Huddersfield, England. The document measures 8" x 10.5".

This document is a receipt and statement of account from J. A. Becker of Paris, France to Henry Tobias of New York, New York. The statement details a current account balance as of November 30, 1845. The receipt measures 8.5" x 11".

A receipt documenting a statement of account between William Page of London, England and I. J. Tobias of New York, New York, dated December 23, 1859. The document measures 7.5" x 10".

A two-sided receipt listing numerous textile purchases from three vendors (Thornton, Alterburg & Co., Pilling & Tanar, and T. Schuamn), priced in pounds sterling. The receipt, numbered 403 and 404, measures 8" x 10" and is believed to be a report from a London (or Liverpool) agent acting on behalf of Tobias. Circa 1840.

Request for insurance on four kegs of furs shipped from Providence, Rhode Island to London aboard the "Hope" by Moses David and Jacob Lopez, circa 1770. The document details the insurance request and includes information about the shipment and the parties involved.

Royal Warrant signed by King George III authorizing the transfer of £500 Capital India Stock from Samuel Fan Moses Mendes Da Costa of Amsterdam to A.D. Teisceira for investment in the British West Indies. The document, dated November 18, 1800, is signed by George III at the Court of St. James's, London, and countersigned by the Home Secretary, William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland. It references legislation from 1792-1798 designed to protect British economic interests during the Napoleonic Wars by preventing the enrichment of foreign governments. The document is one page, written and printed on laid watermarked cream paper with an embossed seal, and measures 7.875" x 11.375".

Shipping record detailing the arrival of stationary from London, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 18, 1857. The recipient is Henry Cohen. The document is a broadside.

Shipping record detailing the arrival of the barque Louisa Gallagher in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 7, 1842. The record notes Rosengarten as the port of entry and lists boxes of buttons among the cargo. The document includes the names of several individuals associated with the shipment, including Richard L. Howells and Jacob Dewees.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of goods from Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by Gans Leberman & Co. on May 13, 1856. The record indicates the port of entry and details of the shipment.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of caustic soda from Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on January 13, 1868 by Guggenheim, Drefuss & Co. The record notes the port of entry as ASD and mentions Myer Guggenheim, founder of the Guggenheim mining empire.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of numerous stationary items from Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, between June 17 and August 19, 1857. The record indicates that Henry Cohen & Co. were the shippers, and John Fisher the recipient. The document also notes Levison as attorney for the Cohen family.

Shipping record detailing the arrival of the ship Hercules in New York City from Liverpool, England on August 28, 1817. The record indicates the involvement of Samuel I. Tobias and John Hudson.

Shipping record detailing a shipment of umbrella handles from Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on September 22, 1876. The record indicates the shipment was sent to Hirsh & Bro. in Philadelphia and includes information about the port of entry and the contents of the package.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of goods from Hirsh & Bros. in Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on April 3, 1876. The record notes a date of September 2, 1875, possibly indicating an earlier date related to the shipment's preparation. The document includes details related to the port of entry and the involvement of Mason Hirsh.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of goods from Hirsh & Bros. in Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 2, 1875. The record details the port of entry and indicates that Leopold Hirsh was involved in the transaction.

Shipping record documenting the importation of one box (12 pounds) of Hyson tea from Canton, China, into the District of New York by John A. Brown & Co. on the American ship "Italy", Master: Putnam. The document, dated December 30, 1831, includes the state seal and signatures of the inspector/collector (Bogart) and M.M. Noah.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of three cases of black silk handkerchiefs from Canton, China, to New Orleans, Louisiana, via Philadelphia. The record indicates that J. Kohn & Bordier, merchants in New Orleans, were the consignees, with payment instructions to Samuel Moses in New Orleans on August 12, 1830. The final destination of the goods was the Rio Grande. The document is signed by Kohn's agent in New Orleans.

Shipping record documenting goods shipped from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Liverpool, England, between September 3rd and 18th, 1821. The record is signed by an agent for R. & I. Phillips, Philadelphia agents for the Rothschilds. The 'P' mark is used by the firm.

Printed and filled-out shipping record from Kaufman Bros. & Bondy, Jewish merchants of New York City, detailing the shipment of goods from Liverpool, England to Edinburgh, Scotland, arriving in the United States on November 6, 1862. The document indicates the port of entry and lists the goods shipped.

Shipping record detailing the shipment from Havana, Cuba to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 15, 1847. The record indicates Hymen L. Lipman as the shipper and Louisa Gallagher as the recipient. The document includes details about the port of entry and mentions a stationary item (pencil with eraser).

Shipping record documenting the shipment of sheepskins from Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on August 1, 1881. The record indicates the port of entry as Philadelphia and lists Loeb & Bros. and Alex. Murphy & Co. as involved parties.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of embroidery from Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by Loeb & Schoenfeld. The record includes dates of shipment (March 22, 26, and April 8, 10, 1884) and port of entry information.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of calf skins from Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on June 13, 1876. The record indicates the port of entry and lists Loeb Brothers as the recipient.

Shipping record detailing goods shipped from Guangzhou, China, to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on March 12, 1827, by J. Kohn & Bordier, merchants in New Orleans, with their agent's signature. The record indicates that M. C. Ralston & Latimer were also involved in the shipment.

Shipping record documenting goods shipped by R. & I. Phillips of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Veracruz, Mexico on May 4, 1827. The record notes that R. & I. Phillips served as Philadelphia agents for the Rothschilds. The document is signed by David Lyon.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of chemicals from Switzerland to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania via Antwerp, Belgium. The record indicates that Rosengarten & Sons were the consignees and that the shipment arrived on August 27, 1877.

A shipping record documenting the shipment of various chemicals from Liverpool, England to Rosengarten & Sons in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 20, 1877. The record details the port of entry and notes that Rosengarten & Sons later became part of Merck & Co. and continued to exist in the late 20th century.

Shipping record documenting the importation of Iodine Potash and Chlorate Potash by Rosengarten & Sons from Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 28, 1862. The record notes that the materials became part of Merck & Co. and that the company still existed in the late 20th century.

Shipping record documenting the arrival of chemicals in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from Liverpool, England on September 6, 1873. The record indicates the port of entry and the involvement of Rosengarten & Sons.

Shipping record detailing the import of various chemicals from Emanuel Merck in Darmstadt, Germany, to Rosengarten & Sons in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, between November 15 and December 27, 1873. The shipment originated in Antwerp. This record shows that the chemicals became part of Merck & Co., and it still existed in the late 20th century.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of human hair embroidery from Antwerp, Belgium to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on May 17-18, 1881. The record indicates the port of entry as Philadelphia and lists Samuel Lehman in connection with the shipment.

Two shipping documents detailing a shipment from Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 13, 1856, by Simon Levine & Son. The documents list the port of entry as Philadelphia and specify Liverpool as the point of origin.

Four port of entry documents detailing shipments of raw materials to Rosengarten & Sons in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from Liverpool, England between October 1, 1873, and September 13, 1880. The documents are part of a larger collection that later describes the acquisition of Rosengarten & Sons by Merck of Germany and the subsequent formation of Merck & Co. in the United States after World War I.

Sight draft from David Franks in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to his brother Moses Franks in London, England, dated July 30, 1772. The document is a receipt for a financial transaction, measuring 4" x 8". David Franks was a partner in Gratz Bros. and Joseph Simon, involved in supplying goods for the fur trade. Moses Franks was a major supplier to the Crown during the French and Indian War. This document exemplifies trans-oceanic family business transactions during the period.

A set of six letters exchanged between H. J. Enthoven & Sons of London and Hendricks Bros. of New York between 1873 and 1877. Four letters date from 1873 and two from 1877. These letters document the business dealings between the two firms and offer insights into the European metals market. Some stamps have been removed, causing minor text loss in some letters. H. J. Enthoven & Sons is currently the largest single-site recycled lead producer in Europe.

A two-page business letter dated December 4, 1843, from Tobias, M.L. & Co. in England to Henry Tobias. The letter discusses the business's dealings in gold pencils, tin items, and apples. It also mentions difficulties in hiring men and requests 250 prime cigars. A third page, apparently from G.W. Tobias, adds a short update on the business. The letter is addressed to Henry Tobias in New York City, at a Nassau Street address. The Tobias family in England was known for watchmaking; many timepieces were sold through their relative in New York.

This trade card for A. Blum, located at 49 Broadway and 105 New Church Street, New York City, features a red border and a white background. On the front of the card, the business name appears at the top, and the two addresses are listed below. The card also lists 'Importer' and 'Wholesale & Retail', which suggests that A. Blum was involved in wholesale and retail food sales and imported goods. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises A. Cohen, an importer and dealer in china, glass, crockery, lamps, oil, and other goods. The card features a die-cut of a horseshoe with an owl sitting on it. The front of the card lists two addresses for the business: 673 Fulton Street and 201 Court Street, both in New York City. The back of the card is blank. [The collection also includes two crocks with the business's advertisement impressed on them.]

This trade card advertises Alfred Wolff & Co., a dry goods store located at 349 Larimer Street in Denver, Colorado. The front of the card features a comical illustration of a man wearing a hat and coat. The back of the card provides more detailed information about the business.

This trade card advertises the Denver Fur Company, owned by Rudolph Kalish & Co., located at 401 Lawrence Street, Denver, Colorado. The front of the card features a playful illustration of two men riding on a sled pulled by a polar bear. The sled is decorated with a box bearing the business address. The back of the card contains a full advertisement for Rocky Mountain Skins.

This trade card advertises Feigenbaum & Co., a business in San Francisco, California. The card features a girl standing next to an iron fence. The text on the front of the card lists the business's address as 21-29 Sutter Street and 520-526 Market Street, San Francisco. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Feigenbaum & Co., a business located at 526 Market Street and 21 to Sutter Street, San Francisco, California. The front of the card features a playful scene of a young boy interacting with a dog. The back of the card provides more detailed information about the business.

This trade card advertises G. Seeligson & Co., a wholesale grocery and commission merchant company in Galveston, Texas. The front of the card features a colorful illustration of a young Swiss child, likely promoting the sale of Silver Spoon baking powder. The back of the card provides the business address: Corner 24th and Mechanic Streets, Seeligson's Buildings.

This trade card advertises Gans Bros., a clothing store located at 219 Main Street, Evansville, Indiana. The front of the card depicts a cowboy roping a bull. The back of the card is a full advertisement for the business.

This trade card advertises Hugo Rosenstein, an artist's materials supplier located at 424 Sixth Avenue between 25th and 26th streets in New York City. The front of the card features a white background, with the business name and address printed in black. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises J.W. Davidson & Co., importers of foreign and domestic dry goods, located at 101 & 103 Kearny Street, San Francisco, California. The front of the card features a playful illustration of four young ladies playing blind man's bluff. The scene is set against a gold background. The back of the card provides more details about the business.

This trade card advertises Jos. Stiner & Co., importers and dealers in fine groceries, located at 663 Ninth Avenue, New York City. The card depicts a young girl standing on a beach with a view of a boat and a beach house in the distance. She wears a light-colored dress, holding a parasol. This card has a red border and a decorative pattern on the back.

This trade card advertises Kaufmann & Strauss, Art Publishers, located at 75 and 77 Duane Street, New York. The front of the card features a die-cut design with birds and a woman in a Japanese dress. The back of the card displays a full advertisement for this type of trade card, which is priced at $20 per 1,000. The card's use of a Japanese woman in a stereotyped pose could be considered racist.

This trade card advertises Kaufmann & Strauss, publishers located at 75 & 77 Duane Street in New York City. The front of the card displays a large, colorful illustration of an agricultural building. This illustration suggests that the publishers specialized in or had a particular interest in books and literature related to agriculture. The card is printed in a style suggestive of the late 19th century.

This trade card advertises the London & New York Plants Co., owned by S. Friedemann. The front of the card depicts a basket overflowing with a colorful assortment of artificial flowers. The address, 639 Broadway, New York, is prominently displayed on the front of the card. The back of the card lists the business name and address and states that their flowers are 'copied from nature.'

This trade card advertises Lyon Brothers, wholesale dry goods merchants located at 33 Cortland Street in New York City. The front of the card, which is printed in black ink, features a simple text layout that lists the name and address of the business. The card also advertises the fact that the business serves as an agent for Excelsior Buck Goods, Gloves, National Fire Works, and Mont Glen Paper Company. The back of the card is blank. The card is printed in a plain, simple style.

This trade card for M. Rosendorff & Sons, dry goods merchants, features a prominent illustration of red and yellow roses with an Irish harp. The design is simple and elegant, likely to appeal to customers of the time. The card includes the business address: 277 & 279 Grand Street, between Eldridge and Forsyth Streets, New York City. The card has a narrow border of a brown-black color. The back of the card is blank. The text on the card is in English.

This trade card advertises M. Schneider's hair and shaving dressing parlor, located at 396 Sixth Avenue near 24th Street in New York City. [It is interesting to note that the business also sold domestic and imported cigars.] The front of the card displays a hand holding a basket of white flowers. There is a red stripe on the sweater worn by the hand. The back of the card features a more detailed advertisement.

This trade card, likely from the 1880s, advertises N. A. Moses & Co., a clothing retailer located at 43 Tremont Street in Boston, Massachusetts. The front of the card features a stylized image of a young woman in a dress, potentially a design from their collection, and a Swiss flag. The image, likely meant to convey quality and European style, is highlighted by a pair of black shoes at the bottom of the card. It's possible the back of the card features a more detailed description of their merchandise, but the image provided shows only the front. The back of the card appears to be blank.

This trade card advertises N. A. Moses & Co., boot and shoe merchants in Boston. The card is shaped like a boot, colored in pale orange, with depictions of boots, shoes, and laces. The back is blank.

This trade card advertises N. A. Moses & Co., an importer and wholesale dealer located at 43 Tremont Street, Boston, Massachusetts. The card's front features an illustration of a young child, possibly a baby, wearing Chinese clothing and playing with toy trucks. The back of the card is blank.

This is one of two trade cards advertising N.A. Moses & Co., a clothing importer and wholesaler located in Boston, Massachusetts. The front of the card features a Dutch girl on skates. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises the business of Nathan Frank, a dry goods merchant located at 3 Eagle Block, Ford Street, in Ogdensburg, New York. The front of the card features an elegant woman having her dress sewn by a small figure, perhaps representing a seamstress or a tailor. This image highlights Frank's offering of high-quality goods and tailoring services. The back of the card includes a full advertisement for the business.

This trade card advertises Rosenthal's, a clothing merchant with locations at 107, 109, and 111 Kearny Street in San Francisco, California. The card also lists a location at 147 First Street, Portland, Oregon. The front of the card features a purple shoe facing the opposite direction, flowers, a pamphlet, and two bees flying in the upper right-hand corner. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises S. Baum & Co., wholesale clothiers located at 34 Walker Street in New York City. The front of the card features a simple design with the company name and address printed in black ink on a white background. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises the business of S. Bine, a retailer of laces, embroideries, and fancy goods. The card features a terrier dog standing on its hind legs with its paws crossed. The dog is holding an advertisement in its mouth, which promotes S. Bine's business. The back of the card features an advertisement for S. Bine's business. It includes the store's address: 130 Kearny Street, near Sutter, San Francisco, California. It also lists S. Bine's New York office address: 101 Franklin Street, New York. [S. Bine was previously in business with Lazarus Kline and Julius Kahn.]

This trade card advertises S. Hirschberg, an importer and dealer in diamonds, watches, and jewelry, located at 230 North Eighth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a decorative border with floral designs, including roses and blue flowers. The back of the card is blank. [The business was established in 1860.]

This trade card advertises the business of S. Hirschberg, an importer and dealer in diamonds, watches, and jewelry. The front of the card features a colorful illustration of a bouquet of pink carnations and blue flowers against a white background with gold text. The back of the card is blank. It also states that the business was established in 1860. The card includes the address of the business, 230 North Eighth Street, Philadelphia, PA.

This trade card advertises S. Hirschberg, an importer and dealer in diamonds, watches, jewelry, and other goods, located at 230 North Eighth Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a colorful image of roses and lilies. The back of the card is blank. The business was established in 1860.

This trade card advertises W. Silverberg, located at 221 Sixth Avenue, New York. The card features a beautiful basket of flowers. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Wangenheim, Sternheim & Co., a business located at 27 & 29 Sutter St. and 528 & 530 Market St. in San Francisco, California. The front of the card features an illustration of three children playing next to a fence. The back of the card provides additional information about the business and the goods they sell. The back of the card also lists the business's telephone number. The trade card has matching billheads.

This trade card advertises Z. Horikoshi & Co., a business represented by Clarence C. Stein. The card features a decorative pattern on the front, with a red border. It is a simple card with no graphic design beyond the text. The text reads, '32, GREEN STREET,' 'REPRESENTS Z. HORIKOSHI & CO.,' 'TELEPHONE 1648 SPRING.' [The business was likely located in Paris, France, and imported goods from Japan.] The card is from the late 1880s or early 1890s. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Frank Bros., dry goods merchants in New York City. The front of the card features text stating the business's address, "44 Ann Street," and mentions "The Hebrew Ladies' Benevolent Society," noting its founding date (March 3, 1875) and listing Hugo Frank as President in 1901. The back of the card is blank. [There is additional information about Hugo Frank and his brothers that might be useful to research further to add more context about this business.].

This trade card advertises L. Hirschberg & Co.'s Diamond Palace, a jewelry store located at 119 East Madison Street, near Clark Street, in Chicago, Illinois. The front of the card features an image of what appears to be the Parthenon, a classical Greek temple, possibly suggesting the store's grandeur or the quality of its merchandise. The architectural style and the use of the Parthenon as imagery would have been consistent with late 19th-century advertising aesthetics. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises M. H. Levin, an importer of Havana tobacco and dealer in all kinds of tobacco. The front of the card features text-based advertisement that reads "IMPORTER OF HAVANA AND DEALER IN ALL KINDS OF TOBACCO." and the street address 162 PEARL STREET. The back of the card is blank.

Trade card advertising M. Hamburger's business, located at 306 Broadway, New York City, and 59 Oranienburger, Berlin, Germany. The card advertises "Scrap Pictures, Cards & Novelties." Circa 1885.

This trade card advertises Philip Bissinger & Co., as "Sole Agents for the Bohemian Garnet Jewelry." The front of the card displays the company's name and address prominently: 22 John Street, New York. It also notes their London office: 9 Ely Place, Holburn Circus. The design is simple and elegant, focusing on the textual information. The back of the card is blank. The image is primarily text-based, lacking elaborate illustrations.

Trade card for Sussfeld, Lorsch & Co., importers of optical and mathematical instruments, watchmakers' tools, and materials. The card lists their New York City address as 13 Maiden Lane and their Paris address as 27 Rue de Paradis Poissonniere. It also notes their participation in a Centennial Exhibition. Undated, but likely from around 1876.

Two commercial letters written in 1838. The first, dated May 16, 1838, is from M. I. Tobias & Co. in Liverpool, England, to Henry and Charles Tobias in New York City. The correspondent mentions a letter from the executor of their deceased parent and discusses business matters, particularly orders and inventory levels for Philadelphia clients. The second letter, dated May 29, 1838, from Fred Tobias in Liverpool to Charles Tobias in New York, mentions Henry's departure for New York and sends family greetings.