Subject: Fur trade

Folded booklet advertisement for raw furs, listing prices. Published in New York City on March 1, 1910. The advertisement lists an address of 28.30 East 12th Street.

A full-page advertisement for Warenoff Furs, importers and exporters of raw furs and ginseng, located at 142 West 27th Street. The advertisement appeared in a publication in 1915. The advertisement states that the business was established in 1911.

This item consists of a two-sided advertisement for Joseph Ullmann, a furrier located at 165 & 167 Mercer Street in New York City. One side features a calendar for the year, prominently displaying the address. The reverse side contains an advertisement with instructions on how to ship furs and skins to Ullmann. [J. Ullmann was the Treasurer of Ahabath Achim Kalhal in St. Paul.]

A single folio sheet (15 1/2" x 10 1/4") arbitration agreement between Lucius Levy Solomons and Thomas McCord, owner of the Montreal Distillery Co., dated February 14, 1785. The document is written on both sides. This legal document is part of a larger collection related to the business dealings of Lucius Levy Solomons, a prominent American/Canadian commercial figure.

Invoice from I. Altman & Co., manufacturers and importers of furs, buffalo, and fancy robes, located at No. 49 Griswold Street, Detroit, Michigan. The bill is dated December 22, 1865 and lists an item purchased by a buyer named M. Soule. It includes a written description of the item purchased (likely a fur garment), the cost, a handwritten total at the bottom, and a handwritten note stating “Detroit, Dec. 22, 1865”. The billhead displays a company name with ornate lettering and a framed header with the business address and details.

Price list for furs and skins, printed by Kakas Bros., shippers and manufacturers located at 34 and 36 Bedford Street, Boston, Massachusetts. Dated November 15, 1885. The list includes prices for various types of furs and skins, including bear, beaver, cat, fisher, fox, mink, muskrat, marten, lynx, otter, raccoon, and skunk. The price list provides both a price range and a specific price per item. The billhead uses simple black and white print with a framed header section.

A billhead from Koshland Bros., Commission Merchants, located at 180, Corner Front & Main Streets, Portland, Oregon. Dated October 31, 1873. The billhead notes that Koshland Bros. pays the highest cash price for wool, hides, and furs. It is likely a record of a transaction with the Bank of British Columbia. The billhead includes a decorative border and a company name in a script font.

Billhead from S. Horkheimer & Co., dealers in wool, sheep-pelts & shipping furs, tobacco, cigars, and produce, located at Cor. Eleventh & Market Streets, Wheeling, W.V. The billhead shows a purchase by Machetanz & Son on October 7, 1874, for two dozen blue tips and one dozen screws. The billhead features an illustrated storefront and a decorative, scrolled company name.

Billhead from W. C. Lobenstein, a dealer in harness, saddles, saddlery-hardware, leather, shoe findings, hides, furs, and wool, located at Bentley's Block, Main Street, Helena, Montana. Dated July 31, 1876. The bill lists purchases from the business by A. M. Halter & Bro. with an itemized list of goods and prices, likely for a buggy, including a harness, bridle, straps, and a whip. The billhead has printed details of the business address and services.

Billhead from B. Rosenstein, a merchant dealing in ginseng, furs, pelts, and skins, located at No. 10 12th Street, Wheeling, West Virginia. The billhead is dated July 8, 1887. The billhead is a single sheet of paper.

Billhead from the Kaufman Hat & Fur Co., located at 636 Liberty Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The billhead is dated May 10, 1895.

Billhead from Koshland Bros., commission merchants, located at 26 Front Street, Portland, Oregon. Dated September 23, 1876. The billhead advertises that Koshland Bros. pay the highest cash prices for wool, furs, and hides. The bill was sold to Samuel Marks and Hyman Wolenberg. According to information provided by Polena Olsen's *Portland Jewish History*, Samuel Marks and Hyman Wolenberg purchased what became Canyonville in 1863 and operated a gristmill and dry goods store. Asher and Solomon Marks, near Grants Pass, owned a sawmill and flume on Mule Creek. The Rogue River Ranch National Historic Site preserves remnants of the nearby town. Two San Francisco agents are listed as S. & N. Koshland. The item was printed by Joe Niles Printer.

Billhead of N. L. Ransohoff, one of the earliest Jewish settlers in the Utah Territory. The billhead is dated March 3, 1868, and indicates that Ransohoff was a dealer in furs. Located in Salt Lake City, Utah.

Billhead from Zechiel, L., located at 538 Broadway, between Spring and Prince Streets in New York City. Dated November 7, 1878, the billhead documents the sale of one bear robe at $42.75. The billhead also mentions a lithograph of a tiger.

Billhead of Zechiel, L., Importer of Skins & Manufacturer of Sleigh Robes. The billhead is dated October 17, 1889, and lists the business address as 554 Broadway, between Spring and Prince Streets, New York, New York. A lithograph of a tiger is depicted on the billhead.

Billhead from the O. K. Clothing House in Grand Junction, Colorado, dated January 8, 1892. The billhead indicates that the business dealt in hides, furs, deerskins, and wool, and manufactured mats and robes. The bill is signed by M. Strouse.

Two billheads from Jacob Adler & Co., a Baltimore-based mercantile firm. One billhead, dated March 1, 1884, and the other dated February 21, 1884, were printed on pink paper. The billheads advertise "CONSIGNMENTS OF FRUITS, FURS, FEATHERS AND PRODUCE GENERALLY" and list the firm's addresses as 54 S. Howard Street and 288 and 290 W. Pratt Street. Jacob Adler and his brother-in-law Herman Cone were partners in Jonesborough, Tennessee in the early 1850s, moving to Baltimore in the early 1870s. Additional business information is from March 1, 1878.

A broadside advertisement for I. Abraham Furs in St. Louis, Missouri, dated January 11, 1916. The advertisement lists prices for a wide variety of furs and pelts, including house cats, and ginseng.

A broadside advertisement for Nathan Schlessel, located at 132 & 134 Greene Street, New York, New York. The broadside, likely printed circa 1880, illustrates fur capes and lists prices. It is part of a larger set of five broadsides and an envelope.

A broadside advertisement for Nathan Schlessel, located at 132 & 134 Greene Street, New York, New York. The broadside, likely from 1880, showcases fur capes and their prices. This is one of five different broadsides in a set, also including an envelope.

A broadside advertisement for Nathan Schlessel, manufacturer of cloaks and suits, located at 80 & 82 Greene Street, New York, New York. The advertisement, circa 1885, features a lithograph of a woman in a fur cloak and lists prices for various fur capes.

A collection of ephemera including a broadside detailing a price list for furs, an advertisement for 'Aunt Carrie's Rheumkeene' manufactured by Carrie Wertheim and distributed by H. Lehman, 24 Bond St, NYC, and fur tags. Published in New York, New York, United States, circa 1890.

Printed letter on pink stock, addressed to shippers, explaining the reliability of Weil Bros. & Co. for shipping furs. The broadside was issued in Fort Wayne, Indiana on November, 1894.

This broadside is a blank form from Weil Bros., furriers located at 85-98 East Columbia Street, Fort Wayne, Indiana. The image shows a partially visible form with columns for various fur types and details related to shipment. The form likely dates to around 1890. The back of the broadside is blank. There is another image in the record, but it is not described in the metadata.

Business card for Louis Sachs, dealing in raw furs, skins, ginseng, beeswax, and other goods, located at 113 and 115 Mercer Street, New York City. The date is inferred from contextual information and is approximate.

Business card for Glanz & Hoffmann, a fur warehouse located at 124 Fifth Avenue, Chicago, Illinois. The card dates from circa 1885.

Commercial letter from J. Jonas & Co., wholesale dealers in hides, furs, wool pelts, tallow, and rags, located on Michigan Street in Chicago, Illinois. The letter, dated May 31, 1877, also mentions the company's offices in St. Joseph, Missouri (corner of 3rd and St. Charles Streets) and Quincy, Illinois (651 Hampshire Street).

Manuscript deed detailing the transfer of property from Russian subject Vaseli Kashoff to American citizen Benjamin Levy in Sitka, Alaska, between October 17, 1867, and October 23, 1868. The 8" x 27" document is signed twice by William Dodge, Sitka's first mayor. It mentions Prince Dimitry Maksontoff (last Governor of Russian Colonies in America and Russian consul in Alaska) and Andrew Ziazeff (listed as a Russian property owner in Sitka). The deed was executed on May 20, 1868, and recorded in Sitka's town offices on October 23, 1868. The document reflects the transfer of property following the Alaska Purchase and the commercial ties between Russian Jewish fur traders and the Jewish community in San Francisco during the Russian America colony period (1850s-1860s). Benjamin Levy's role in the formal transfer of sovereignty in Sitka, lowering the Russian flag and raising the United States flag, is also noted.

Deed of sale transferring 2600 acres of land in Albany County, New York, from Hayman Levy to Solomon Meyers Cohen. Dated May 10, 1771. The document mentions British non-commissioned soldiers among previous owners of the land.

An advertising envelope for Joseph Ullmann, a raw fur dealer located at 165 & 167 Mercer Street in New York City. The envelope dates from circa 1875, as determined by a postage stamp. Ullmann was also the Treasurer of Ahabath Achim Kalhal in St. Paul, Minnesota.

Undated business letter sent from J. H. Coopsim in Fraser Park, Missouri, to the Rothschild Bank in Paris, France. The letter concerns a customer in Hamburg, Germany. The envelope features the names of J. H. Coopsim and Leonhard Roos Fur Co. and the locations of Fraser Park and St. Louis, Missouri, and Paris, France.

This receipt book, maintained by Frederick Schenkel of Philadelphia between January 5, 1760, and January 25, 1810, documents transactions primarily involving the purchase of deer skins from Jewish merchants. The book contains 23 entries detailing sales between 1763 and 1776, with a notable gap during the British occupation of Philadelphia. The entries showcase the business dealings of prominent figures such as Bernard and Michael Gratz, Alexander Abraham, Ephraim Abraham, and Moses Etting. The volume provides a glimpse into the economic activities of Jewish merchants in Philadelphia and their involvement in the fur trade before transitioning to land and financial dealings after the Revolutionary War.

This four-page catalog from Joseph Ullmann Furs, dated 1893, showcases the company's offerings. It includes a letter requesting quotations on furs for sale and an 1893 calendar. Established in 1854, Joseph Ullmann Furs had offices at 165 & 167 Mercer Street, New York City, and 353 Jackson Street, St. Paul, Minnesota.

Inquest - 1st is a 7 page folio, pgs 1 & 2 appoints Ezekiel Solomons in Mackinaw City, Michigan to serve on a commission with others to take deposition in Michilmackinac in the; state of NY on issues of property ownership including slaves. The remainder of; the pages are the questions in French. Mackinaw City, Michigan...8/20/1801 The 2nd document is also 7 pgs. With the; answers in French corresponding to the # of the questions. Signed twice by Solomons See below the full transcription Ezekiel Solomons, an 18th-century Jewish fur trader is known as Michigan's first Jewish settler. Born about 1735, he was one of the many Bohemian Jews who were expelled by the Empress Maria Theresa about 1746," The Jewish refugees of the 18th century came from Bohemia, a region that is today part of the Czech Republic. He was part of a consortium of five Jewish traders who received permission from the British to establish a trading post at Fort Michilimackinac in 1761. The venture was considered potentially lucrative, but enormously risky. It ended abruptly on June 2, 1763, the date of a native attack on the British stronghold known as the Pontiac uprising. As one of the lucky few to escape with their lives, Solomons was captured and ransomed to British forces in Montreal. Cousins Ezekiel and Lucius Levy Solomons were pioneering Jewish merchants who established the British fur trade in the Great Lakes region, but their enterprises were severely disrupted by the Quebec Act. By expanding Quebec's borders, the legislation placed their vast trading networks—including Ezekiel's major post at Michilimackinac—under strict, centralized government control, suddenly heavily regulating their licenses, routes, and legal recourse. In response to this bureaucratic and economic interference, Ezekiel joined other frustrated colonists in an act of political defiance, signing a 1775 petition that demanded the immediate repeal of the Quebec Act.Few scholars had managed to penetrate deeply into Ezekiel Solomons' colorful career. He is regarded as a somewhat elusive historical figure because, unlike other Jewish pioneers of the period, he was illiterate in English and left no papers to posterity. The transcription was published in Lande’s Canadian Historical Documents and Manuscripts (Montreal, 1977-82), as entry #B844. AS FOLLOWS: DAVID MITCHELL, EZEKIEL SOLOMONS, AND JOSEPH LAFRAMBOISE, MEMBERS OF A COMMISSION TO INVESTIGATE SLAVER Y "They were formerly objects of trade in the Upper Countries; at present, I don't know" 265 SOLOMONS, EZEKIEL (1760-180?) 2 D.s., at Michilimackinac, 20 August, 1801. 7 p. folio and docket-title and 7 p. 4to and docket-title. The first document is a Letter from James Reid, the prothonotary, to Dr. David Mitchell, Ezekiel Solomons, Joseph Laframboise, and Isidore Lacroix: "... we have given unto you ... jitll power and authority to call before you ... Adhemar St-Martin, of Michilimackinac ... notary public ... and Charles Morison ... merchant, witnesses ... in a certain cause ... wherein Sir John Johnson '" and Robert Jones, executors of the last will and testament of the late John Dean ... are plaintiffs en reprise d'instance, and Joseph Ainsse, ... is defendant ... (2 p.). The other five pages consist of the interrogatory of Adhemar St-Martin and Morison, and the second document contains Adhemar St-Martin's and Morison's answers to these questions. Some salient points (in translation:) Fifth question: Are there among the said papers (of the late John Dean) minutes of an act of sale of a certain negro called Frank and of a certain negress called Salley, sold by Mr. Charles Morrison ... to the defendant, Joseph Ainsse, then Indian interpreter; the said act passed before the late Maitre Carignan, in the month of June or July, 1789? Adhemar's answer is negative. Eight question: To your knowledge, have negro and Indian slaves been, at any time, and are they still, at Michilimackinac, at Detroit and in the Upper Countries, an object of trade? Adhemar's answer: "To my knowledge slaves have been in the upper countries an object of trade, negroes as well as panis (Indians). " Ninth question: Have you at any time traded in them and where and when? (Answer:) I have neither sold nor bought any, bu t I have only owned them by cession. Tenth question: Are there more formalities to their sale than to that of common merchandise? (Answer:) The sale is generally undertaken in approximately the same manner as for common articles of trade, and the seller is ordinarily only bound to prove his right of possession. Charles Morison's interrogat01y concerns details of the sale of the slaves Frank and Salley. Morison admits having sold a negro and a negress to Joseph Ainsse, but does not know their names. Asked whether slaves were an object of trade in the Upper Countries, Morison answers "They were formerly objects of trade in the Upper Countries, at present, I don't know." He also states that he himself has never traded in slaves, either black or Panis (Indian), nor that he has any knowledge of the slave trade undertaken by others. Ezekiel Solomons, fl.. 1760-180-?, Jewish jitr trader, cousin of Lucius Levi Solomons, was captured by the Indians at Michilimackinac in 1763, and was afterwards taken by the Ottawa Indians to Montreal and ransomed. Many of his half breed descendants settled, first at Drnmmond Island, and afterwards at Penetanguishene, Upper Canada. Ezekiel Solomons was, according to his grandson, a native of Berlin, Germany. see Wallace, p. 706 (vide Levi Solomons). see also D.CB. IV (Fr. ed.), p. 779-80 (vide Lucius Levi Solomons). Adhemar de St-Martin, the fourth of that name, great-grandson and grandson of two of Montreal's most important notaries. John Dease, d. 1800, MD., of the Indian Department, a nephew of Sir William Johnson, Bart., the father of Charles Johnson Watts Dease, Francis Michael Dease, John Warren Dease and Peter Warren Dease, jitr-traders and explorers. For the sons, see Wallace, p. 178-179. Sir John Johnson, bart., 1742-1830, loyalist, the only son of Sir William Johnson. see Wallace, p. 350 . The biography of Dr. David Mitchell, d. 1832, will appear in D.C B. VI Cf Lande, Hist. Mss., B844, for the answers to this investigation only. DAVID MITCHELL, EZEKIEL SOLOMONS, JOSEPH LAFRAMOISE----MEMBERS OF A COMMISSION TO INVESTAGATE SLAVERY [Translation] Witness depositions produced, sworn & examined the 20th day of August in the year of Our Lord 1801, at Michilimakinac, in the State of New York, by virtue of a commission emanating from the Court of King's Bench for the district of Montreal in the province of Lower Canada. Giving us power and authority, to us David Mitchell, Ezekiel Solomons, Joseph Laframboise here present, together with Isidore Lacroix, absent, or two of us, to examine under oath, Adhemar St-Martin of the said Michilimakinac, esquire, notary, and Charles Morison, of the same place, merchant, witnesses in a case pending in the said Court of King's Bench, between Sir John Johnson, Knight & Baronet, and Jones, esquires, executors of the will of the late John Dease, esquire, who during his life resided on Cote des Neiges in the District of Montreal, plaintiffs in appeal, and Joseph Ainsse, esquire, of the parish Varennes in the said District of Montreal, defendant, on the interrogatories annexed to the said commission, oath having been taken prior to this by us the said commissioners present, and the secretary of the said commission, appointed by us, to loyally and without partiality, examine and edit in writing the depositions of the said witnesses produced and examined on behalf of the said defendant by virtue of the said commission, and moreover not to reveal nor publish the said depositions before they be published in the said Court of King's Bench. Adhemar de St-Martin of Michilimakinac, esquire, notary, after oath solemnly taken to say the truth, answers as follows to the interrogatory annexed to the said commission. To the first interrogatory: My name is Adhemar St-Martin, practicing notary, residing at Michilimakinac, in the district of New York, aged sixty-one years. 2d question: I know Joseph Ainsse, but I have not known the late John Dease. 3d question: I am neither parent nor associated, nor interested in the case in any manner. 4th question: I am the depository of the minutes of the acts, passed before the late M. Carignan, who during his life was notary at the said Michilimakinac. 5th question: I answer this 5th question in the negative. 6th question: I answer this sixth question with a second negative. 7th question: I reside in this post of Michilimafinac since the month of May, 1791. 8th question: To my knowledge slaves have been in the upper countries an object of trade, negroes as well as panis (Pawnees). 9th question: I have neither sold nor bought any, but I have only owned them by cession. 10th question: lThe sale is undertaken in approximately the same Manner as for common articles of trade, and the seller is ordinarily only bound To prove his right of possession. 11th question: I answer this question that to my knowledge, the manner of this kind of sale has always been arbitrary. 1'2th question: I have known the late Mr. Alexis Laframboise, heretofore from he said Michilimakinac; he died April 2, 1800. 13th question: I answer to this thirteenth question that I know him. 14th question: Sieur Charles Morison is still resident at Michilimakinac. 15th question: I answer this 15th question in the negative. (marked: ) signed on verso. After reading, has persisted in his an\wers, and has signed: (signed:) Adhemar St-Martin. The above deposition has been taken under oath and signed by the said Adhemar St-Martin, esquire, the 20th of August 1801, before us. (signed:) D. Mitchell; Ezekiel Solomons; Joseph Laframboise. Charles Morison of Michilimakinac, merchant, after oath, solemnly taken to say the truth, answers as follows to the interrogatory annexed to the said commission: To the first interrogatory: My name is Charles Morison, merchant of Michilimakinac, district of New York, aged fifty-eight years. 2d question: I know Joseph Ainsse and I have known the late John Dease. 3d question: I am neither parent nor associated, nor interested in the case in any manner. 4th question: I have sold the said Joseph Ainsse a negro and a negress, but I do not know their names. 5th question: I have sold the said slaves in the autumn of the year 1789. 6th question: I answer to this question that I remember the said slaves, to be of a good complexion, heavy, and of an ordinary size, their hair getting near gray, especially for the woman. 7th question: I do not know whom they belonged to, but they were sent to Mr. Wm. Malcolm. 8th question: There was no order for sale, but a Letter advising same. 9th question: I cannot produce anything but the Letter which has authorized me to undertake the sale. 10th question: I will not produce the original of the Letters which gave me power for the sale of the said slaves, but I will produce copy of these, affirmed by me as true, being in the hand of Mr. Malcolm, and signed by him and copied by me, marked "A" and initialled. 11th question: Follows from the 10th, in answer. 12th question: I have sold the said slaves for the sum of three thousand francs. 13th question: I have received the said sum in notes, as shown in the copy of my Letter to Mr. Malcolm, which I produce as a true copy. - act of sale for the said slaves and I have or passed any when selling them. 15th question: I answer as above. 16th question: I have not made any note of this sale in my books, since I had no interest in the sale. 17th question: I answer no, from the above. 18th question: Nobody was present when I made the sale. 19th question: I answer that I have known the late A. Laframboise, who died on April 2, 1800. 20th question: I have no knowledge about it but the Letter of Mr. Malcolm, of Which copy is given to you, and which has been dictated by me. 2 I8t question: They were formerly objects of trade in the upper countries, at present, I don't know. 22d question: I have never traded in slaves, either black or panis (Pawnees). 23d question: I have no knowledge of the slave trade undertaken by others. 24th question: It was not, to my knowledge, usual to pass act of sale for slaves. 25th question: I answer this 25th question in the negative. 26th question: I know sr. Adhemar St-Martin, esquire, notary, resident of Michilimakinac. 27th question: I do not know anymore about the subject of the present case. After reading, has persisted in his anwsers, and has signed: (signed:) Charles Morison. The above deposition has been made under oath and signed by the said Morison, merchant, the 20th August, 1801, before us. (signed:) David Mitchell; Ezekiel Solomons; Joseph Laframboise. 7 p. 4to. For watermark see Churchill, No. 324, p. [CCLlV] and p. [80], which dates this paper from 1777. Please refer to B37, p. 243 in this bibliography and pages 57 to 63 in "Memoires et Documents Relatifs a l'Histoire du Canada Publies par la Societe Historique de Montreal- Montreal 1859" which relates to B37 and slavery in Canada. See Lande 804. Solomons, Ezekiel, fl. 1760-180-?, Jewish fur-trader, cousin of Lucius Levi Solomons, was captured by the Indians at Michilimackinac in r763, and was afterwards taken by the Ottawa Indians to Montreal and ransomed. Many of his half-breed descendants settled, first at Drummond Island, and afterwards at Penetanguishene, Upper Canada. Ezekiel Solomons was, according to his grandson, a native of Berlin, Germany. See Wallace, grd ed., p. 706 (under Levi Solomons). See also D.C.B. (Fr. ed.), Vol. 4, pp. 779-80 (Vide Lucius Levi Solomons). Adhemar de St-Martin, the fourth of that name great-grandson and grandson of two of Montreal's most important notaries. Dease, John, d. r800, M.D., of the Indian Department, a nephew of Sir William Johnson, Bart., the father of Charles Johnson Watts Dease, Francis Michael Dease, From: Arthur Kiron <kiron@pobox.upenn.edu> The above "From:" address may be forged. Save Address Reminder To: ahkaplana@att.net Subject: Re: Ezekiel Solomons Translations Date: Tuesday, July 7, 2009 7:40:41 PM [View Source] Hi Arny - these are really exceptionally important documents. I must confess I know nothing about this episode and was struck by a number of points. The commercial and legal dimensions, of course, provide first hand documentation of existence of the trade of slaves (both Blacks and Indians) in the "upper countries". But there are also social dimensions too: for example, most discussions of "miscegenation" I've read about have been focused on Sephardic plantation owners in the Caribbean or Jewish slave-owners in the South. Here we learn about the "half-breed descendants" of an Ashkenazi (really German-Jewish, i.e., Berlin-born) fur trader, who apparently had children with a native Indian? Or did I mis-read the document? I also find it fascinating to read in the tenth question about how the sale of slaves was handled, wherein the answer is "in approximately the same manner as for common articles of trade." What does "approximately" mean?! I wonder what (insignificant) difference the speaker intended between the trade of (human) slaves and that of, e.g., (animal) hides?! Also - did David McKnight I ever mention to you that when he worked at McGill in Montreal, one of his major projects was the digitization and transcription of historical manuscripts about the colonial fur trade in Canada)? See: http://digital.library.mcgill.ca/nwc/toolbar_1.htm . I quickly searched the site and found no mention of Ezekiel Solomons.With your permission, I would love to show him this material! Thanks so much for sharing it with me. All best, Arthur Kiron (U of P)

A letter written on letterhead from A. Kuhn & Bro. in Ogden, Utah, dated October 23, 1877. The letter notes that A. Kuhn will be in Fort Bridges to purchase furs and hides. It also mentions that they have one or two cars of flour for sale. A. Kuhn & Bro. was listed in Corinne, Utah in 1874.

A one-page letter written by John R. Livingston in New York, New York on July 20, 1793, to Homberg & Homberg in either Philadelphia, Pennsylvania or New York City. The letter discusses the shipment of furs and a problem with a bill of exchange.

A letter dated July 29, 1834, from M. Isaacson in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to T. I. Tobias in New York, New York. Isaacson discusses closing his fur business and seeking new employment as a fur manufacturer, merchant, clerk, bookkeeper, or salesman. He mentions a Cohen in Philadelphia, offering insight into a Jewish self-help network.

A commercial letter dated July 16, 1874, from W. U. A. Carter to A. Kuhn & Bro. in Fort Bridger, Wyoming. The letter quotes a price for 300 pounds of blacktail deer skins and 50 pounds of beaver skins. A. Kuhn & Bro. was a business operating in Corinne, Utah, in 1874, and possibly also Ogden, Utah.

Postcard depicting the interior of Chas. Goldstein Co., a furrier shop in Juneau, Alaska. The photograph shows the shop's interior, likely showcasing furs. The postcard dates from 1920.

A six-piece broadside advertising the services of Weil Bros. & Co., raw fur buyers in Fort Wayne, Indiana. The broadside includes a price list with illustrations, a shipping tag, a circular detailing the company's net worth and honesty, and a return envelope. Published in Fort Wayne, Indiana on November 21, 1894.

A two-page broadside price list for fur skins issued by G. Shoyer & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 1, 1874. The list includes prices for 34 types of fur skins, notably also including house cat.

Postcard price list for raw furs from Milton Schreiber & Co., New York City, sent to Calbin Shoop in Enterline, Pennsylvania, on January 23, 1912. The postcard advertises the purchase of raw furs.

Request for insurance on four kegs of furs shipped from Providence, Rhode Island to London aboard the "Hope" by Moses David and Jacob Lopez, circa 1770. The document details the insurance request and includes information about the shipment and the parties involved.

Two-part shipping tag and envelope from Weil Brothers & Co., located at 324-340 East Columbia Street, Fort Wayne, Indiana. The tag is designed for shipping raw furs. Dated circa 1894. The material notes Indiana Jews.

Collection of three envelopes related to Weil Bros. & Co., a fur trading business. Two envelopes are undated and addressed to the postmaster in Mattawamkeag, Maine, requesting forwarding to trappers. One envelope is dated 1894 and addressed to the postmaster in Silvers Mills, Maine, also for forwarding to trappers. All envelopes are addressed from Fort Wayne, Indiana. The envelopes contain advertising for Weil Bros. & Co.

This trade blotter, dating from circa 1885, advertises S. Katzman, a designer and manufacturer of furs, located at 917 Hamilton Street in Allentown, Pennsylvania. The blotter features an image of a woman in a fur wrap. The blotter is part of the F. Earl Christy Collection.

This trade card advertises B. J. Potsdamer, a dealer in furs and skins, located at 732 Arch Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a charming illustration of a young girl wearing a colonial-style dress. She appears to be standing on a porch or inside a home, as suggested by the balustrade behind her. The card is bordered with floral embellishments. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises B. J. Potsdamer, a dealer in furs and skins located at 700 Arch Street in Philadelphia. The front of the card depicts a young girl in a blue dress painting an outdoor scene. The back of the card features a full advertisement for B. J. Potsdamer's business. The card is printed in a Victorian style, with a detailed border. The design features a mix of geometric shapes, florals, and a decorative cartouche.

This trade card for B. J. Potsdamer, a furrier located at 732 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, features an illustration of a polar bear attacking a seal. The front of the card also includes a poem advertising Potsdamer's services. The back of the card provides further advertising information. The back also features an image of a woman standing in front of a coat, with the inscription “B. J. Potsdamer, Fashionable Furs & Fur Trimmings, 732 Arch Street.”

This trade card advertises B. J. Potsdamer, a furrier located at 732 Arch Street in Philadelphia. The front of the card features an illustration of a boy dressed in colonial clothing. He stands in front of a brick building and holds a fur coat. The background features a stylized cityscape. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises C. L. Mayer, a hatter and furrier located on Broadway in Fargo, North Dakota. The card features a whimsical illustration of three polar bears sitting around a table. Each bear is smoking a pipe and eating a meal. The card is likely a visual metaphor for the warmth and comfort of the hats and furs sold by C. L. Mayer, who specializes in 'gents furnishings.'

This trade card advertises D.F. Hirsh, a hatter and furrier located at 4 East Market Street in York, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features the text “RED ROSE” in bold, capital letters, likely a reference to the nickname of York, Pennsylvania. The front of the card also displays the address of the business, 4 East Market Street. The back of the card is a full advertisement with prices for hats and furs.

This trade card advertises the Denver Fur Company, owned by Rudolph Kalish & Co., located at 401 Lawrence Street, Denver, Colorado. The front of the card features a playful illustration of two men riding on a sled pulled by a polar bear. The sled is decorated with a box bearing the business address. The back of the card contains a full advertisement for Rocky Mountain Skins.

This trade card advertises E. M. Gans, a hatter and furrier located at 437 State Street in New Haven, Connecticut. The front of the card advertises the store's goods and location. The card is printed in black ink on a white background with red lettering. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Edward Kakas & Sons, furriers located at 162 Tremont Street, Boston, Massachusetts. The front of the card features an illustration of a fox and a squirrel. The card has a red border. [Edward Kakas emigrated from Hungry, where the family name was Kokesch (a Jewish-Hungarian name). He learned the fur trade in Hungry from his father].

This trade card advertises H. Gershel & Bro., a purveyor of cloaks, mantillas, and fancy furs located at 233 Eighth Avenue, between 22nd and 23rd Streets, New York. The card is simple, with black text on a white background, and includes the business name, address, and a list of products. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises J. Romansky & Co., wholesale merchants in St. Louis, Missouri. The front of the card lists the types of products the company bought and sold, including feathers, beeswax, ginseng, hides, furs, wool, sheepskins, and country produce. The address of the business is listed as 11 S. Main Street. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises L. Krauss, a hat and fur dealer located at 725 W. Baltimore Street in Baltimore, Maryland. The card features a cartoon illustration of a man with a large head and wearing a green vest and a slacks that match the color of his head. He has a tomato on his head. The front of the card instructs customers to look for the large bear in the doorway. The back of the card has a full advertisement for the business, which includes a description of the hats and furs that L. Krauss sells. [Leopold Krauss immigrated to the United States in 1863 and was part of a Jewish family.]

This trade card advertises S. B. Hartz & Co., a hatters and furriers located at 323-325 Main Street in Peoria, Illinois. The front of the card features an illustration of children on a swing. The illustration is part of a set of three, but this card only features two out of the three images. The card has a full advertisement on the front, and the back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises S. Cohen & Co., a retailer of dress goods, cloaks, and furs, located at 9 Winter Street, Boston, Massachusetts. The front of the card features a large illustration of a circular fan. It is likely that the fan is being used to show off a collection of fabrics, suggesting the types of dress goods sold by the company. The card has a red border with black trim. The back of the card is blank. This card is a duplicate, meaning that there is at least one other identical card in the collection.

This trade card advertises S. Salomon, a hatter and furrier located at 92 Lexington Street, New York. The front of the card features an illustration of two buildings that appear to be the Astor family's mansions (Astor House) on Broadway in Manhattan, one of the most expensive areas of the city. They stand tall in a seemingly urban setting. The card has a red and black border. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises S.B. Hartz & Co., hatters and furriers, located at 323-325 Main Street in Peoria, Illinois. The front of the card features a scene of children kissing. The back is blank. This is the first of three cards featuring children in various poses. [S.B. Hartz was the proprietor of S.B. Hartz & Co. He ran a hat and fur store in Peoria.]

This trade card advertises the business of Solomon Reich, a furrier located at 307 Eighth Avenue, New York. The front of the card features a large illustration of a lion, signifying strength and quality, and the text “Furs, Hats, Caps, Straw Goods.” The illustration also includes children wearing fancy hats. The back of the card features the full advertisement.

This trade card, advertising Alfred B. Wenrich's shop, features a charming illustration of a rabbit holding a banner that says "Merry Christmas and Happy New Year." The illustration style suggests a late 19th-century aesthetic. The business's address is clearly printed beneath the image: "16 North 13th Street above Market." The back of the card is blank.

Trade card advertising Ben. Israel, Furrier, located at 806 Arch Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card is printed on yellow stock and features a cartoon on the reverse. The date of publication is unknown, but it is estimated to be around 1870 based on the style and context.

This trade card advertises Benjamin Israel's fancy furs business in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front of the card (Image 1) shows an illustration of the U.S. Government Building from the 1876 Centennial World's Fair. The back of the card (Image 2) contains the advertisement for Benjamin Israel's business. The card measures 3" x 1-3/4".

Trade card advertising the Brooklyn Hat, Cap & Fur Emporium owned by A. Celler, located at 238 Fulton Street, Brooklyn, New York. The card features a vignette depicting various hats and indicates that the store sells men's, youth's, and children's hats and caps, as well as ladies', men's, and children's furs. The card measures 2.25 x 3.5 inches and uses a variety of typefaces. Dated circa 1875.

This trade card advertises E. B. Seidel, a dealer in cloaks, suits, and furs. The front of the card (Image 1) features a visually striking image of roses, which may symbolize the beauty and elegance of the clothing sold by the business. The business address, 601 & 605 Pearl St., is prominently displayed at the bottom. The back of the card (Image 2) is blank.

This trade card advertises H. Liebes & Co., Alaska Arctic Seal Fur Merchants, located at 133, 135, 137 & 139 Post Street, San Francisco. The front of the card features a striking color photograph of a woman in a luxurious fur coat. The image is a high-quality print showcasing a fashionable woman and her attire, creating a strong visual advertisement for their high-end furs. The business name and address are clearly visible on the card. The back of the card is blank, except for a newspaper clipping from the *San Francisco Call*, March 2, 1898, announcing the death of Herman Liebes, founder of the company. The clipping details Liebes’s life, career achievements, and the success of his business, noting its participation in the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago and its significant role in the Alaska fur trade.

This trade card advertises J. Friedenheimer's business, which sold a wide variety of goods including hats, caps, furs, robes, trunks, and carpet bags. The front of the card (Image 1) displays the business name and a list of merchandise. It also highlights that they pay the highest prices for raw furs. The address, 16 South Pearl St., Albany, is clearly visible. The back of the card (Image 2) is blank. [Moses H. Friedenheimer (1861-1901) is noted in the record as being associated with this business and buried in Beth Emeth Cemetery (old) in Albany, NY].

Trade card advertising Reisky's Grand Fur and Driving Goods Depot, located at 238 Arch Street. The card features a color illustration of Native Americans hunting buffalo. It is estimated to be from circa 1885. The card is part of a larger manuscript collection.

This trade card advertises S. Bergman, a dealer in hides, furs, wool, buffalo robes, and ginseng. The front of the card (Image URL: https://iiif-images.library.upenn.edu/iiif/2/6666a237-4428-4365-a9ba-3ffb5c96aa0c%2Faccess/full/!600,600/0/default.jpg) features the business's name and a concise list of goods: "DEALER IN HIDES, FUR, WOOL, BUFFALO ROBES. GINSENG, &C." The address is clearly printed below: "NO. 61 JACKSON ST. BETWEEN 4TH & 5TH." The back of the card (Image URL: https://iiif-images.library.upenn.edu/iiif/2/bfa15578-5d68-4aad-8459-ed4f6d254d68%2Faccess/full/!600,600/0/default.jpg) includes a list of furs and lined spaces to note prices and quantities. [It is noted that S. Bergman was an active member of the Jewish community and this is one of the earliest known Jewish commercial items from St. Paul, Minnesota.].

This folded card catalogue, printed on all four sides, advertises the products of the Western Fur Manufacturing Co. in Des Moines, Iowa. It features a price list and descriptions of furs and fur products. The catalogue invites ladies to visit the store at 505 Locust Street. The approximate date is 1890, based on the donor's estimation.