Subject: Commerce

This single-page document is from the 44th Congress Report 181, dated January 29, 1874. It details a claim filed by Louis Rosenbaum, a merchant from Las Cruces, New Mexico, for a lost check worth $1,424.37. The check was issued in payment for goods delivered to Camp Bowie, Arizona. The report also notes that S. Schiffer did not receive their check and recommends that both checks be replaced.

This is a two-part catalogue from the 47th New York Trade Sale, circa 1849. Part one lists booksellers, and part two lists stationers. It provides an extensive listing of Jewish book dealers and stationery suppliers in New York City during the 1840s and 1860s, along with their wares. Notable names included are Hart, Samuel, Cohen, Henry, and Cohen, Lawrence.

This 1921 catalogue from A. Cohen Jeweler in Allentown, Pennsylvania showcases a selection of diamonds, watches, jewelry, and silverware. Established in 1906, the store was located at 393 Hamilton Street, opposite the Lehigh Valley Railroad Depot. The catalogue includes a detailed price list and descriptions of the merchandise. One item, #4.55, notably includes a clock advertisement from A. Cohen's store.

This is a 1906 catalogue from A. Roseman, a wholesale dealer in American watches, diamonds, and jewelry, located in New York City. The catalogue features illustrations and prices for a variety of items. The business was located at 9, 11, and Maiden Lane in New York City.

This ledger documents the business transactions of an unidentified Philadelphia merchant from August 31, 1784, to August 23, 1788. The 438-page manuscript ledger contains hundreds of entries detailing exchanges of imported and domestic goods, payments received, and accounts settled. Many transactions involve the shipping trade. The ledger includes numerous entries related to prominent Jewish merchants in Philadelphia, providing valuable insight into their commercial activities during this period. The book is bound in full brown reverse calf, and shows signs of age and wear.

An advertisement printed on bone-like material. The front features a full-page graphic advertisement. The back instructs customers to send their fur orders to Marks in Detroit to save money. The advertisement is dated circa 1910 based on contextual clues.

A full-page advertisement for Warenoff Furs, importers and exporters of raw furs and ginseng, located at 142 West 27th Street. The advertisement appeared in a publication in 1915. The advertisement states that the business was established in 1911.

Newspaper from Baltimore, Maryland, February 3, 1800. This issue includes an article about Mordecai, described as the first Jew in Allentown, Pennsylvania. The newspaper contains commercial advertisements and other news items.

Autograph letter signed ("Benj. Harrison") by Benjamin Harrison, Governor of Virginia, to the Commercial Committee, dated July 7, 1779. The 1 1/2-page, 8vo letter discusses missing tobacco, noting 7 hogsheads are missing from the warehouses and that he has credited the committee for the tobacco in his possession. The letter shows signs of age, including small holes, inkburn affecting some letters, and creases. Verso is docketed in another hand.

This catalogue from B. Altman & Co., a prominent New York City department store, showcases special featured items offered from October 15th to October 31st, 1913. The catalogue consists of thirteen glossy cards, each printed on both sides with photographs of the merchandise and corresponding prices. The items likely represent a selection of the store's offerings during this period, possibly including clothing, home goods, and other luxury items typical of a high-end department store in the early 20th century.

This is a Fall and Winter 1886-87 catalogue from B. Altman & Co., a prominent New York City department store. Catalogue No. 54 is fully illustrated and features a wide array of merchandise, including clothing for men, women, and boys; stationery supplies; purses; jewelry; lamps; and ceramics. The back cover showcases a large illustration of the store at 19th Street and Sixth Avenue.

This is the Spring and Summer 1888 catalogue (No. 57) from B. Altman & Co., a prominent New York City department store. The catalogue features numerous illustrations and details a wide range of merchandise, including men's, women's, and boys' clothing, as well as stationery, purses, jewelry, lamps, and ceramics. The store was located at the intersection of 18th Street, 19th Street, and Sixth Avenue.

Trade token issued by Benjamin & Herrick, redeemable at 427 Broadway, Albany, New York. Dated 1863.

Billhead from B. Wolff & Bro., located at 20 Commerce Street, Montgomery, Alabama. Dated November 5, 1887. The billhead also includes information about the United Hebrew Charities, founded in February 1882. Officers listed include President B. Wolff, Vice-President M. Mohr, Treasurer M. Kahn, and Secretary Jacques Loeb. Trustees were Mrs. C. F. Moritz, L. Strauss, and S. Zadeck. The organization reported 70 members and an income of $285 for the last fiscal year.

Billhead from Joseph Hirshberg & Co. in Choteau, Montana, dated August 3, 1892. The billhead also mentions Bateman & Switzer.

Billhead from Kendric, C. C. and Daniel Frank & Co., located at 746 and 748 West Main Street, Boston, Massachusetts. The billhead, dated July 2, 1889, features a lithographic image of Chinese goods, possibly indicating the nature of their business. A notation suggests it was displayed at Library of Congress exhibits in Cincinnati.

Billhead for an order from J. Ambler to Mr. Isaacs for two casks of Jamison's jam. Dated May 31, 1788 in Richmond, Virginia. The billhead is docketed on the back "Mr. Isaacs". Mr. Isaacs, also known as Isaiah Isaacs, was the first permanent Jewish resident of Richmond, a prominent merchant, and business partner of Jacob Cohen.

This ledger, spanning from November 20, 1859, to December 1860, documents the business transactions of Block & Levy Co., a general store in San Rafael, California. The nearly 200 pages record purchases of various goods, including whisky, clothing, shoes, food, and gunpowder, by residents of San Rafael and the surrounding area. The ledger is signed by Emanuel Block III and Samuel Levy on the frontispiece and includes entries by D. Block, Maurice L. Levy, and Philip Rothschild. It offers a unique glimpse into the economic life of early San Rafael and represents the earliest known account book of a Jewish store in the California Gold Fields.

Brass token inscribed '10 CENTS; BRASS; 601 EAST TUSC. STREET'. The token dates from circa 1920 and was found at 40.7973879999534, -81.3770360001267.

Brass token inscribed '10 CENTS; KAUFMAN & RODGERS'. Date: circa 1920. Geographic location: likely United States (based on inferred context).

A printed broadside in the form of a letter from the Bernhard Ulmann Company, announcing new goods. Published in New York, New York on July 22, 1874. The broadside is printed on one side only.

A broadside advertising the prices and products of Fifield, located at 125 Main Street, Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Published in 1870.

Printed broadside documenting the port of entry for merchandise shipped by T. I. Tobias, a Jewish merchant, from New York to Alexandria, Virginia. The document was printed by Solomon H. Jackson at 163 Chatham Street, New York, New York, on October 19, 1835. It features an eagle logo.

This archival item consists of business correspondence related to the address 358 Broadway in New York City. The correspondence is dated September 6th, 1898. The correspondence involves Max Scheurer, Ralph Scheurer, and Isaac Scheurer.

This is a catalog from the Philadelphia publishing firm Carey & Hart, published in 1839. It advertises a collection of English books described as "choice, rare, and valuable." The catalog lists titles and likely includes pricing information for each item, showcasing the diverse range of literature offered by Carey & Hart. The catalog was printed at the firm's location at the corner of Fourth and Chestnut Streets in Philadelphia.

Check for $4.18, dated September 1, 1874, drawn on a New York City bank (59 Broad St., NYC) by S. & F. Uhlmann and made out to Samuel Aub. The check features an illustration of bags of hops and barley.

Civil War-era store token featuring an American eagle with flags on the obverse. The reverse displays the inscription "SOLE AGENT FOR THE U.S.; PRINCIPAL DEPOT OF FRENCH COGNAC BITTERS...70 NASSAU ST." The token is made of copper and is described as having no beading on the reverse. According to the Fuld catalog, its rarity is R1 (630BU.2A). The token's imagery relates to the American Civil War and commercial activity during that period, likely issued by a merchant in New York City. The date is estimated to be January 1, 1863, based on the Civil War context.

This ledger documents the financial records of a business owned by someone named Cohen in Clifton, Mississippi, covering the period from April 1, 1878, to December 31, 1879. The ledger contains detailed entries of financial transactions, providing insights into the business operations and financial activities during that time. The ledger's contents reveal the various financial interactions of the business, including but not limited to income, expenses, and accounts receivable and payable.

A one-page court document (198 x 324 mm) from Philadelphia, dated October 3, 1746. The document details an account from March 1, 1743/4, by Philadelphia merchant John Wister for fabrics and clothing sold to Lyon Lepman. Partial payment was made by Messrs. Levy and Franks on Lepman's behalf. The document includes a complaint from Wister regarding an outstanding balance and notes that Lepman was a storekeeper in Frederick County, Virginia. The document is signed by Wister and Sheriff Septimus Robinson. This record is significant for its early representation of commercial activity between Jewish merchants in Philadelphia.

This is a trade directory published in 1888 by Dockham's, providing a comprehensive listing of businesses involved in textile manufacturing and dry goods across the United States. It is a valuable resource for researchers interested in the American textile industry and the participation of Jewish merchants within it during this period. The directory includes numerous entries, offering detailed information on various businesses, their locations, and their proprietors.

Issue of Dunlap's American Daily Advertiser, a Philadelphia newspaper, published on July 9, 1793. This issue includes an advertisement for curing deafness by Samuel Israel and an advertisement for new merchandise at 14 South Front Street, with a possible connection to Mikveh Israel.

This is a fully illustrated Fall 1888 catalogue from Ehrich Bros., a New York City department store. The catalogue showcases a wide variety of clothing for men, women, and boys. The store was known for its involvement in Jewish community affairs; it was founded by three brothers.

This is a fully illustrated spring 1884 catalogue from Ehrich Brothers', a department store located at Eighth Avenue and 24th Street in New York City. The catalogue showcases a wide variety of goods, including clothing, dry goods, and other items. The Ehrich Brothers were known for their involvement in Jewish communal affairs. This catalogue reflects the diverse merchandise and prominent role they played within the New York Jewish community.

Trade card depicting a girl sitting on a pillow, keeping a dog away from a cookie. The reverse side of the card is fully advertised. The image is dated circa 1885 and geographically located in the vicinity of Eighth Avenue and 24th Street. This item is part of collection E, and found in Arc.MS.56, Volume 19, Page 25.

This 1883 catalog from Eisner & Mendelson, located at 318 & 320 Race Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, advertises their selection of concentrated mother tinctures. The catalog lists the prices and likely descriptions of these imported herbal remedies. The business specialized in the import and sale of herbal tinctures.

Broadside. Envelope with an advertising insert sent from New York City, N.Y. to Lowenstein & Co. in Mora, New Mexico on January 28, 1884. The insert is an advertisement for grain and sickles.

A ledger sheet detailing 25 commercial transactions between Aaron Lopez and the Vernon brothers (William and Samuel) in Newport, Rhode Island, from June 23, 1766, to March 24, 1767. The transactions involve the purchase and sale of goods such as West Indies rum, tea, linseed oil, and candles, totaling 11,010 pounds sterling in purchases and 8,344 pounds sterling in sales, resulting in a balance owed of 2,665 pounds sterling. This document provides a detailed record of commerce between two prominent colonial merchants.

Ledger sheet detailing sales transactions from Aaron Lopez to S. & W. Vernon. The record covers March 1767 through April 1768 and lists various goods including candles, whale oil, wine, beef, flour, tea, logs, linseed oil, and labor. The total sales exceed 30,300 pounds sterling. The sheet measures 11 3/4" x 11 1/4".

A letter dated November 18, 1891, from Hirsh & Brother in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, requesting Wells Fargo Bank in Carson City, Nevada to collect on a draft. The letter includes the address 1309-1317 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Cardboard trade token for Fleer & Langenberg. The token is circular and indicates it is good for one dollar at the store. It is countersigned. The date is estimated based on the context of similar items to be around 1890.

This is a four-page folding card price list catalogue from Frank Bros. & Co., a Philadelphia-based business, published in Spring 1886. The catalogue details the prices and descriptions of clothing and goods sold by the company. The catalogue's contents include details on men's and women's clothing, fabrics, and other related items.

This receipt book, maintained by Frederick Schenkel of Philadelphia between January 5, 1760, and January 25, 1810, documents transactions primarily involving the purchase of deer skins from Jewish merchants. The book contains 23 entries detailing sales between 1763 and 1776, with a notable gap during the British occupation of Philadelphia. The entries showcase the business dealings of prominent figures such as Bernard and Michael Gratz, Alexander Abraham, Ephraim Abraham, and Moses Etting. The volume provides a glimpse into the economic activities of Jewish merchants in Philadelphia and their involvement in the fur trade before transitioning to land and financial dealings after the Revolutionary War.

Issue of Freeman's Journal, or, the North-American Intelligencer, a Philadelphia newspaper, published on March 27, 1782. This issue includes an advertisement for Jonas Phillips, a prominent Jewish merchant.

This four-page folded advertisement pamphlet from Cohen, Davis & Co.'s Golden Rule Bazaar in Portland, Oregon, likely dates from 1887-1889, based on a handwritten inscription. The lithograph features an image of the store's storefront and a woman arranging flowers. The advertisement highlights the Bazaar's wide range of goods, including sporting goods (tennis rackets, hammocks), home goods (china, bric-a-brac), and other items such as baby carriages, notions, and toys. The pamphlet celebrates the move to their new building.

This invitation from Goldsmith Bros. "Bee Hive One Price Store" in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, announces their grand fall opening. The invitation, dated October 25-29, 1884, features a gold-embossed cover depicting a hearth and clock. The interior includes details about the opening and has two pages filled out by a customer. The back cover contains an advertisement. This piece offers insight into late 19th-century retail practices and advertising in a small Pennsylvania town.

A single page from Grotjan's Philadelphia Public-Sale Report, a newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 2, 1782. The page lists public sale announcements, including names of individuals and businesses involved in sales.

Octagonal-shaped trade token issued by H. W. Heuman. The token is valued at 2 1/2 cents. The date is circa 1885.

This is a profusely illustrated wholesale catalogue from Henry Cohen, a prominent Philadelphia merchant, published in 1859 by Henry B. Ashmead. The catalogue features a wide array of stationery items, along with a notable section dedicated to "games and amusements," including numerous engraved illustrations of chess pieces. The catalogue provides insights into the commercial activities of a leading Jewish merchant in 19th-century Philadelphia. Cohen's grandfather arrived in Philadelphia in the 1760s, and Henry himself immigrated from England in 1837; he died in 1879 and served as president of Mikveh Israel.

This four-page price list catalogue from I. Ulman & Sons, a Baltimore-based business, is dated circa 1885. It details the prices and descriptions of food products sold by the company and features a lithograph of their store at 310 Light Street. The catalogue provides a detailed inventory of groceries and provisions, likely targeting both retail customers and perhaps wholesale buyers.

This four-page catalogue from I. Ulman & Sons, located at 310 Light Street in Baltimore, Maryland, offers a detailed price list of their goods. A lithograph of the store is featured on the catalogue. The catalogue likely details the various food items sold by the company. The date is circa 1885 based on the information available.

This 24-page book, printed in Lisbon in 1649, contains the statutes of the Portuguese General Trade Company of Brazil. Established after Portugal's independence, the company aimed to promote trade between Portugal and its Brazilian colony, utilizing the financial resources and networks of New Christians (converted Jews). Its creation was advised by Father António Vieira to revitalize the Portuguese economy, particularly in the face of Dutch competition. The company's establishment and privileges faced criticism from the Christian clergy due to the involvement of New Christians and concerns about its implications for religious orthodoxy.

This is an invitation from Hutzler Brothers, a Baltimore department store, to a three-day opening display of their winter and fall dress goods, held on September 21st, 22nd, and 23rd, 1891. The invitation features high-quality printing, showcasing the store's building on the cover and the event details inside.

Invoice from Levi & Briavion in Veracruz, Mexico, dated October 9, 1834. The invoice details a shipment of goods to Philadelphia.

This die-cut Easter trade card, issued by Isaac Adler of Amsterdam, New York, in 1900, advertises new spring styles in clothing. The card features an Easter rabbit on an egg on one side and a family looking into a seashell on the other. The inside offers Easter greetings. The card also includes Adler's business address: 63 East Main Street.

This four-page folding advertisement from Isaac D. Sailer, a Philadelphia cigar retailer established in March 1889, showcases a price list and illustrations of various cigars. The advertisement, dated August 1895, highlights the diverse selection offered by the business located at 1416 Chestnut Street in Philadelphia.

This catalog from Isaac Kaufmann & Brother, manufacturers of toilet, odor, and jeweled cases, picture frames, and other goods, showcases their Fall 1882 offerings. The catalog includes detailed descriptions, illustrations, and prices of their products. The business operated at 84 Duane Street in New York City, with factories at 14 & 16 Vanderwater Street and 84 Duane Street. Oppenheimer & Schlesinger served as the printers for the catalog.

This is a price list pamphlet from J. B. Spelman & Sons, a New York City business, circa 1885. The pamphlet lists various items for sale, including fans, corsets, ribbons, needles, and whalebone for corsets, with their corresponding prices. The business address, 369 Broadway, is clearly stated on the pamphlet.

This is a six-page (plus insert) catalog from the New York showroom of Jacob & Josef Kohn, the renowned Viennese bentwood furniture manufacturers. The catalog showcases a selection of their furniture with detailed descriptions, likely targeting upscale clientele in New York City. The catalog's small size (4.5" x 6.5") suggests it may have been intended for distribution or browsing in the store itself.

This manuscript ledger, spanning from 1825 to 1847, documents the receipts of James A. Rich. The ledger contains numerous entries, with seven distinct signatures of purchasers recorded on individual sheets. The entries suggest business transactions, possibly indicating Rich's commercial activities in New York City during the period.

This is a pocket-sized almanac published in Amsterdam in 1837, designed for use by Dutch Jewish merchants traveling internationally. The almanac is in Dutch, with months, holidays, and festivals listed in Hebrew transliterated into Latin script. It includes lists of Dutch synagogues and rabbis, a chronicle of Jewish history (including the Spanish Expulsion and the establishment of Jewish communities in England, Surinam, and Holland), biographies of notable figures such as Moses Mendelssohn, information on the princes and princesses of the House of Orange-Nassau, essays, and practical travel information.

This is a four-page catalog from Joseph Miller, a New York City metal goods merchant, published in 1900. The catalog, printed in both Yiddish and English, lists prices, types, and sizes of various metal goods sold by Miller at his shop located at 25 Canal Street, New York City.

This four-page catalog from Joseph Ullmann Furs, dated 1893, showcases the company's offerings. It includes a letter requesting quotations on furs for sale and an 1893 calendar. Established in 1854, Joseph Ullmann Furs had offices at 165 & 167 Mercer Street, New York City, and 353 Jackson Street, St. Paul, Minnesota.

This is a fully illustrated Spring 1880 catalogue from Julius Saul & Son, a clothing retailer with stores in New York City, Troy, and Albany. The catalogue features boys' and men's clothing and includes an embossed bust of a girl in gold on the cover. The company's addresses are listed as 18 & 20 Astor Place, near Broadway and 8th Street in New York City.

This is a Spring 1886 catalogue from Julius Saul, a New York City-based clothing retailer with stores in New York City, Troy, and Albany. The catalogue features illustrations of boys' and men's clothing. The cover features an embossed bust of a girl in gold. Julius Saul was active in Jewish affairs; his daughter, Rose Saul, married Dr. Maurice Joseph Lewi.

This ledger documents the purchase and sale of leaf tobacco by K. Straus & Co. of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from January 1893 to February 12, 1894. The ledger includes detailed records of transactions with numerous clients, including many Jewish firms. It also lists purchases from Luis Marx Blum & Co. in Havana, Cuba, as well as various suppliers in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and New York. The ledger's dimensions are 14" x 8 1/4", and it contains approximately 50 pages (counting both sides). Its physical condition shows some wear, including roughness on the bottom front cover and a tear.

This is a wholesale price list catalogue from Kohn Brothers, a Chicago-based clothing wholesaler, published circa 1885. The catalogue details prices for summer clothing. The back cover features an illustration of the store and boasts that Kohn Brothers is the "Largest Clothing Wholesaler in America," established in Chicago in 1855. The catalogue likely includes details on various men's and women's summer clothing items.

Trade token for Kohn, Daron & Co. The front of the token reads "KOHN. DARON & CO." and the back reads "GOOD FOR ONE LOAD." This is considered the earliest known U.S. Jewish trade token. While undated, the token is dated to 1835 based on correspondence and records indicating the start of the Kohn, Daron & Co. partnership that year. In 1834, the business was listed as J. Kohn & Bordier, located at 28 Bienville Street. By 1838, it was listed as Kohn, Daron & Co. at the same address.

This eight-page pamphlet is a sales catalog from Stern Brothers, a prominent New York City department store. Published in 1879, it showcases their collection of hats under the name "Le Monde Elegant." The catalog includes illustrations and descriptions of various hat styles, along with their prices. The catalog is printed on high-quality paper, indicative of the upscale nature of the store and its clientele.

This is a tri-fold pamphlet advertisement from Kohn, Adler & Co., a Philadelphia-based firm, showcasing their leading styles of Leghorn hats for the year 1880. The pamphlet features illustrations of three different hat styles, likely targeting a fashionable clientele. The advertisement highlights the company's selection and quality in men's hats.

This ledger documents commercial transactions in Newport, Rhode Island, during the Revolutionary War and post-Revolutionary War periods (1783-1791). The ledger includes entries for David Lopez (May 21, 1786 and June 12, 1786) and Isaac Elizer (May 25, 1786 and July 17, 1786). The ledger consists of 17 pages, most written on both sides, and measures 6.5" x 8". It is partially sewn together. The first entry is dated June 28, 1783.

Ledger sheet detailing the account of Aaron Lopez with James Lucena, dated September 12, 1763. The account includes items such as tobacco, broadcloth, duties on sugar and snuff, spermaceti, and carriage on board. The sheet is signed by James Lucena. The verso contains a further account of Mr. Aaron Lopez from James Lucena, settled on the same date. Provides insight into the mercantile activities of Aaron Lopez in the mid-18th century.

One-page (two sides) ledger sheet detailing the sales report of David Judah for John Wheely in Richmond, Virginia, dated June 9, 1821. The sheet measures 8" x 12 1/4".

This letter book contains correspondence from Tobias I. Tobias, written in New York City between August 8, 1816, and March 12, 1817. The letters detail his business dealings in the import and export of watches, gold chains, furs, cloth, and other goods with various business partners in London and New York City. The volume also includes personal letters and family matters.

A single-page business letter written by Jewish merchant Abraham Minis in Savannah, Georgia on October 20, 1845, to I. T. Tobias, a New York merchant. Minis discusses slow business, anticipates increased activity, and requests Tobias's attention to consignments, specifically regarding the import of champagne.

Two-page business letter from Abraham Tobias & Co. in Charleston, South Carolina to Tobias I. Tobias in New York, New York, dated October 8, 1836. The letter details business matters including a wine shipment, the cholera epidemic, cloth materials, and a draft on books. It concludes with a note from D. C. Levy expressing gratitude for hospitality in New York City.

A stampless business letter sent to Henrich Costes in New York City, New York on October 17, 1737. The letter's origin and the writer's identity require further research. The letter was sent from New York to Albany.

Autograph letter from Pennsylvania Senator Andrew Gregg to Aaron Levy, dated Washington, D.C., February 12, 1805. Gregg discusses inquiries regarding Mr. Phillipson and the Committee of Commerce and Manufacturing in Philadelphia. Levy docketed the letter in Yiddish. The letter measures 8" x 10" and is written on rag paper with folds and an integral address leaf.

A one-page letter, part of a fourteen-letter collection (9 of 14), dated September 10, 1781. Written in Hartford, Connecticut, by Caleb Bull to Aaron Lopez. The letter discusses legal matters concerning a case with Elsworth and general business issues, including product orders and the complexities of the Continental currency. The collection spans June 21, 1779, to October 1, 1781, and details trade between Bull and Lopez, encompassing goods such as rum, ostrich plumes, flour, and fish. The letters show the impact of the Currency Crisis of 1779 on their trade. The letters are physically worn with stains, edge wear, toning, creasing, and some illegible portions due to moisture damage.

This archival object consists of a single-page letter, dated October 1, 1781, written by Caleb Bull of Hartford, Connecticut, to Aaron Lopez. The letter focuses on commercial matters, specifically discussing payments and the exchange rate of Continental Currency. Bull details his transactions on Lopez's behalf and mentions his own independent trading activities. The letter is part of a collection (14 letters total) spanning June 21, 1779, to October 1, 1781, detailing trade between Bull and Lopez (or Joseph Lopez). The letters discuss business dealings, the currency crisis, and the complexities of commerce during the American Revolution. The collection includes physical wear and tear such as staining, edge wear, toning, creasing, and water damage resulting in some illegibility. The collection also includes background information on the Continental currency crisis and Aaron Lopez's commercial endeavors.

A one-page letter written on January 29, 1781, in Hartford, Connecticut, by Caleb Bull to Aaron or Joseph Lopez. Bull discusses trade issues, specifically goods being held by an intermediary, and the need to obtain goods from Boston. The letter reflects concerns about trade and the currency crisis of the time. This is letter 8 of 14 letters in the collection, dating from June 21, 1779, to October 1, 1781, concerning trade between Caleb Bull and/or Josiah Blakeley (merchants in Hartford) and Aaron or Joseph Lopez. The letters detail business transactions involving rum, ostrich plumes, flour, and fish, and discuss the challenges posed by the unstable Continental currency. The letters show signs of age including staining, edge wear, toning, creasing, and some illegibility due to moisture damage.

A commercial letter dated November 21, 1857, from the firm Cohen & Fosdick in Savannah, Georgia, to I.G. Weld in Boston, Massachusetts. The letter discusses the cotton market and the state of the river for shipping.

Business letter dated September 3, 1849, from Cohen & Hertz in Salem, Massachusetts, to John E. Gardner in Savannah, Georgia. The letter discusses the shipment of lumber and also mentions the dissolution of one firm and the formation of Cohen & Hertz.

A half-page letter written by David Cardoza Levy in Charleston, South Carolina, to Tobias I. Tobias in New York City on September 24, 1845. The letter discusses a $503.75 demand note drawn on the Union Bank (NYC), the sale of champagne and tea, and Levy's instructions to Tobias not to send more goods due to slow business. Levy also sends regards to Tobias's brother.

This archival item is a letter written by David Judah to Edward Pollock on March 11, 1823, in Richmond, Virginia. The letter pertains to commerce and reflects the close business relationship between Judah and Pollock. The letter was sent without a stamp. David Judah was an auctioneer who dealt in slaves. An advertisement for a Jewish-owned business in Richmond, featuring David Judah, Edward Pollock, and Tobias L. Tobias, appeared in the Richmond Enquirer on July 5, 1822.

A half-page, stampless business letter written by David Judah in Richmond, Virginia, to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York, New York, dated April 27, 1826.

A business letter, spanning one and one-quarter pages, written by F. H. Woolf in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Henry Tobias in New York City, New York on June 23, 1838. The letter details business transactions between the two correspondents.

Handwritten letter from G. De Cordova, manufacturer of Annattoine (dry extract of annatto), to I. P. Howell & Co. Discusses West Indies bark. Dated May 6, 1871. Sent from New York City to Newark, New Jersey.

A letter from H. Levinson of the firm Harmam & Levinson in Brenham, Washington County, Texas, to Isaac Leeser, dated December 28, 1849. The letter, which is unstamped, concerns an order for "occidents."

Stampless folded letter mailed from Demopolis, Alabama to B. Cohen in Mobile, Alabama on October 25, 1849. The letter, written in German with some English phrases, discusses business matters, including a bill of lading and commission, and mentions Goldsmith, Forcheimer & Co., Mobile wholesale grocers. Mendelein Manuel Forcheimer (1826-1912), born in Bavaria, was likely associated with the firm. This letter is an example of early Judaica correspondence from Demopolis, Alabama, a city with a growing Jewish community that played a significant role in local commerce by the 1850s. The letter is marked with a red DEMOPOLIS/Ala. postmark and a red "5" in a circle rate handstamp. The letter's content suggests commercial activity typical of the period.

A half-page letter written by Horace E. Baldwin in New York City to Charles Tobias in New Orleans on April 29, 1851. Baldwin describes his ongoing illness (headaches and a severe cold), his absence from the office, and discusses bills of lading. Baldwin was a partner in Taylor, Baldwin and Co. in Newark, NJ, before moving to New Orleans in 1842, and he remained there until at least 1853.

This two-page letter, dated November 8, 1815, from Isaac Cohen in Savannah, Georgia, to Moses Brown in Newburyport, Massachusetts, discusses the rice and cotton trade. It includes an unlisted broadside announcing Cohen's entry into the commission business on October 27, 1815, and lists prices for rum, sugar, molasses, and treasury notes. The letter is signed "Isaac Cohen & Co." and bears a 37 1/2 cent war-rate stamp on the envelope.

A one-page letter dated July 10, 1849, from J. S. Cohen in Charleston, South Carolina, to Tobias Isaac Tobias in New York City. The letter discusses a shipment of wine arriving from Madeira aboard the brig Caroline and the necessary procedures for its delivery and forwarding. Cohen details communication with the charterer, Mr. Wm. Depew, and the importance of the bill of lading.

Handwritten letter from J. Silberman in Apollo, Pennsylvania to L. Meyers & Co., likely in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated December 6, 1852, the letter encloses a payment of $271.80 for goods received and instructs that the goods be sent to A. Fink in Pittsburgh for forwarding to Silberman. This suggests Silberman may have operated a store or peddled goods in Apollo.

A letter written by J. Switzer on November 13, 1884, from Helena, Montana. The letter mentions Switzer's involvement in the wholesale liquor business and a lithograph depicting a storefront. Switzer, who arrived in Helena in 1877, was a successful businessman with investments in various mining and commercial ventures in Montana.

Commercial letter from James S. Howard in Jacksonville, Oregon to S. Marks & Co. in Roseburg, Oregon, dated November 11, 1878. The letter discusses business matters.

A letter written by Jeanette Marcuse, wife of Abraham Marcuse, to William A. Bolinger from Marysville, California, dated March 15, 1865. The letter discusses the receipt of a bar of $3250.00, shipment of the bar to San Francisco, and the sending of $200 in silver coin via Whiting's Express. It also mentions that Marks has gone to San Francisco and will return in a few days.

A one-page letter written by Josiah Blakeley in Hartford, Connecticut on November 22, 1779, to Aaron Lopez. The letter discusses Blakeley's disappointment with the instability of Continental Currency and his hopes for improvement once the French occupied Newport. It also includes personal greetings from Mrs. Blakeley. This is letter 5 of 14 in a collection of letters dated between June 21, 1779 and October 1, 1781, concerning trade between Blakeley and Caleb Bull (merchants in Hartford) and Aaron or Joseph Lopez. The letters detail business transactions, focusing on the challenges posed by the currency crisis. The collection's letters are stained, edge-worn, toned, creased, and some portions are illegible due to water damage. The letters reveal the impact of the Continental Currency crisis of 1779 on trade and commerce, highlighting the depreciation of the Continental currency and its effects on merchants like Aaron Lopez.

A single-page letter dated January 24, 1779, written by Josiah Blakeley in Hartford, Connecticut, to Joseph (Moses) Lopez. The letter contains commercial content and personal regards to Mr. & Mrs. Mendes and Mr. & Mrs. Riviera. This letter is one of fourteen in a collection spanning June 21, 1779 to October 1, 1781, detailing trade between Blakeley and either Aaron Lopez or Joseph Lopez. The correspondence discusses business transactions, including the supply of rum, ostrich plumes, and other imported goods, alongside the challenges of the Continental currency crisis. The letters show the impact of the currency crisis and unstable financial climate of the time on business dealings between merchants. The physical condition of the letters is noted as stained, edge-worn, toned, creased, and with some illegible portions due to moisture damage.

A one-page letter written on June 21, 1779, in Hartford, Connecticut, by Josiah Blakeley to Joseph (Moses) Lopez. This letter, one of fourteen in a collection spanning June 21, 1779, to October 1, 1781, discusses commercial matters. Blakeley sends regards to Mr. Mendes and Mr. & Mrs. Reviera. The collection's letters concern trade between Aaron Lopez or Joseph Lopez (recipients) and senders Caleb Bull (1746-1797) and Josiah Blakeley, both Hartford merchants. The correspondence details business transactions, including the supply of rum, ostrich plumes, and other imported goods by Lopez, and payments and additional goods supplied by Bull, such as flour and fish. The letters also discuss the challenges posed by the currency crisis of 1779 and the depreciating value of Continental currency. The letters are physically damaged, showing staining, edge wear, toning, creasing, and some illegibility due to moisture damage. The collection provides insight into the commercial activities and currency issues of the late 18th century in the context of the American Revolution.

A one-page letter written on November 8, 1779, in Hartford, Connecticut, by Josiah Blakeley to Joseph (Moses) Lopez. The letter discusses the evacuation of Newport, Rhode Island by British forces, concerns for Joseph's brother, and difficulties with currency conversion during the American Revolution. It also mentions the transmission of funds via Mr. Reveria and details commercial transactions involving the exchange of goods such as rum, ostrich plumes, flour, and fish. This letter is one of fourteen in a collection spanning June 21, 1779, to October 1, 1781, documenting trade between Blakeley and the Lopez brothers, highlighting the challenges presented by the unstable Continental currency during the war. The letters show the impact of the Currency Crisis of 1779 on commercial activities and the difficulties in conducting business transactions.

A one-page business letter from Lee J. Collins in New York City to J. I. Cohen in Baltimore, dated December 21, 1853. The letter discusses business matters.

Letter from Lehman, Durr & Co., cotton factors and general commission merchants in Montgomery, Alabama, to H. P. Park in Greenville, Georgia, dated September 20, 1866. The letter discusses cotton prices in Mobile and New Orleans. Lehman, Durr & Co. was the founding firm of Lehman Brothers in New York City.

A commercial letter dated November 21, 1848, sent from Messick & Towne to Hendricks & Brothers in New York, New York. The letter discusses the copper trade, highlighting Hendricks & Brothers' role as a major copper importer in the USA and a significant supplier to the U.S. Navy and Paul Revere. The letter is stampless and originates from an arsenal in Philadelphia.

A letter written by Michael Lazarus of Charleston, South Carolina, to Shubael Hutchins in Providence, Rhode Island, on May 7, 1845. Written from Savannah, Georgia, the letter discusses a shipment of damaged cotton, Lazarus's involvement in cotton presses, and the use of steamers on the Savannah River. The letter includes details about cotton prices and the challenges faced by planters due to drought.

Three-page letter written by Moses Mendes Sollas of Buff Bay, St. George's, Jamaica, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on November 14, 1844. Sollas, a wealthy merchant and lay leader of K.K. Shahar Ashamaim synagogue in Kingston, requests information on firms exporting spiced beef to Jamaica. The letter also contains advice to Leeser regarding his efforts to organize the American Jewish community and observations on the wealthy, along with book orders.

A business letter written by Moses Michael Hays in Boston, Massachusetts on March 19, 1787. The recipient of the letter is unknown.

A single-page letter written by Moses Myer in Norfolk, Virginia, to Robert Patton in Fredericksburg, Virginia, on January 3, 1799. Myer recommends a captain and his ship to Patton. The letter highlights Myer's prominent status as one of the wealthiest men of his time in Norfolk.

A business letter dated April 7, 1874, from N. Levy & Co., commission and forwarding merchants in Nevada and Idaho, to John Guthrie in Winnemucca, Nevada. The letter discusses prices and features a lithographed letterhead depicting boxes and barrels. N. Levy's San Francisco address (22 California St.) and M. Siegel's Winnemucca address are also listed.

A one-half page, stampless letter written on October 22, 1812, by Paul Hamilton of the Navy Department in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Simon Gratz & Brother. The letter discusses a remittance and the inability to accept saltpeter at the stated price. The saltpeter likely refers to that produced in Mammoth Cave, Kentucky.

A single-page letter written by S. Greaves in Sheffield, England, on October 31, 1815, concerning an order for cutlery. The letter is part of a larger copy book. The cover of the book is blue paper with "August 2 1815" written in ink. This letter is ¼ of a page.

A stamped letter, one and one-quarter pages in length, written by S. I. Thornton in Manchester to Henry Tobias in Liverpool on February 25, 1846. The letter concerns fabric and patterns and includes a sample of cloth with a lot number.

A letter dated November 27, 1877, from S.W. Rosenstock & Co. to S. Marks & Co. in San Francisco, California. The letter inquires about a consignment, possibly of deerskins for the wife of L. Solomon or 18 bales of wool. The letter includes an advertising insert and pencil notations.

A one-page business letter written by Samuel Etting of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Devol Dimay & Co. in Bristol, Rhode Island, dated November 12, 1856. Etting served as a Private in the War of 1812 and participated in the defense of Baltimore.

A letter from S. Levy's Enterprise Cigar Factory in Trenton, New Jersey, dated June 4, 1890. The letterhead features an Indian vignette.

A letter dated March 27, 1823, from Tobias I. Tobias to David Judah concerning a business matter. The letter was written in New York, and mentions Richmond, Virginia.

A commercial letter dated July 16, 1874, from W. U. A. Carter to A. Kuhn & Bro. in Fort Bridger, Wyoming. The letter quotes a price for 300 pounds of blacktail deer skins and 50 pounds of beaver skins. A. Kuhn & Bro. was a business operating in Corinne, Utah, in 1874, and possibly also Ogden, Utah.

This is a children's book, likely a giveaway item, published around 1890 by Levy Brothers & Co. of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It features Christmas stories and includes an advertisement for Levy Bros. & Co. on the back cover. The book cover is stamped with "Compliments of Levy Brothers & Co....211 to 217 N. Eighth Street, Philadelphia."

This document is a two-page license application, folded from a single sheet, for Samuel Cyrus Hart to peddle domestic and foreign goods from a horse and wagon in 1849. Hart's application notes that he is disabled and unable to perform physical labor, necessitating the need for a peddler's license. The license fee was $300.00. The application was endorsed by Hart & Isaac Hugus. The document's description notes that no reference to Hart's name was found in the available data, it is assumed that he was Jewish.

This is a six-page children's book, likely used as an advertisement for Rosenberg & Son, a clothing business located at 43 and 45 Fulton Street in Brooklyn, New York. Published circa 1885, the book tells the story of a dog named Little Johnnie and his lunch. The story is illustrated and likely served as a promotional handout for the company.

A one-page manuscript letter, measuring 7 x 12.5 inches, written in Newport, Rhode Island on December 7, 1773. Aaron Lopez writes to Captain Brotherton Daggett, captain of the sloop *Two Brothers*, providing instructions for the disposal of cargo at Cape Fear, North Carolina, and the collection of a debt from Colonel William Dry. The letter includes specific instructions for negotiating payment for a promissory note and emphasizes the importance of securing payment. An additional manuscript note added at the lower left suggests a strategy for obtaining payment from Colonel Dry.

Insurance policy No. 1788 issued by the Newport Insurance Company in Providence, Rhode Island, on October 26, 1809. This policy insures the sloop *Rover* of Norwich, sailing from Stonington, Connecticut to Wilmington, North Carolina, for a cargo valued at one thousand dollars. The document is printed on hand-laid paper and measures approximately 14 1/2 x 19 inches.

This 144-page receipt book belonged to Philadelphia merchant Martin Noll and documents his financial transactions from August 8, 1762, to May 11, 1781. The book contains the signature of prominent colonial Jew Michael Gratz, along with numerous other signatures, including that of the scientist Joseph Priestley.

This is a July 1900 catalogue from M. D. Mirsky, located at Bleecker and Worster Streets in New York City. The catalogue features illustrations and prices for various wrappers. A large lithograph of Mirsky's store is displayed on the back cover.

Issue of the New-York Journal & Patriotic Register newspaper published in New York, New York on April 7, 1792. This issue contains advertisements, including one in English and one in French offering auction services from a well-known merchant involved in a commercial dispute with Thomas Jefferson. An advertisement for books and stationery is also present, mentioning the first Jewish book dealer in the USA.

Issue of the New-York Journal & Patriotic Register newspaper published in New York, New York on June 30, 1792. This issue contains advertisements, including one in English and another in French, for an auction service offered by a well-known merchant. The issue also contains material related to a commercial dispute involving Thomas Jefferson.

Issue of the New-York Journal & Patriotic Register newspaper published in New York, New York on June 9, 1792. This issue features advertisements, including one in English and another in French, for auction services from a well-known merchant involved in a commercial dispute with Thomas Jefferson. It also includes an advertisement for books and stationery from what is considered the first Jewish book dealer in the USA.

Newspaper advertisement from the *New-York Journal & Patriotic Register*, published in New York, New York on March 24, 1792. The advertisement offers auction services in both English and French. It also includes ads for books and stationery from a merchant involved in a commercial dispute with Thomas Jefferson, and is noted as being the first Jewish book dealer in the USA.

This catalogue, published circa 1885 by Newman and Levinson of San Francisco, California, serves as both a price list for dry goods and a comprehensive guide to knitting. Printed by S.W. Raveley, it contains illustrations and instructions for various knitting projects. The catalogue reflects the business practices of a Jewish-owned dry goods store in late 19th-century San Francisco.

This manuscript, composed by Daniel de Medina, likely copied in the early 19th century from a 1740 original, examines maritime commerce between Spain and its American colonies. It details methods for protecting trade from pirates, the slave trade via foreign entrepreneurs, trade between the American colonies and the Philippines, competition with England and Holland, and strategies to maintain Spain's trade monopoly. Medina, as suggested by the text, was likely a member of the Creole-Spanish elite in Cuba. The manuscript consists of 17 leaves and measures 19.5 cm. It is in very good condition, showing minor stains and its original leather binding.

Copper store token issued by O. Morgenstern in Richmond, Virginia, during the Civil War (circa 1863). The token features a star on the front and the number 5 surrounded by a wreath on the reverse. It functioned as an advertisement for Morgenstern's business.

This is a 23-page octavo pamphlet by Leone Levi, originally published in 1863 as part of Volume 26 of the *Journal of the Statistical Society of London*. The pamphlet examines the impact of the American Civil War on the cotton trade and manufacturing industries. It includes one plate (likely a chart or graph illustrating statistical data). This is a first edition, and the copy is disbound.

Manuscript order from Elizabeth Randolph, wife of Governor Randolph, to Messrs. Cohen & Isaacs for 25 pounds of sugar and 6 yards of plain gauze. Dated January 11, 1787, Richmond, Virginia. The document provides insight into the commercial activities of Cohen & Isaacs, prominent Jewish merchants in Richmond.

Issue of the Pennsylvania Packet and Daily Advertiser newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on June 13, 1789. This issue contains an advertisement by Jonas Phillips, a prominent Jewish merchant active in both Jewish and general public affairs, and President of Mikveh Israel.

This leather-bound receipt book, spanning July 22, 1776, to December 29, 1784, belonged to Philadelphia merchant Peter Gallagher. It documents transactions with nine Jewish merchants, including 34 individual entries with signatures and some dates. Notably, entries from Jewish merchants ceased one month before the British occupation of Philadelphia (September 11, 1777 – June 28, 1778) and resumed three weeks after their departure. Several of the merchants listed served in the Continental Army.

A signed portage bill, dated February 19, 1746, from Joseph Rodman, master of the sloop Molly (owned by Moses Levy), acknowledging receipt of payment from Abraham Hart. The document originates from Newport, Rhode Island.

Issue of Poulson's American Daily Advertiser newspaper published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on October 27, 1810. The newspaper includes advertisements for Humes & Etting (a partnership that lasted only two years, 1809-10/29/1811), and Simon Gratz & Co. This issue is part of the collection of the University of Pennsylvania Libraries.

Broadside price list issued by P. Barnard in New York, New York, circa 1885. The list includes matches, cigars, shoe polish, toilet paper, and ink. The broadside is addressed 'To the Trade'.

Broadside printed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1846. The broadside is a letter from L. J. Levy announcing a new department at his business located at 134 Chestnut Street.

Receipt documenting the sale of 256 tons of coal from the East Boston Forge Co. to A. T. Cohn in Baltimore on August 21, 1869. The receipt includes a revenue stamp. The receipt is suggestive of the shipping of coal from Boston to Baltimore.

This document is a receipt dated November 13, 1761, from Newport, Rhode Island. Merchant Aaron Lopez details goods sold to John Gorton, including looking glasses and buckles. The receipt is handwritten and signed by Aaron Lopez.

A financial record in the form of a receipt, dated October 15, 1821, documenting a transaction involving whips and whalebone. The receipt is partially legible, with markings suggesting a possible connection to David Judah in Richmond, Virginia. The receipt is a half-sheet.

Handwritten receipt dated June 30, 1763, in Newport, Rhode Island. Merchant Aaron Lopez acknowledges the sale of goods to John Gorton. The document, measuring 4x6 inches, is entirely in Lopez's handwriting.

Receipt documenting a purchase made by T. J. Tobias & Co. from Hicks, Lawrence & Co. in New York City on November 9, 1825. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt issued on November 16, 1825, by Hicks, Lawrence & Co. in New York, New York, to T. J. Tobias & Co. for unspecified goods. The receipt measures 8" x 6.5".

A receipt signed by M. W. Chapman, dated February 25, 1853, in New Orleans, Louisiana. The receipt is made out to Abraham C. Meyers. The receipt documents the shipment of lumber from New Orleans to Corpus Christi, Texas.

Broadside receipt issued by S. Lowenthal & Co. of Cincinnati, Ohio on June 14, 1887, to R. C. Halliday of Dillon, Montana Territory, for one case of cigars.

Neatly penned 4" x 6.5" receipt issued on June 7, 1768, from Samuel and William Vernon to Myer Polock in Newport, Rhode Island. The receipt documents a financial transaction.

Printed receipt form documenting a payment by E. Pollock to the Mercantile Line for shipping a box from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to New York, New York on January 20, 1822. The receipt measures 7.25" x 2".

A receipt detailing items purchased by Benjamin Fry from Moses Isaacks (Isaaks) in April and March of 1785. The receipt suggests a New York City origin based on contextual clues.

Receipt for payment to A. Weil for the delivery of 14 1/8 cords of wood to the Keystone Consolidated Mining Company in Amador City, Amador County, California, on October 12, 1883. The receipt is signed by A. Weil and O. E. Hewitt (Clerk for the Mine).

A receipt dated October 19, 1825, from W. W. Van acknowledging the delivery of a box to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York City on behalf of David Judah & Co. in Richmond, Virginia. The receipt measures approximately 8" x 3.5".

This three-page pamphlet, printed in 1874, is a price list from Reizenstein Bros., manufacturers and jobbers of boys' clothing located at 424 Market Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The pamphlet details the various clothing items offered by the company, along with their corresponding prices.

This is an eight-page congressional report from January 11, 1796, detailing the petitions of several importers, including Moses Myers, seeking remission of duties. The report, prepared by the U.S. House Committee on Commerce and Manufactures, was presented to the House and referred to a committee of the whole. The document quotes Moses Myers regarding his business activities in Norfolk, Virginia. Printed by Francis Childs in Philadelphia.

This is a complete mail-order catalog from Rosenham Bros., a New York City-based business, offering a wide variety of whiskey, wine, brandy, and other spirits. The catalog includes prices, an order form, and a calendar. The catalog likely dates to around 1891, based on the date provided in the metadata. This catalog provides insight into the business practices of Jewish merchants in late 19th-century New York and the types of alcoholic beverages available at the time.

This pamphlet, published by S. Blum & Co. in Cordova, Alaska around 1900, provides an "Outfitting List" for miners, whether working placer or quartz claims. The list details equipment and supplies necessary for mining operations in Alaska. S. Blum & Co. was the successor to A. Levy & Co., and operated as bankers and general merchants.

This is a catalog from S. F. Myers & Co., a New York City jewelry store, published on March 15, 1887. The catalog features illustrations and lists watches and cases with their respective sizes and prices. The back cover shows a lithograph of the store located at 50 Maiden Lane and 33 Liberty Street, New York City.

This is a catalogue from Samuel Brothers, a London-based clothing retailer, published circa 1885. The catalogue showcases a wide range of clothing with prices, and includes a dedicated section listing "Necessities for India and the Colonies." The cover features a striking colored lithograph depicting the store's storefront at 65 & 67 Ludgate Hill, along with carriages and a train, suggesting the fashionable nature of the establishment and its appeal to a clientele that traveled.

This leather-bound receipt book (4" x 6"), owned by Sebastian Zimmerman, contains 35 pages filled with receipts written in English. Each receipt is signed. While the book was found in York, PA, it includes numerous references to Philadelphia and contains many signatures of Philadelphia Jewish merchants and brokers. Notable names include agents of Montmollin and Moses, and Solomon Moses (who married Rachel Gratz in 1806 and partnered with Frederick Montmollin from 1811-1818 in the "Auction and Commission Line," a prominent Philadelphia business). Other signatures include Jacob Levy, Jacob Mayer, Thomas Abrams, and Michael Asch (a Polish Jew in Philadelphia).

This is a dry goods price list catalog published on December 7, 1876, in New York City. The catalog, containing 191 pages, features numerous advertisements for textiles, corsets, hosiery, shawls, and store fixtures. While primarily a trade catalog, it includes at least two advertisements featuring Jewish business owners. Notably, a full-page advertisement features Attorney Nathan Frank from St. Louis, Missouri, specializing in bankruptcy law. The catalog offers a glimpse into the commercial landscape of late 19th-century New York, with items like Kentucky Jeans, Shaker flannels, and Conestogo tickings.

Insurance policy document for the ship "Live Oak" sailing from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Kingston, Jamaica in 1761. The policy, dated June 6 and June 17, 1761, lists Abraham Judah as the insurer, and Benjamin Mifflin, Samuel Massey, and John Ashmead as the insureds. The cargo is not specified. This document is considered possibly the earliest extant American Jewish document where a Jew acted as the insurer.

A large American manuscript shipping document dated May 23, 1812, listing the cargo of several ships, including the Schooner Charles, Sloop Alert, Schooner Alexander, Schooner Endeavour, Brig America, Brig Sturgeon, Sloop Varagon, Sloop Hero, and Brig Dolphin. Cargo includes lemons, rum, coffee, nails, hemp, iron, and "India goods". The document was created in Boston, Massachusetts. Judah Hays is listed as the owner of two kegs of salmon.

A shipping receipt documenting the shipment of goods from Liverpool, England to New York, New York on May 10, 1832. The receipt is dated June 18, 1835, and includes the names of T. I. Tobias and John Jay. This item is part of a larger collection of commercial and financial records.

Receipt for goods shipped from Liverpool, England to New York, New York. Issued by the Old Line Liverpool Packets to T. I. Tobias on June 18, 1835. This is part 1 of 2.

Shipping record detailing the arrival of stationary from London, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 18, 1857. The recipient is Henry Cohen. The document is a broadside.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of brandy to Samuel Etting in Baltimore, Maryland, from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on November 15, 1883. The record notes Etting's connection to the War of 1812 and his presidency of Congregation Beth Israel in Baltimore.

A shipping record from Samuel Moss & Son in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated April 25, 1833. The record mentions that before John Moss' retirement, the firm was known as J & S Moss. John Moss is described as a leading citizen of Philadelphia.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of merchandise from T. I. Tobias in New York, New York to Richmond, Virginia on September 3, 1835. Printed by Solomon H. Jackson at 163 Chatham Street, New York.

Shipping record signed by Nathaniel Phillips, Surveyor, in Newport, Rhode Island on November 16, 1798. The document is partially printed and features a "Brandywine" watermark. Nathaniel Phillips and his father were members of the King David Masons Lodge. Further research is needed on Phillips's background; he may have been a Major in the American Revolution.

Shipping manifest detailing a tobacco shipment by Aaron Cohen on the Saratoga, dated January 1, 1830. The manifest lists the contents, likely for customs or insurance purposes. The document originates from Louisiana.

Partially printed shipping document dated November 30, 1769, detailing goods shipped by Aaron Lopez of Newport, Rhode Island to Richard Ellis, a merchant in New Bern, North Carolina. The document lists a variety of goods including rum, candles, molasses, onions, potatoes, cider, apples, and cloth, illustrating the scope of Lopez's commercial activities.

Shipping record detailing the arrival of the ship Sally Anne in New York City from Hamburg, Germany on July 7, 1819. The record indicates the shipment was consigned to Samuel I. Tobias and T. I. Tobias. This document is part of a larger collection of commercial records.

Shipping record detailing the arrival of the ship Amity from Liverpool, England to New York, New York, on April 9, 1817. The record indicates Samuel I. Tobias and Tobias I. Tobias as consignees.

Shipping record from David Cox to Hendricks & Brothers, documenting a shipment between Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York on December 8, 1849. The record, written on a stampless letter, includes the H&B mark and an additional letter.

Partially printed shipping document detailing goods shipped by David Woolf in New York City to Isaac Gomez in Barbados on December 3, 1729, aboard the brig Essex. The document is signed by the brig's master, Thomas Fitch. This is the earliest American shipping document in the collection.

Partially printed and handwritten shipping record detailing imported goods and their value. Signed by Harmon Hendricks and David N. Carvalho. The document lists imported items and their values, and includes annotations on the verso, including a circular stamp and inscription relating to David N. Carvalho, expert in handwriting. Dated June 18, 1799, New York, New York.

Shipping record from Hendricks & Brothers in Charleston, South Carolina to New York, New York, dated April 12, 1836. The record pertains to the shipment of finished copper.

Shipping record from Hendricks & Brothers documenting the shipment of finished copper from New York to Hartford, Connecticut on April 12, 1836. The record indicates Charles Brainard as the recipient. This document is one of five shipping records in the collection.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of numerous stationary items from Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, between June 17 and August 19, 1857. The record indicates that Henry Cohen & Co. were the shippers, and John Fisher the recipient. The document also notes Levison as attorney for the Cohen family.

Shipping record documenting the arrival of goods or merchandise from Bremen, Germany to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 17, 1860. The record indicates Henry Cohen was involved in the shipment. The document is written in English.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of goods from Hirsh & Bros. in Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on April 3, 1876. The record notes a date of September 2, 1875, possibly indicating an earlier date related to the shipment's preparation. The document includes details related to the port of entry and the involvement of Mason Hirsh.

Printed insurance policy underwritten in the office of Abraham Touro in Boston, Massachusetts on October 7, 1801, for a shipment to Liverpool, England. The document includes signatures by Abraham Touro and embossed revenue stamps.

Shipping record documenting goods shipped from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Liverpool, England, between September 3rd and 18th, 1821. The record is signed by an agent for R. & I. Phillips, Philadelphia agents for the Rothschilds. The 'P' mark is used by the firm.

Shipping record detailing the shipment from Havana, Cuba to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 15, 1847. The record indicates Hymen L. Lipman as the shipper and Louisa Gallagher as the recipient. The document includes details about the port of entry and mentions a stationary item (pencil with eraser).

Shipping record documenting the shipment of embroidery from Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by Loeb & Schoenfeld. The record includes dates of shipment (March 22, 26, and April 8, 10, 1884) and port of entry information.

Ledger sheet detailing a cargo manifest from Philadelphia to Richmond aboard the steamship Pennsylvania on September 3, 1853. The record includes information about the shipment and is part of the business records of I. M. Moss & Bro. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Shipping record documenting the arrival of goods at St. Thomas, Virgin Islands on October 11, 1833. The document includes the signatures of Adolphus Millier, J. A. Picolet, and Nathan Levy, who served as the American Consul on St. Thomas from 1818-1836. Levy's signature appears twice on a certificate of landing.

Shipping record from Robert Pollock & Co. in Liverpool, England, dated September 18, 1857. The record mentions the port of entry and features an image of an American eagle. The document is a broadside.

Shipping record from S. I. Isaacs & Soho Copper Co. documenting the shipment of finished copper from New York, New York, and Washington, District of Columbia to Norfolk, Virginia on November 3, 1826. One of five shipping records. The Soho Copper Refinery was founded by Hendricks & Isaacs (brother-in-law) in Soho, New Jersey.

Shipping record detailing goods imported into New York City by Samuel I. Tobias and T. I. Tobias from Cayez (possibly Puerto Rico) aboard the ship Solon on May 18, 1817. The record includes information about the port of entry and the value of the goods.

A signed shipping record dated June 12, 1832, documenting goods shipped between J. Kohn & Bordier in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Samuel Moss & Sons in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The record indicates that J. Kohn & Bordier were merchants in New Orleans, shipping goods to Moss in Philadelphia. This broadside is signed by an agent for J. Kohn & Bordier and bears the 'M' mark. The record is mentioned in Korn's book, "The Early Jews of New Orleans," on pages 122/303.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of goods between I. Kohn & Bordier in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Samuel Moss & Sons in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 18, 1832. The record is signed by an agent for I. Kohn & Bordier, a Jewish mercantile firm.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of goods from J. Kohn & Bordier in New Orleans, Louisiana to Samuel Moss & Sons in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 20, 1832. The record is signed by an agent for Samuel Moss & Sons and includes the firm's "M" mark. The document suggests a commercial relationship between Jewish merchants in New Orleans and Philadelphia.

Shipping record documenting goods shipped from Samuel Moss & Sons in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to J. Kohn & Bordier in New Orleans, Louisiana on May 30, 1832. The record is signed by Joachim Kohn, agent for Samuel Moss & Sons. The document includes details about the shipment and is marked with the "M" mark of Samuel Moss & Sons.

Shipping manifest detailing the inland transport of goods from New York City to Philadelphia via New Jersey, arriving December 30, 1806. The manifest includes an oath sworn by Joseph Gratz as collector, attesting to the accuracy of the listed goods. The document is dated December 31, 1806, but refers to the goods' departure from New York on July 20, 1806.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of wine from T. I. Tobias in New York, New York to Dunlop, Moncure & Co. in Richmond, Virginia on August 25, 1835. Printed by Solomon H. Jackson at 163 Chatham Street, New York.

Shipping record documenting merchandise shipment from T. I. Tobias in New York, New York to Charleston, South Carolina on September 29, 1835. Printed by Solomon H. Jackson at 163 Chatham Street, New York.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of wine from T. I. Tobias in New York, New York to Richmond, Virginia on December 25, 1835. Printed by Solomon H. Jackson at 163 Chatham Street, New York.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of merchandise from T. I. Tobias in New York, New York to Richmond, Virginia on October 10, 1835. Printed by Solomon H. Jackson at 163 Chatham Street, New York. Features an eagle logo.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of merchandise from T. I. Tobias in New York, New York to Richmond, Virginia on October 15, 1835. Printed by Solomon H. Jackson at 163 Chatham Street, New York. Features an eagle logo.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of wine from T. I. Tobias in New York, New York to Charleston, South Carolina on October 13, 1835. Printed by Solomon H. Jackson at 163 Chatham Street, New York.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of cloth from M. I. Tobias in Liverpool, England to T. I. Tobias in New York, New York, on February 5, 1835. This is one of two parts of the record.

Two-part shipping tag and envelope from Weil Brothers & Co., located at 324-340 East Columbia Street, Fort Wayne, Indiana. The tag is designed for shipping raw furs. Dated circa 1894. The material notes Indiana Jews.

Invoice from Captain Bill, Master of the Brig Enterprise, to Michael Levy for 21,899.19 pounds sterling. The invoice details numerous items and their prices across three sides of a large sheet folded in half. Signed twice by Levy on May 26, 1789, in New York, New York. The document measures 12.5" x 8" and consists of four pages, one blank.

This 1876 catalogue from Starr & Marcus, located at 22 John Street in New York City, details the items they displayed at the International Exhibition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The catalogue showcases their collection of precious stones and jewelry, likely including descriptions and prices of various pieces. The catalogue offers insight into the business practices and offerings of a prominent Jewish merchant firm in the late 19th century.

Trade token issued by Staudinger's, located at 116 Broadway, New York, New York in 1863. The reverse of the token depicts a U.S. shield.

This catalog, produced by Stern & Silverman of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, showcases a range of household electrical apparatus. The seven single-sided pages feature illustrations and descriptions of items including bells, fire alarms, and electric gas lighting. The two-sided back cover includes an advertisement for Thomson-Houston Electric Light & Edison systems for incandescent lighting. The catalog offers a glimpse into the early adoption of electrical appliances in homes, circa 1888.

This is a July 1890 issue of *Styles and Fashions*, a monthly periodical published in Baltimore, Maryland, for the hat trade. Published by Brighman Hopkins & Co., the periodical features styles and fashions relevant to the hat industry. The pamphlet is associated with Isaac Friedenwald, a member of a prominent Baltimore Jewish family involved in business and commerce.

This is the third edition of J. Wright's 'The American Negotiator,' published in London in 1765. This book contains tables reducing the various currencies of the British American colonies and the West Indies into English money, accounting for exchange rate fluctuations. It also includes tables for converting Irish currency to Sterling and for interconverting colonial currencies. A significant feature is the approximately 50-page list of subscribers to all three editions (1761, 1763, and 1765), which includes numerous Jewish merchants and prominent figures like Benjamin Franklin, offering insights into transatlantic trade networks and financial practices of the time. The book is complete with lxxx, 80, and 326 pages and bound in its original leather cover.

First edition of *The American Trader's Compendium; Containing the Laws, Customs, and Regulations of the United States, Relative to Commerce. Including the Most Useful Precedents Adapted to General Business. Dedicated by Permission To The Honorable William Tilghman, Chief Justice of Pennsylvania*. Published in Philadelphia by Samuel R. Fisher, Junr. in 1811. This compendium provides an alphabetically organized explanation of terms used in commercial transactions, including forms and an index. The book was found within "Some Unrecorded American Judaica Printed Before 1851 by Wolf...#33".

This book, published in New York City around 1830, is a commercial directory and digest compiled by Myer Moses. It offers a snapshot of businesses and commercial activities in New York during that period. The book's contents remain largely unknown, due to the scarcity of the book itself and its absence from major library catalogs.

Issue of the Daily Advertiser newspaper published in New York, New York on May 19, 1801. This issue features advertisements for dry goods stores and books, and mentions Moses, Isaac & Sons, Meyers A, Meyers M, and Gomez, Benjamin.

Newspaper issue of The Daily Advertiser, published in New York City on November 23, 1792. Contains numerous advertisements from Jewish merchants.

Page 3 of the *Daily Advertiser*, a newspaper published in New York, New York on October 29, 1795. This page features advertisements for dry goods, auctions (including real estate), and liquor. Mentioned businesses include Moses, Isaac & Sons, Hart, Ephraim, and Zuntz (or Zunz), Alexander.

This 8-page catalogue from Wechsler, Abraham & Co., a New York City department store, is presented in magazine format. It advertises a wide range of dry goods and other department store items. Published in December 1877, the catalogue lists the store's addresses at 297-299 Fulton Street and 266-268 Washington Street in New York City. The catalogue reflects the fashion and consumer goods available in a late 19th-century American department store.

This 1859 pamphlet, published by Henry Levy, is a combination of advertising and information about New York City. It contains 12 pages of advertisements for Levy's business, which imported and sold foreign and domestic fancy goods, and 32 pages of information and illustrations about New York City, serving as a guide for merchants and visitors alike.

This 1879 directory lists members of The Public Exchange, a New York City-based organization that functioned as a precursor to modern-day Green Stamps. The directory includes over 60 pages of members, categorized by address and trade. Members paid an annual fee of $1.00, receiving coupons worth 4 cents for every dollar spent at participating businesses. Accumulated coupons could be exchanged for bonds. The directory contains numerous listings of Jewish merchants and features a full-page advertisement from Ehrichs’ Department Store on the back cover.

The trade card is a photograph of a store with several employees standing in front. The card is likely from the late 19th century or early 20th century, and features a storefront that appears to be a general store. It is unknown what type of business L. P. Neuberg operated in Nenno, Wisconsin.

Trade card depicting "Jumbo" reaching for candy, located at 121 Bridge Street. The card dates from circa 1885. The card is part of Manuscript Collection 1410, located in the Out-of-Series materials, Box 2, Folder 17.

Trade card depicting 242 & 244 Superior Street in Cleveland, Ohio, circa 1885. The image shows a man sleeping in a rail car. The back of the card features a full advertisement. This item is from Arc.MS.56, Volume 32, Page 18.

Trade card depicting a boy giving a girl a bird's nest. The card also lists addresses: 301, 303, and 305 K Street, corner Third. Circa 1885. Found in Arc.MS.56, Volume 5, Page 10.

Trade card depicting a boy on a mule. The text on the card advertises sales on easy monthly payments and provides an address: 20 East Pittsburgh Street. The card is dated circa 1886. This item is part of the O collection, located in Ms. Coll. 1410, OOS, Box 2, Folder 59.

Trade card depicting a boy sitting on a white dove, located opposite a post office. The card is circa 1885. The image is currently unavailable. The card is part of Manuscript Collection 1410, located in Box 2, Folder 58, at the OOS.

Trade card depicting chicks hatching from an egg. The address 351 Broadway is printed on the card. The card is part of the Blume Family Collection and dates to circa 1885. It is housed in Ms. Coll. 1410, OOS, Binder 1, Page 14.

Trade card depicting Cupid shooting an arrow from a shoe, located at 182 Main Street. The card is part of Volume 17, Page 29 of Arc.MS.56 and dates to circa 1885. The card's subject matter suggests a mercantile context.

Sepia-toned trade card depicting Indians in canoes at a seagull landing. The address 123 Union Street is visible. The card is circa 1885. The card is part of the manuscript collection and features a green and brown color scheme.

Trade card depicting a scene of a man on his knees with a woman, another woman appearing to hit him. The background includes grass, flowers, and gold. The text '65 MYRTLE AVENUE NEAR JAY STREET' and 'DISSOLUTION OF PARTNERSHIP, SAM'L GOLDSTEIN SUCCESSOR' are visible. The card is part of a larger collection of trade cards, volume 25, page 5. The card is dated circa 1885.

This trade card, circa 1885, depicts a clipper ship inside a horseshoe, an easel, and a painting. The card is in black sepia on lime-colored paper. The reverse side contains a full advertisement and a price list. The card was custom-made on the 4th floor of 440 Washington Street. The card is part of Volume 14, Page 16 of collection Arc.MS.56.

Trade card depicting two elves. The address 37 Jefferson Ave. is printed on the card. The back of the card is blank. The card is circa 1885. The card is part of the Kumerow Family Papers.

This is a catalogue from Weingarten Bros., a New York City-based business, published in 1890. The catalogue features illustrations and descriptions of various corsets, including different sizes and styles. The purpose is to advertise and sell corsets to consumers.

This folded card catalogue, printed on all four sides, advertises the products of the Western Fur Manufacturing Co. in Des Moines, Iowa. It features a price list and descriptions of furs and fur products. The catalogue invites ladies to visit the store at 505 Locust Street. The approximate date is 1890, based on the donor's estimation.

This manuscript receipt book, spanning 1855-1857, belonged to William Sellers, an iron manufacturer in Philadelphia. It meticulously records fees and payments, listing numerous Jewish names among his clients. The book offers valuable insight into the business dealings of a prominent Philadelphian and the economic activities of the Jewish community during this period.