Subject: Business

Calling card type trade card for Altman & Co., located at 68, 70, and 72 Seneca Street, corner of Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York. The card features red and white flowers on a gold background. Circa 1885.

Trade token issued by Benjamin & Herrick, redeemable at 427 Broadway, Albany, New York. Dated 1863.

Billhead from July 5, 1872, for I.S. Custer, Son & Company, importers and jobbers of millinery goods and manufacturers of straw, silk, and fancy bonnets, hats, and frames. Located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The billhead features a decorative header and a storefront graphic on the left side.

Broadside - PRINTED "CATALOGUE OF SUPERIOR OLD PORT, SHERRY AND MADERIA WINES BY I. S. COHEN; WILL BE SOLD AT WEDNESDAY NEXT, 13TH INSTANT AT 12 O'CLOCK"..HAND WRITTEN NOTES; W/PRICES AND WHAT SOLD. See Letter WRITTEN BY HIM MENTIONING WINE BUS...20.106; HE WAS A DIRECTOR OF THE SOUTH.WESTERN RR BANK....Charleston, South Carolina.... 12/1/1848 Isaac S. Cohen's most defining documented religious activity was his alignment with the Progressive Reform faction at Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim (KKBE). When the historic KKBE synagogue burned down in 1838, the congregation rebuilt a stunning new Greek Revival structure. Upon its completion in 1840, a group of 38 progressive members—including the Cohen family—circulated a radical petition demanding the installation of an organ to play instrumental music during the Sabbath, an act strictly forbidden by traditional Orthodox law. Isaac S. Cohen and his immediate relatives, such as Philip M. Cohen and Hyam Cohen, officially sided with the reform-minded Hazan (ritual leader) Gustavus Poznanski. The "organ faction" ultimately won the vote, which caused an immediate, bitter religious split in the city. The Orthodox traditionalists formally seceded from KKBE to form a rival synagogue named Shearit Israel (Remnant of Israel). By continuing his business and public footprint under the KKBE banner in 1845, Isaac S. Cohen was publicly identifying as a pioneer of American Reform Judaism.Beyond regular synagogue attendance. Isaac S. Cohen’s name appears in the historic ledger books of the Hebrew Benevolent Society of Charleston, which was founded in 1784 and stands as the oldest Jewish charitable organization in the United States. In the 1840s, this society acted as a strict internal welfare and religious governance system for the local community. Isaac S. Cohen is documented as a financial contributor to this society, meaning his dues directly funded the distribution of kosher food, provided medical care for impoverished Jewish immigrants landing at the Charleston ports, and sustained the maintenance of traditional ritual burial rites.In antebellum Charleston, Jewish life was tightly insular and carefully preserved through a complex web of cousin-marriages and business partnerships designed to keep wealth and religious continuity intact. Isaac S. Cohen’s commercial venture as a wine merchant was heavily supported by his marriage alliances into other elite Sephardic and Ashkenazic dynasties, including the Lazarus, Moïse, and Mordecai families. These prominent families jointly owned the pews at KKBE, managed the synagogue's governing board (known as the Adjunta), and legally witnessed each other’s Ketubahs (Jewish marriage contracts), which remain preserved today in local South Carolina archives.

A trade card for A. C. Kaufman, Banker and Broker, located at No. 25 Broad Street. The broadside was found alongside a letter and a stock quote. The date is estimated as 1870. It is cross-referenced to item 12.698 in the Judaica catalog of the OYC (presumably, the organization from which the materials originated).

Civil War-era store token issued by Herschman Bros. in Binghamton, New York. The token features the text "HERSCHMAN BROS." and their address, "20 COURT STREET." The reverse shows a wreath and the description "BUSINESS CARD." The token's date of issue is estimated to be around January 1, 1863. Further research is needed to fully identify the token. The token is part of the New York Business Objects Collection.

Civil War-era store token issued by J. Klein, a grocer located at 63 Hamilton Road, Cincinnati, Ohio. The token features an Indian head on the obverse and the inscription "J. KLEIN, GROCER, 63 HAMILTON ROAD, Cincinnati, Ohio" on the reverse. The token's discovery alongside other items raises questions about its potential association with both Jewish and non-Jewish individuals. The date is estimated to be January 1, 1863.

Civil War-era store token issued by A. Lederer in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The token's inscription indicates its location as the corner of East Water and Michigan Streets. The token dates from 1863.

A stampless, one-quarter page commercial letter written by Dickson & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on June 6, 1846, to Henry Tobias in New York, New York. The letter pertains to commercial items.

Commercial letter from J. D. Phillips in New York, New York to L. A. Levy Jr. in New Orleans, Louisiana, dated April 7, 1842. The letter expresses dissatisfaction, details available in the full letter.

Envelope with advertising addressed to M. S. Block at 1210 Main Street, Richmond, Virginia, dated February 2, 1890. The envelope contains advertising materials (content unspecified).

Commercial supplement to Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, published October 27, 1888 in New York, New York. Features illustrations of various businesses in Cincinnati, Ohio; Buffalo, New York; and Baltimore, Maryland, including Brunswick-Balke-Collender (bowling equipment), Samuel Trost cigar box factory, G. Elias lumber factory, Hutzler Brothers Department Store, and Joel Gutman Department Store.

This 288-page novel, "George Bailey: A Tale of New York Mercantile Life," was published by Harper & Brothers. The book tells the story of George Bailey and his experiences in the New York mercantile world. It was owned by Sidney Rosenfeld, who inscribed his name and the date July 22, 1881 inside the book.

Advertisement indicating the sale of hand-wrought gold rings and copper items at 220 Delaware Avenue. The date is unknown, but it has been estimated to be around 1900 based on contextual clues. The advertisement features M.A. Reich.

A handwritten letter from Benjamin Gratz to his brother, Simon Gratz, dated August 10, 1812, from Fredericksburg, Virginia. The letter discusses business matters, including information Benjamin gathered regarding public monies and stock value, and details a meeting with Mr. Brooke in Norfolk. Benjamin indicates he will be returning to Philadelphia via steamer. The letter includes an integral blank and an autograph address panel on the verso, along with a red wax seal. **3.

A letter from Michael Gratz in Philadelphia, dated January 23, 1795, to his son Simon Gratz concerning various business matters. The correspondence mentions a transaction for which Judge George Wallace of Pittsburgh has agreed to pay in cash. The item consists of two pages, featuring an autograph address panel. The top line is torn, resulting in some loss of text. The letter highlights the extensive mercantile activities and financial dealings of Michael Gratz.

A one-page letter written aboard the ship *Mole* by Abraham Pereira Mendes to his father-in-law, Aaron Lopez, on September 8, 1772. Mendes describes a perilous voyage during a squall that required cutting both masts. He conveys greetings to Mrs. Lopez and Mr. & Mrs. Rivera. The letter provides insight into 18th-century sea travel and the personal life of Mendes, a Sephardic Jew from a distinguished but impoverished Jamaican family.

A letter written by D. Winternitz in Anton Chico, New Mexico, on August 7, 1883, to C. Ilfeld in Las Vegas. The letter concerns merchandise.

A commercial letter written by David Hays in Baltimore, Maryland, to Porter & Hoover on January 22, 1849. The letter is written in English and discusses commercial matters. The letter is a stampless example.

A commercial letter written by David Judah to E. Pollock & Co. on March 30, 1823, in Richmond, Virginia. The letter pertains to commerce between the two associates. The letter was sent from Richmond, Virginia to New York, New York.

Letter from David Judah in Richmond, Virginia to Edward Pollock & Co. in New York, New York, dated November 27, 1822. The letter pertains to commercial dealings between the two parties and references D. Hart. A stampless cover from Richmond is included.

A one-page letter dated November 30, 1821, from David Judah in Richmond, Virginia, to Edward Pollock in New York City. The letter discusses business matters, including slow trade, a pending shipment of goods, and the anticipated arrival of a ship named 'The Leader'.

A commercial letter written by David Judah to T. I. Tobias & Co. on April 27, 1826. The letter, sent from Richmond, Virginia, to New York, New York, pertains to business matters between the two parties. The letter is a stamped cover.

A two-and-a-half-page letter from Fred M. Tobias in Liverpool, England, dated April 16, 1838, to his cousin Charles Tobias in New York City. The letter discusses his brother George's melancholy, thanks Charles for condolences on the death of their father, details the inability to ship their father's body back to England for burial, and requests that Charles place a notice of their father's death in American newspapers. The letter also mentions the sons' assumption of the family firm.

A stampless commercial letter written by H. Tobias to C. Tobias on July 18, 1842, concerning business affairs. The letter was sent from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to New York, New York. The letter is part of the 'Arc.MS.56, Volume A, Page 19' collection.

Two-page letter written by Horace E. Baldwin in New York City to Charles Tobias in New Orleans on March 24, 1851. Baldwin discusses his poor health, financial difficulties, debts totaling $59,866.27, and negotiations with creditors. He mentions plans to visit New Orleans in May. An attachment lists his debts in detail.

Two-page letter written by Horace E. Baldwin in New York City to Charles Tobias in New Orleans on March 27, 1851. The letter primarily concerns a product shipment from Baldwin to Tobias. Horace E. Baldwin was a partner in the firm Taylor, Baldwin and Co. in Newark, New Jersey, before relocating to New Orleans in 1842, and appears to have remained there until 1853, sourcing much of his silver from New Jersey and New York.

Three-page commercial letter written by Isaac Cohen of Isaac Cohen & Co. in Savannah, Georgia, to Joshua Bicknell, Jr. in Providence, Rhode Island, dated September 18, 1816. The letter discusses business conditions in Savannah, including high rents, the failure of several mercantile firms (Pelot & Merrick, Isaac Merrick & Co., and Peter Schenk & Co.), the cotton and rice markets, and the health of the city.

A letter written by J. Feuerlicht to Attorney Huffman on February 25, 1897, concerning a problematic business transaction. The letter is written on Attorney Huffman's letterhead and was found in his envelope. The letter's content details the specifics of the 'bad business deal.'

A stampless commercial letter from John C. Larr & Co. to Henry Tobias in New York, New York, dated January 11, 1838. The letter discusses commercial items from Philadelphia, PA.

This letter, dated 1846, was written from New Orleans, Louisiana to New York, New York. The author, Judah, writes to Charles Tobias about business matters and money owed.

A 2 1/2 page letter written by Michael I. Tobias in Liverpool, England, to his brother Tobias I. Tobias in New York, New York, on November 23, 1833. The letter details an evaluation of the cloth market and includes a personal reflection on age and experience.

A one and one-quarter page stampless letter written by Michael Nesbit in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Tobias I. Tobias in New York, New York on April 25, 1835. The letter details a business transaction concerning port, bottles, and cloth.

A two-page letter dated December 3, 1843, from Michael Samuel in Colchester, England, to his cousin, Michael Samuel, in Chatham, New Brunswick. The letter discusses family matters, business dealings, and the death of Simcha. The letter displays various postal markings.

A one-page letter written by Moses Michael Hays in New York City to Michael Gratz in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on December 12, 1768. Hays discusses the dispatch of a vessel to Georgia, plans to remit bills of credit, and complains about the irregular postal service. The letter includes a New York postmark and bishop's mark on the verso.

Commercial letter sent from New York to L. A. Levy Jr. in New Orleans, Louisiana on April 4, 1842. The letter expresses dissatisfaction or unhappiness, the exact nature of which is not specified in the available metadata.

A one and a half page handwritten letter from Reinah (Judah) to Isaac Leeser, dated December 25, 1848, in Baltimore, Maryland. The letter discusses Reinah's financial difficulties, her business selling bitters, and social conditions in Baltimore and Richmond. It also mentions family members, including cousin David, and alludes to Leeser's past kindness.

Autograph letter signed by Richard H. Henderson to Israel Fielder, written in Baltimore, Maryland on June 23, 1823. The letter discusses remitting money owed to Isaac Burnistin.

A one-page letter written by Simon Greenleaf to Aaron Lopez in Boston, Massachusetts on September 7, 1772. Greenleaf discusses goods left with Lopez by Captain Richard Bartlett to be sold on his account and inquires about their status. He also offers his services for any business negotiations in Newburyport.

A commercial letter, likely written by Tobias I. Tobias to David Judah, discussing business affairs involving Edward Pollock & Co., David Judah & Co., and T. I. Tobias & Co. The letter was written from an unknown location, likely New York, to Richmond, Virginia, on April 1, 1823.

Commercial letter written by W. A. Carter to A. Kuhn & Bro. on July 2, 1879. The letter was sent from Bridger, Utah, and concerns business matters related to Ogden, Utah.

A one-cent revenue stamp imprinted with "LC. CO....MAR. 1864." The stamp was issued by Lawrence and Cohen, located at 184 William Street, New York City. Lewis I. Cohen, uncle of Isaac Levy/Hart, who merged in 1871 to form the Consolidated Card Company, is associated with this stamp. The date of the stamp is March 1864.

Advertisement from the Pennsylvania Packet newspaper, dated October 28, 1779, featuring Benjamin Seixas and Moses Gomez. The advertisement pertains to mercantile affairs. Published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Broadside printed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1846. The broadside is a letter from L. J. Levy announcing a new department at his business located at 134 Chestnut Street.

Trade token issued by Staudinger's, located at 116 Broadway, New York, New York in 1863. The reverse of the token depicts a U.S. shield.

First edition of *The American Trader's Compendium; Containing the Laws, Customs, and Regulations of the United States, Relative to Commerce. Including the Most Useful Precedents Adapted to General Business. Dedicated by Permission To The Honorable William Tilghman, Chief Justice of Pennsylvania*. Published in Philadelphia by Samuel R. Fisher, Junr. in 1811. This compendium provides an alphabetically organized explanation of terms used in commercial transactions, including forms and an index. The book was found within "Some Unrecorded American Judaica Printed Before 1851 by Wolf...#33".

This trade card advertises M. Volinsky's business, located at 419 Ontario Street in Cleveland, Ohio. The front of the card depicts a picturesque country scene, featuring a hay wagon and a pond. The back of the card includes a full advertisement for M. Volinsky, highlighting his specialties, which include clothing, hats, furnishings, watches, jewelry, trunks, satchels, and other items.

Trade card depicting "230 Market Street" and a man at home, circa 1885. The card suggests a business located at 230 Market Street. Further details about the nature of the business are not available from this image.

Glossy trade card for the American Skirt Manufacturing Co., located at 368 Broadway, New York, New York. The card lists E. A. Stern and William E. Stein. Circa 1880.

Trade card depicting the face of a young girl. The card lists "FRANK & LEVI" and addresses "30 & 39 Milton Ave." The card is circa 1885. This item is from archival collection Arc.MS.56, Volume 25, Page 2. The card's subject matter relates to mercantile business.

Trade card advertising the business of S. I. Freeman, located at 14, 16 & 18 Asylum Street in Hartford, Connecticut. The card depicts red and white flowers on ivy. The advertisement notes the business is moving due to building construction. Circa 1885. Found in Arc.MS.56, Volume 9, Page 26.

This trade card, from the collection, advertises the services of Gold & Kirk. The front of the card features text-only design. The primary text emphasizes their focus on investments, stating "Special Attention Paid to Investments Placed in Our Hands." The business name, "Gold & Kirk," is prominently displayed. The back of the card is blank. The image suggests a late 19th-century printing style.

Trade card advertising Golding & Co. in Boston, Massachusetts. The card advertises a self-inking "Official" press and outfit for printing address cards, claiming it is worth ten times the cost for amusement and enjoyment. The address listed is 183 to 193 Fort Hill Square. Circa 1885.

Trade card for R. Walter & Co., wholesale clothiers, located at 300 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD. The card dates from circa 1870.

Trade card depicting a scene of a man on his knees with a woman, another woman appearing to hit him. The background includes grass, flowers, and gold. The text '65 MYRTLE AVENUE NEAR JAY STREET' and 'DISSOLUTION OF PARTNERSHIP, SAM'L GOLDSTEIN SUCCESSOR' are visible. The card is part of a larger collection of trade cards, volume 25, page 5. The card is dated circa 1885.

Trade card for S. M. Pinckney located at 70 Division Avenue. The card dates from circa 1885. The card is part of the O collection, Ms. Coll. 1410, OOS, Box 2, Folder 17. The geographic location is New York City, New York. The subject matter is mercantile.

Trade card advertising W. Gruenhagen, successor to Geo. Haas & Co., purveyors of fine candies. The card notes that Haas retired on November 4, 1880, and Gruenhagen, his partner for 14 years, took over the business located on Kearny Street in San Francisco, California. Circa 1880.