Geography: Richmond

Receipt for $167.85 issued by S. M. Rosenbaum & Sons, located at 227 Sixth Street between Main and Market Streets in Louisville, Kentucky, on July 31, 1882. The receipt is enclosed in an envelope addressed to an unknown recipient in Richmond, Virginia. The record also includes a letter dated September 18, 1871.

This archival item consists of a tobacco pouch advertisement for the American Cigar Company. The front features graphics of an old Black man and the text "OLD VIRGINIA CHEROOTS" and "AMERICAN CIGAR COMPANY." The reverse side displays the text "THREE FOR 5 CENTS, BEWARE OF IMITATION." and "MY SIGNATURE P. WHITLOCK." The advertisement also includes biographical information about P. Whitlock, indicating his service in the Richmond Light Infantry Blues during the Civil War and his arrival in the USA in 1854. The pouch was published in Richmond, Virginia, United States, and the date is unknown.

Manuscript order dated January 11, 1787, from Elizabeth Randolph, wife of Virginia Governor Edmund Randolph, to Messrs. Cohen & Isaacs, a mercantile firm in Richmond, Virginia. The order details the purchase of half a bushel of alum salt, twelve pounds of sugar, and two pounds of salts. The reverse side possibly contains Hebrew docket markings. This document offers insight into the daily life of a prominent colonial family and the operations of a Jewish mercantile business in 18th-century Virginia.

Manuscript order from Elizabeth Randolph, wife of Governor Randolph, to Messrs. Cohen & Isaacs for 25 pounds of sugar and 6 yards of plain gauze. Dated January 11, 1787, Richmond, Virginia. The document provides insight into the commercial activities of Cohen & Isaacs, prominent Jewish merchants in Richmond.

Billhead from Levy Brothers, wholesale and retail dealers in Staple and Fancy Dry Goods, located at Nos. 1213 and 1215 Main Street, Richmond, Virginia. Dated July 6, 1870. The bill lists an item purchased by R. F. P. R. for the Hot Hotel at Junction. The billhead features a revenue stamp indicating a tax on the transaction. The bill lists quantities, prices, and an amount paid for the items, including table cloths, doy napkins, towels, and 18 1/4 yards of crash.

This archival item consists of a letter dated July 10, 1884, from Lora C. Kister of Mill Brook, Ohio, to Thalhimer Brothers in Richmond, Virginia. The letter is accompanied by an undated envelope featuring an advertisement for Thalhimer Brothers, located at 501 Broad Street, Richmond, Virginia. The envelope's advertisement showcases the store's offerings. The letter itself contains business-related correspondence.

Letter from David Judah in Richmond, Virginia to Edward Pollock & Co. in New York, New York, dated November 27, 1822. The letter pertains to commercial dealings between the two parties and references D. Hart. A stampless cover from Richmond is included.

This archival item is a letter written by David Judah to Edward Pollock on March 11, 1823, in Richmond, Virginia. The letter pertains to commerce and reflects the close business relationship between Judah and Pollock. The letter was sent without a stamp. David Judah was an auctioneer who dealt in slaves. An advertisement for a Jewish-owned business in Richmond, featuring David Judah, Edward Pollock, and Tobias L. Tobias, appeared in the Richmond Enquirer on July 5, 1822.

A commercial letter written by David Judah to E. Pollock & Co. on March 30, 1823, in Richmond, Virginia. The letter pertains to commerce between the two associates. The letter was sent from Richmond, Virginia to New York, New York.

A commercial letter written by David Judah to T. I. Tobias & Co. on April 27, 1826. The letter, sent from Richmond, Virginia, to New York, New York, pertains to business matters between the two parties. The letter is a stamped cover.

This archival item consists of a single, stampless letter dated November 15, 1825, written by David Judah of Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias. The letter discusses blankets, woolens, and other mercantile items, suggesting a business relationship between the two individuals. Judah mentions his poor health, detailing symptoms of gout, headaches, and fever. Accompanying metadata references additional letters in the collection from David Judah to Reverend Isaac Leeser. Also included is information about a July 5, 1822, advertisement in the *Richmond Enquirer* for a Jewish-owned business including David Judah, Edward Pollack, and Tobias L. Tobias. David Judah is noted as an auctioneer who dealt in slaves, referencing Bertram Korn's *Jews and Negro Slavery 1789-1865*.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of wine from T. I. Tobias in Richmond, Virginia to New York, New York on September 13, 1839. Printed by Solomon H. Jackson at 23 Mercer Street, New York.

A six-pound receipt for a load of hay, signed by Richard Randolph III in Curls Neck, Virginia on October 24, 1785. The transaction was made through "Mr. Isaacs, merchant, Richmond."

Printed and filled-in business license issued to Cohen & Isaacs in Richmond, Virginia on June 13, 1789. The license is signed by Adam Craig. This is considered the earliest known Southern Jewish business license. The document measures 4" x 8".

Buff-colored Confederate States of America envelope addressed to G. A. Myers in Richmond, Virginia. Postmarked Dublin, VA. Features a CSA #2 10-cent light milky blue stamp. The envelope shows evidence of handling and age.

Envelope addressed to G. A. Myers, Esq., in Richmond, Virginia, postmarked Dublin, VA. Features two 5-cent blue Jeff Davis stamps. The envelope dates from circa 1863 and is part of a collection of Confederate-era materials.

Partially printed legal document appointing John C. Marrast as Lieutenant Colonel of the 22nd Alabama Regiment. Issued in Richmond, Virginia on November 16, 1861, by Judah P. Benjamin, Secretary of War for the Confederate States of America. The document shows Benjamin's signature. A notation on the document referencing "Bragg" may refer to Fort Bragg in Fayetteville, North Carolina.

A general order, dated March 14, 1864, issued in Richmond, Virginia, during the American Civil War. The order pertains to Confederate commissaries and their reporting procedures. It is signed by Raphael Jacob Moses, a high-ranking Jewish officer in the Confederate Quartermaster's Corps, known for his efforts to curb corruption within the commissary system and his friendship with General Robert E. Lee.

Roll sheet detailing the status of officers and men of Company "C", 67th Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry, as of December 31, 1864. The record includes information on discharges, transfers, deaths, desertions, and wounded personnel. The document lists numerous names, including that of Marcus M. Spiegel, whose name is misspelled as Speigel on the sheet. The roll sheet is from Richmond, Virginia.

Two-page letter written by David Judah in Richmond, Virginia to Isaac Leeser in Baltimore, Maryland on January 17, 1826. Judah discusses business commissions, a trip down the James River to Norfolk, and travel plans to Philadelphia. The letter provides details of Judah's activities and social interactions, offering insights into daily life in the early 19th century.

Two-page letter dated October 18, 1850, from Jacob Ezekiel in Richmond, Virginia, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Ezekiel requests Leeser's assistance in amending or repealing Virginia laws that infringe upon Jewish rights. Ezekiel, a Richmond merchant, later became the first secretary of Hebrew Union College. He is the father of sculptor Moses Ezekiel.

A one-page letter dated December 13, 1830, from David Judah and Zalma Rehine in Baltimore, Maryland to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Judah discusses closing his castor oil business and requests Leeser to inform Solomon Levy. Rehine's note mentions unfavorable business dealings with Mr. Jacobs and sends greetings to the Pixiotto family. The letter offers insight into Jewish commercial activities and challenges in the early 19th century. Additional notes discuss the context of this letter within a larger collection of correspondence between Leeser and Judah and Rehine, highlighting a significant gap in their communication and suggesting family connections. The description also includes information about Zalma Rehine's role in the Baltimore Jewish community and a reference to an advertisement from the Richmond Enquirer (July 5, 1822) featuring a Jewish-owned business.

This letter, dated August 8, 1848, is from John Belton O'Neall, Chief Justice of the South Carolina Court, to Isaac Leeser, editor of *The Occident*, in Philadelphia. O'Neall addresses concerns raised by the Jewish community regarding his opinion in the case *City Council vs. Benjamin*. This case involved alleged slander by the Charleston city council and revolved around the interpretation and application of the 'Blue Laws'. O'Neall defends his statement that he knows "no other standard of good morals" than Christianity, clarifying that this reference encompassed the entirety of the Bible, not just the New Testament. The letter demonstrates the intersection of legal proceedings, religious interpretations, and social prejudices against the Jewish community in 19th-century America.

On June 10, 1829, Jacob Mordecai of Richmond, Virginia, wrote a letter recommending Isaac Leeser for the position of Hazan at Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter, addressed to Raphael De Cordova, is a glowing endorsement of Leeser's suitability for the role.

Seven-page letter written by Jacob Ezekiel of Richmond, Virginia, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on August 27, 1866. The letter discusses the post-Civil War rebuilding of Richmond's Jewish community, including proposals for publishing Leeser's collected works and the potential restructuring of the city's congregations. Ezekiel, a prominent Richmond merchant and communal leader, offers detailed insights into the political and social dynamics of the time.

Three-page letter dated December 24, 1838, from Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to his uncle, Zalma Rehine in Baltimore, Maryland. Leeser details his contractual difficulties with his congregation, outlining his complaints and considering resignation. He expresses his distress and discusses the political dynamics within the congregation. The letter also reveals Leeser's personal struggles and his reliance on his uncle's judgment in deciding his future. A second item in this record is an 1886 advertisement for the American Cigar Company, Richmond, Virginia. The advertisement features a caricature and appears to be related to Philip Whitlock.

A one-page, stampless letter written on April 11, 1832, from Rachel Mordecai Lazarus of Wilmington, North Carolina, to Emma Mordecai of Richmond, Virginia. The letter details family events, daily life, social news, and mentions books they read. Rachel Mordecai Lazarus (1788-1838) was born in Goochland, Virginia, and her mother was the daughter of silversmith Myer Myer. Emma Mordecai (1812-1906), one of thirteen children, remained devoted to Judaism despite many family members converting to Christianity. She established a Sunday school for Jewish children and authored a textbook for Jewish youth.

Autograph letter signed by Samuel Marx to J. L. Jones, written in Richmond, Virginia on September 22, 1843. The letter discusses personal matters, and mentions Marx's position as President of the Bank of Virginia. The recipient's address appears to be New York, New York.

Two dollar bank note issued by the Confederate States of America on February 17, 1864, in Richmond, Virginia. The note features a printed picture of Judah P. Benjamin, a confidant of Jefferson Davis who later became Secretary of State.

Confederate States of America $1000 bond, dated December 10, 1862. The bond features a printed image of Judah P. Benjamin, who served as a Confederate Secretary of State. This financial record originates from Richmond, Virginia.

Confederate States of America 50 dollar bond, due January 1, 1875, with an 8% interest rate. The bond, dated March 10, 1863, includes 21 coupons and a printed picture of Judah P. Benjamin. This financial record was found in Richmond, Virginia.

Check for 500 pounds sterling, dated August 20, 1810, drawn in Richmond, Virginia, to the order of Samuel Myers of London. The check is signed by David Milhado and endorsed by Samuel Myers and Seixas Nathan.

Note payable for 110 pounds sterling, discounted to 88 pounds sterling, issued by Cohen & Isaacs of Richmond, Virginia to Robert Morris on October 25, 1787. The note is docketed on the reverse in Yiddish. Accompanied by a later engraving of Robert Morris.

This is a newspaper clipping from the Richmond Enquirer, published in Richmond, Virginia on September 25, 1827. The clipping features an advertisement for Cohen, J. I. Jr. & Brothers. The advertisement pertains to a Literature Lottery.

Newspaper clipping from the *Richmond Whig*, March 24, 1864, featuring a letter from S. M. Isaacs to General Butler protesting the arrest of five Jews accused of running the blockade during the American Civil War. Reprinted from the *Jewish Messenger* published in New York City. The clipping notes that Isaacs was the son of Rabbi Isaacs, founder of the BDAI.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) photograph depicting two Confederate flags and a Confederate States of America (CSA) drum. The verso displays a full advertisement for Vannerson & Levy, photographers, located at 737 Main Street, Richmond, Virginia (two doors above the Spotswood Hotel). Undated, likely taken during or shortly after the American Civil War.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) photograph depicting a group of Confederate generals, with Robert E. Lee prominently positioned in the center. The verso of the photograph displays the photographer's information: "VANNERSON & LEVY, PHOTOGRAPHERS, NO. 737 MAIN STREET (TWO DOORS ABOVE SPOTSWOOD HOTEL), RICHMOND, VIRGINIA". The photograph is undated, but likely dates from the American Civil War period (1861-1865).

Carte-de-visite photograph of Libby Prison in Richmond, Virginia. The photograph was entered according to the Act of Congress in 1863 by C. Levy. Levy partnered with Cohen in 1865 and produced Civil War scenes. Undated.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) photograph of Libby Prison in Richmond, Virginia. The photograph was entered according to the Act of Congress in 1863 by C. Levy. Levy partnered with Cohen in 1865 and produced Civil War scenes. Undated.

This trade card advertises A. Oppenhimer, a wholesale jobber in clothing and furnishing goods, located at 1401, corner of Main and Fourteenth Streets, Richmond, Virginia. The card features a simple design, with the business name and address printed in bold, sans-serif font. It is a single-sided card and the back is blank. The card is printed in black ink on white cardstock.

This trade card advertises the services of Louis E. Levy, a general outdoor photographer. The front of the card features a stylized image of a camera lens on a black background. The back of the card provides more information about the business, including the address: 622, and Levy's specialization as a publisher of 'Levy's Photographic Advertising Albums.'

Trade card advertising the slave trading business of Davis, Deupree & Co. in Richmond, Virginia. The card reads: "DAVIS, DEUPREE, & CO., will give their entire attention to the sale of Negros, publicly and privately, Odd Fellows' Hall, corner of Mayo and Franklin Street." This rare card is the only known card from R. H. Davis, a member of a Jewish family of slave dealers based in Richmond. Robert H. Davis and William S. Deupree opened their “Negro Bazaar” auction rooms in Richmond’s Odd Fellows Hall in 1859. The firm was short-lived, bankrupted early in the Civil War. The card is printed on glossy stock and is estimated to date from circa 1850-1855. The Davis family were well-known slave dealers in Petersburg and Richmond, Virginia, with the first generation (Benjamin, Ansley, George, and Solomon Davis) selling slaves beginning in 1838.

This trade card advertises A. Saks & Co., clothiers located at 1013 Main Street in Richmond, Virginia. The front of the card features a portrait of the Hon. W.H. English. The image is a formal, likely posed, photograph of a man in what appears to be late 19th-century attire. The style of the portrait suggests the card dates from that era. Below the portrait, the text clearly states the business name and address. The back of the card is blank.

This trade card advertises Cordoza & Co., located at 1005 Main Street in Richmond, Virginia. The front of the card features a lithograph of a woman. The back of the card contains a full advertisement for corsets.

This trade card advertises H. Schwarzschild, a clothier located at the corner of 14th and Main Streets in Richmond, Virginia. The front of the card features a simple illustration of a man sitting on a stool, smoking a large pipe. He is wearing a fur hat. The back of the card is blank.

This record contains two images of trade cards. The first card features a comical illustration of a Black man riding a high-wheel bicycle. The image is in a style typical of late 19th-century American illustration, with bold outlines and a somewhat exaggerated depiction of the figure. The style and subject matter suggest a humorous approach to advertising. The second card (the reverse side of the first) advertises "Old Virginia Cheroots." The text is easily legible and provides information about the product. The back of the first card displays an advertisement for "Old Virginia Cheroots."

This trade card advertises A. Saks & Co., a clothing store located at 1013 Main Street in Richmond, Virginia. The front of the card features a comical illustration of a child wearing an oversized man's shirt. The back of the card features a detailed schedule of fireworks displays on October 31st and November 3rd. The back also includes an inscription mentioning that the card was on display at the Library of Congress exhibit in Cincinnati during 2005.

This trade card advertises Jacob May, a clothier located at 607 Broad Street in Richmond, Virginia. The front of the card features a simple design, a gold cord or ribbon with a baby's head prominently displayed in the center. The business's address, "607 Broad Street," is clearly printed below the image. Additional text on the card mentions "Jacob May, trustees of the Hebrew Congregation known as "Beth Ahaba." The back of the card is blank. The second image in this record is too small to interpret, and appears to be the same as the other.

Copper store token issued by O. Morgenstern in Richmond, Virginia, during the Civil War (circa 1863). The token features a star on the front and the number 5 surrounded by a wreath on the reverse. It functioned as an advertisement for Morgenstern's business.

This trade card, die-cut in the shape of an Easter egg, advertises Levy & Davis, dry goods merchants located at 1017 & 1019 Main Street, Richmond, Virginia. The front of the card features a girl peering out of the Easter egg. The words “Compliments of Levy & Davis” are printed below the image. The back of the card is blank.

A stampless letter dated April 16, 1807, from James Monroe, then Governor of Virginia, appointing Samuel Myers as an Inspector of the Penitentiary. The letter is free franked by Monroe. The letter provides biographical details on Samuel Myers, a prominent Richmond merchant and alderman.

This archival collection contains three items: two envelopes and an advertisement. The first envelope is addressed to S. Rosenbaum & Son at 227 6th Street in Louisville, Kentucky, and postmarked December 17, 1883. The second envelope is addressed to Rosenbaum Brothers in Louisville, Kentucky and postmarked February 17, 1884. A separate advertisement for the American Cigar Company, featuring Philip Whitlock, is dated 1886. The envelopes show business relationships in Louisville, Kentucky and Derby, Indiana, and the advertisement provides insight into the tobacco industry of the time.

Carte-de-visite photograph depicting the Treasury Building in Richmond, Virginia, after the Confederate capital was spared from the flames of April 3, 1865. Published by Levy & Cohen of Philadelphia, this image is part of their series, "Levy & Cohen's Views of the Rebel Capital and its Environs." A cancelled two-cent stamp appears on the reverse.

A letter written by P. Whitlock to W. C. Agee on August 30, 1878, discussing the Model Cigar Factory located at 1445 Main Street in Richmond, Virginia. The letter features a lithographed image of an "Impregnables" box of cigars. The letter was written from New Canton, Virginia.

One-page letter written on the letterhead of "Office of Martin & Cardozo, Commission Merchants," dated Richmond, Virginia, November 11, 1868. Addressed to Mr. James A. Walker, the letter mentions the shipment of 28 bags of an unspecified item. The letter shows signs of age, including stains and folds.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of wine from T. I. Tobias in New York, New York to Dunlop, Moncure & Co. in Richmond, Virginia on August 25, 1835. Printed by Solomon H. Jackson at 163 Chatham Street, New York.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of merchandise from T. I. Tobias in New York, New York to Richmond, Virginia on October 10, 1835. Printed by Solomon H. Jackson at 163 Chatham Street, New York. Features an eagle logo.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of merchandise from T. I. Tobias in New York, New York to Richmond, Virginia on October 15, 1835. Printed by Solomon H. Jackson at 163 Chatham Street, New York. Features an eagle logo.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of merchandise from T. I. Tobias in New York, New York to Richmond, Virginia on September 3, 1835. Printed by Solomon H. Jackson at 163 Chatham Street, New York.

A four-page letter (8 x 10 inches) written by S. Meylert of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, to his nephew, Augustus Mailert, in Richmond, Virginia, on January 14, 1848. The letter details Meylert's success in farming, his land and livestock holdings, and investment opportunities, advising his nephew to consider similar ventures. It also includes comments on their Jewish heritage and expresses Meylert's desire to see his nephew again before his death.

A letter written under "Flag of Truce" from Richmond, Virginia to New York City, postmarked "Old Point Comfort," circa September 1, 1863. Ruby Hutzler writes to her brother, Moses, sharing family news, hopes for peace, and details about the blockade. The letter mentions Major Joe Stern, and family members Charley and Uncle Moses.

This trade card advertises Julius Meyer & Son, wholesale and retail dealers in dry goods, notions, and fancy goods in Richmond, Virginia. The front of the card features a colorful illustration of a hummingbird hovering near flowers. The hummingbird holds a small card in its beak that reads "Novelty, Beauty & Fashion - Maison Demorest - Agencies Everywhere - Reliable Patterns in Sizes Illustrated & Described." The back of the card displays the store's name, address (601 and 603 Bread Street, Richmond, Virginia), and further advertises "Full Assortment of Mme. Demorest's Reliable Patterns."

Single-page handwritten letter from William Lovenstein in Richmond, Virginia, dated September 5, 1866, to J. Burgauer. Lovenstein requests Burgauer to procure several books and an almanac, mentioning a previous visit to Philadelphia and a meeting with Mr. Leeser. Accompanied by photostats from Berman's "Richmond Jewry 1769-1976" detailing Lovenstein's military service and political career.

A three-page letter written in German and English from Charles L. and R. L. Mailert and Laura [?] Mailert in Kassel, Germany to their brother Augustus Mailert in Richmond, Virginia on July 4, 1848. The letter discusses family matters, the 1848 revolutions in Germany, and includes references to their deceased mother. Accompanying materials include a typescript translation of the German portions and preliminary translation attempts.

Trade card for Isaac Hirsch's fancy goods business located at 6 Governor Street, Richmond, Virginia. Undated, but likely circa 1880 based on the style and historical context. Hirsch served in the Confederate Army in 1861, but was later relieved from duty due to injuries.

A business letter dated February 14, 1891, sent from Simon & Kohn in New Orleans, Louisiana to J. Z. Hearst in Richmond, Alabama. The letter, written in English, is accompanied by an envelope. The letterhead features a corner address for Simon & Kohn at the corner of Magazine and Canal Street in New Orleans, and the envelope shows a good quality lithograph.

Official letter from A. C. Myers, Quartermaster General of the Confederate States of America, to Capt. H. T. Massengale, Assistant Quartermaster in Atlanta, Georgia, dated July 31, 1863. The letter addresses the salary of a clerk in the Quartermaster's Office, referencing an Act of Congress that fixed salaries for such positions.

Carte-de-visite photograph depicting the ruins of the Galego Flour Mills in Richmond, Virginia, taken in 1865 by Levy & Cohen, Philadelphia photographers. This image is part of their series, "Levy & Cohen's Views of the Rebel Capital and its Environs," documenting the damage to Richmond after the American Civil War. The photograph is matted and mounted on card stock with descriptive information on the reverse.

Carte-de-visite photograph of the Confederate Treasury Building (now National Bank of Virginia) in Richmond, Virginia, taken by Levy & Cohen in 1865. This image is part of a series documenting the damage to the Confederate capital after the American Civil War. The photograph is matted and mounted on card stock with an informational panel on the back. The image is exceptionally rare; only approximately 20 different views from this series are known to have been sold commercially.

This pamphlet, printed in Richmond, Virginia during the Civil War in 1864 by James E. Goode, contains the by-laws and membership roster of Richmond Lodge No. 10. The by-laws detail the rules and regulations governing the lodge, while the roster lists the officers, past masters, master masons, and members, including numerous individuals with Jewish names. This provides a glimpse into the social structure and membership of a Masonic lodge during the Confederacy, highlighting the presence and participation of Jews within the Richmond community.

Stereoscopic photograph depicting Monticello, the home of Thomas Jefferson, circa 1870. The image is mounted on a red-orange card and features a label from W. C. McDowell's Cigar Stand in Richmond, Virginia, overlaid on the original D. H. Anderson imprint. The photograph shows Monticello during the period when it was owned by the Levy family (until 1923).

Broadside circular issued by A.C. Myers, Acting Quartermaster General of the Confederate Army, on September 17, 1861, outlining who is and is not entitled to transportation on Confederate States of America (CSA) railroads. The 8" x 14" broadside, printed on heavier stock with pencil corrections, details regulations for soldiers, the sick and wounded, and civilians. It specifies allowances for transporting the remains of deceased soldiers and notes exceptions for officers on sick furlough and civilians. The broadside was issued from the Superintendent's Office, Central Railroad, Savannah, Georgia.

Carte-de-visite (CDV) photograph depicting the ruins of Richmond, Virginia, after the American Civil War. Taken by Levy & Cohen in 1865. Shows the U.S. Customs House (Confederate Treasury Department). A revenue stamp is visible on the back. This image is part of a series of at least 33 views of Richmond taken by Levy & Cohen.

This trade card advertises Walter D. Moses & Co., a music store located at 1005 Main Street in Richmond, Virginia. The front of the card depicts two horses, one brown and one white, standing in a landscape setting. The back of the card contains a full advertisement for the business. [Walter D. Moses was the son of Alfred Moses and Catherine (Kate) Davis. He later adopted the surname Davis.]

Trade card advertising Cydonin lotion by Cardoza, Fourquereau & Co. and Polk Miller & Co. in Richmond, Virginia. Circa 1885.

Trade card for Wm. Jacobs & Co., clothiers, located at 1327 Main Street, Richmond, Virginia. The card also mentions M. Cohen. Circa 1885.

Billhead from Cardozo, Fourqurean & Co., dealers in dry goods, located at 1005 Main Street, Richmond, Virginia. Dated November 26, 1878. The bill lists three purchases, likely fabric or other dry goods, by W. H. Simms. The billhead has an ornate logo with the phrase “Bought of,” clear details of the business address and transaction, and is printed on thin paper with a light blue and purple border.

Issue of the Richmond Enquirer newspaper from Richmond, Virginia, dated July 5, 1822. This issue contains an advertisement for a Jewish-owned business and reports on a fire that damaged several businesses in the city, including the hatter's shop of Mr. Solomon Marks.

Billhead from N. H. Hirshberg & Co., wholesale and retail dealers in paints, oils, varnishes, glues, and window glass, located at 407 Broad Street, Richmond, Virginia. The bill is made out to Mr. D. B. Cox and dated September 20, 1869. The company advertised special attention to country orders.

A billhead from Hirsh & Guggenheimer, dealers in foreign, domestic, and fancy dry goods. The business was located at 627 Broad Street in Richmond, Virginia, between 6th and 7th streets. The billhead is dated November 29, 1869, and lists an item purchased by a customer identified as “Mr Cox”. The transaction details include handwritten items, quantities, and prices. The billhead features a decorative border around the header and includes a statement that all claims must be made within three days of receipt of the goods.

Billhead for Levy & Davis, successors to Levy Brothers, wholesale and retail dealers in staple and fancy dry goods, carpets and oil cloths, baby carriages, baskets, and toys. Located at 1017 & 1019 Main Street, Richmond, Virginia. Dated March 1, 1890. The bill lists an item purchased by Geo. B. Finch, likely for the business. The billhead has a printed header with a list of goods sold by the business. The header is framed with a thick, ornate border.

Billhead showing an account statement for tobacco sales to R. Saunders. The statement, dated June 4, 1868, totals $409, with a net amount of $385. The billhead features the imprint of L. Levy, commission merchant, Richmond, Virginia.

Invoice from A. Gunst & Son, importers and dealers in paints, oils and varnishes, French and American window glass, sash, doors, and blinds, located at 605 Broad St., Richmond, Virginia. Dated June 17, 1882. The bill lists a variety of building materials purchased by D. J. Waller, likely for a home or building project. The bill includes an itemized list of the transactions. The billhead has a printed header, ornate lettering, and clear details of the business address and transaction.

Invoice from Cardozo, Fourqurean & Co., dealers in dry goods, located at 1005 Main Street, Richmond, Virginia. Dated June 7, 1879. The bill lists a purchase of 1 1/4 yards of lawn and 11 yards of calico by W. H. Sims. The billhead displays a traditional Victorian-style script. The billhead also features a printed logo with the words “Bought of,” and lists the names of various associated people, including: I.D. Cardozo, J.M. Fourqurean, William Cardozo, Jack Temple, J.R. Money, J. Alsop, I.M. Brit, and R.P. Lyons.

Invoice from Klauber, Zeimer & Bauman, Millinery Goods Emporium, located at No. 227 Broad Street, Richmond, Virginia. Dated May 16, 1860. The billhead appears to be a handwritten record of a purchase. The transaction includes purchases of “Millinery Sets” “Jenny Jane”, “Boar’s Hair”, and “Ribbon” and includes prices and quantity of each. The business name is handwritten. The customer’s name is not mentioned, but the bill is addressed to “Mr. Cogyle.” This billhead is unique in that it has been corrected, possibly by crossing out old business names. It was originally labeled “Klauber & Bauman” and “227 Broad St,” but the corrected version lists “Klauber, Zeimer & Bauman,” and “321 Broad St. This billhead also features an ornate header section.

Printed receipt billhead, completed in manuscript and signed by Isaac A. Levy. The billhead advertises Levy's business as a dealer in staple and fancy dry goods, carpets, rugs, etc., located at 43 West Main Street, Richmond, Virginia. The receipt is made out to Mr. Wm. Mitchell Jr. for "Royall arch Chap. no. 3." Dated December 15, 1847. The verso is inscribed: "I.A. Levy $2.25 No.2."

Four-page ledger sheet (8" x 9 3/4") detailing items sold or auctioned by Parkhill, Robertson & Kelso through Tobias I. Tobias and Co. in Richmond, Virginia on June 9, 1821. The ledger shows a carried balance of $1087.83, indicating incompleteness.

One-page (two sides) ledger sheet detailing the sales report of David Judah for John Wheely in Richmond, Virginia, dated June 9, 1821. The sheet measures 8" x 12 1/4".

Three-page ledger sheet (8" x 9 3/4") detailing a sales report from William Moore to Tobias I. Tobias, care of N. Judah, dated June 1, 1821. The report originates from Petersburg, Virginia, and is addressed to Richmond, Virginia.

Three-page handwritten ledger sheet (8" x 10") detailing spring purchases made by David Judah (DJ) in Richmond, Virginia, from Pollock & Co. in New York City. Dated December 22, 1822.

A receipt dated October 19, 1825, from W. W. Van acknowledging the delivery of a box to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York City on behalf of David Judah & Co. in Richmond, Virginia. The receipt measures approximately 8" x 3.5".

A one-and-a-half-page stampless letter from D. Judah & Co. in Richmond, Virginia, to Edward Pollock & Co. in New York, New York, dated October 9, 1822. The letter discusses drafts received totaling $5,178.63. A third page contains a separate, unusual letter to Tobias, with Judah denying involvement and ending with "I am here where are you? I am done, D J."

This trade card advertises Julius Meyer & Son, a dry goods and notions store located at 601 & 603 Broad Street, Richmond, Virginia. The front of the card features an illustration of a Black man looking out of a window in his apartment. The illustration is done in a stereotypical manner, with the figure rendered in a lighthearted and humorous style that is considered racist today. The back of the card contains the full advertisement for Julius Meyer & Son.

This trade card advertises Julius Meyer & Son, a Dry Goods & Notions store located at 601 & 603 Broad Street in Richmond, Virginia. The front of the card features an illustration of an African American woman looking out her apartment window. The card has a full advertisement on the back.

This trade card advertises A. Hirshberg, a tailor located in Richmond, Virginia. The front of the card features a caricature of a Black woman who appears frazzled after a day at the beach. She is wearing a dress and a straw hat. The back of the card lists Harry Hirshberg as the salesman and the business address as 1547 Main Street. The card is approximately 4.5 inches by 2.75 inches.

One-page letter from David Judah in Richmond, Virginia to Tobias I. Tobias in New York City, dated August 8, 1823. The letter discusses business matters and family news, with Judah expressing concern about not hearing from Tobias.

A one-page, stampless letter written by David Judah in Richmond, Virginia to Tobias I. Tobias in New York, New York on April 26, 1825. The letter discusses business matters and accounts.

A one-page, hand-written letter from John Connor of the firm Connor & Gernon in Richmond, Virginia, to Isaac Franks, an exchange broker in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated May 7, 1784. The letter inquires about the market prices of various stocks and investment instruments, including Virginia, New York, and Pennsylvania Soldier Certificates; Pierce's Forage Master's Notes; Hillegas stocks; Nine Louse Stock; Financier's stock; and Bills on London and France. The letter is addressed to Isaac Franks on Market Street, Philadelphia, and includes a personal note from Connor.

Invoice for dry goods, addressed to E. T. Pierce. The billhead displays the business name and address as 'S.M. & M. Rosenbaum, Importers and Wholesale Dealers in Dry Goods, Dress and White Goods, Embroideries, Shawls, Hosiery, Cloth, Cassimeres, &c., Nos. 1211 & 1211 1/2, MAIN STREET.' Dated April 8, 1878. The invoice lists numerous items and their associated prices, suggesting a purchase of materials for clothing production.

A one-page letter dated November 30, 1821, from David Judah in Richmond, Virginia, to Edward Pollock in New York City. The letter discusses business matters, including slow trade, a pending shipment of goods, and the anticipated arrival of a ship named 'The Leader'.

A three-page business letter written by David Judah in Richmond, Virginia, on June 4, 1826, to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York City. The letter discusses the poor business climate in Richmond, Judah's financial situation, and the prospects of a merchant named Isaac. It also includes personal reflections on his workload and social commentary on the economic situation.

Billhead of S. M. & M. Rosenbaum, importers and wholesale dealers in dry goods, dress and white goods, embroideries, shawls, hosiery, cloths, cassimeres, etc., located at Nos. 1211 and 1211 1/2 Main Street, Richmond, Virginia. The billhead is dated December 20, 1877, and the buyer is listed as E. T. Pierce. The billhead features a printed header with bold lettering and a basic format.

A two-page letter written by David Judah in Richmond, Virginia, to Tobias I. Tobias in New York City on December 16, 1823. The letter details business matters, including the state of the business climate, the availability of Irish whiskey, and difficulties fulfilling customer orders.

A $1,000 Confederate bond issued on December 23, 1862, signed by Judah P. Benjamin. The bond includes coupons and was printed by Duncan of South Carolina. The bond is in outstanding condition.

A business letter dated October 12, 1871, from Levy Brothers at 1213 & 1215 Main St., Richmond, Virginia, to J. S. & E. Wright & Co. The letter includes a check.

Billhead for Simon & Kohn, a retailer of hats, caps, trunks, umbrellas, and artificial flowers located at the corner of Magaziner and Canal Street in New Orleans, Louisiana. The billhead is dated February 13, 1891 and lists a number of items purchased by J. Z. Hearst, likely for a clothing store. It appears there are multiple sizes and quantities listed for a variety of items, with prices listed for each, totaling 159.36. The billhead has an ornate Victorian-style lettering, framed header, and decorative elements including an image of the store and a circular seal that says “Diled & Rubber Clothing.”

Shipping record documenting the shipment of wine from T. I. Tobias in New York, New York to Richmond, Virginia on December 25, 1835. Printed by Solomon H. Jackson at 163 Chatham Street, New York.

A brief letter written by A. H. Bund from Graham, North Carolina, to an unidentified recipient in Richmond, Virginia, dated April 25, 1860. The letter mentions a "very dull negro market." The Davis family of Richmond, known slave dealers, are referenced. The letter is part of the collection Arc.MS.56, Box 7, Folder 3.

A half-page, stampless business letter written by David Judah in Richmond, Virginia, to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York, New York, dated April 27, 1826.

$2 Confederate States of America bank note, third series, dated June 2, 1862. The note features a portrait of Judah Philip Benjamin, Secretary of State of the Confederate States. Issued in Richmond, Virginia.

Two-page handwritten document outlining Confederate Army regulations concerning substitutes, issued by Judah P. Benjamin, Acting Secretary of War, from the War Department in Richmond, Virginia, on October 20, 1861. This is one of a limited number of handwritten copies sent to Confederate military leaders.

Carte-de-visite photograph by Levy & Cohen, Richmond, Virginia, circa 1865. The verso of the photograph includes the words "PENITENTIARY" and a revenue stamp. Entered According to Act Of Congress by Levy & Cohen.

Carte-de-visite photograph of Libby Prison in Richmond, Virginia, taken circa 1865 by Levy & Cohen. The image shows Libby Prison with the Confederate battle flag flying, and Richard R. "Dick" Turner, the prison's commissary, in the foreground. Printed on the back is "LIBBY PRISON ...THE ONLY VIEW OF THIS NOTORIOUS PRISON MADE DURING THE REBELLION." The photograph measures approximately 4 by 2 1/2 inches and includes a revenue stamp. Levy & Cohen were Jewish photographers with a Philadelphia studio.

Autograph letter signed from Jacob Ezekiel to Isaac Leeser, written in English on May 9, 1853. The letter discusses the plight of Chinese Jews and proposes ways American Jews can offer support, both spiritually and financially. The letter references articles in *The Occident* and suggests sending emissaries to China to teach Hebrew. Three pages, with an autograph address panel. Written in Richmond, Virginia, and addressed to Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

A two-and-a-quarter page, stampless business letter written by David Judah in Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York City on September 3, 1823. The letter details sales, prices, and suggests the company has overcome financial difficulties. It mentions Mr. Abraham Sexias of New York City.

Three-page business letter from David Judah & Co. in Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York, New York, dated March 29, 1824. The letter details sales, prices, and mentions an inquiry from Mr. Gomez.

A one and three-quarter page business letter from David Judah & Co. in Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York, New York, dated April 27, 1824. The letter details business transactions, including debts and payments, mentioning a significant sum of $3,000 owed to Mr. Marx (approximately $80,000 in 2019).

Two-page business letter from David Judah in Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias in New York City, dated January 27, 1824. The letter discusses business sales and includes personal details about family, supper, and drink. The letter shows damage.

Two-page business letter from David Judah in Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias in New York City, dated October 1, 1824. The letter discusses business sales, personal matters, and includes a prayer request.

A one-page business letter dated October 2, 1824, from David Judah & Co. in Richmond, Virginia, to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York, New York. The letter concerns funds and includes a draft for $3,000.

A one-page, stampless business letter written by David Judah in Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York, New York on October 4, 1824. The letter discusses sales and funds. David Judah & Co., licensed as auctioneers on November 11, 1822, consisted of Judah, T. I. Tobias, and Edward Pollock. While information on David Judah is limited, sources indicate he was a leading member of the Richmond Synagogue and a merchant. He is also noted as an auctioneer who dealt in slaves. His last known letter in this collection dates to April 12, 1849.

A one-page, stampless business letter from David Judah in Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York City, dated April 22, 1824. The letter discusses sales, finances, and the ill health of both the writer and recipient.

A half-page business letter written on December 27, 1825, from David Judah & Co. in Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York, New York. The letter expresses dissatisfaction with a previous order, noting a discrepancy in the color of goods received.

A one-and-a-half-page stampless business letter written by David Judah of D. J. & Co. in Richmond, Virginia, to T. I. Tobias of T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York, New York, on October 28, 1825. The letter details the successful sale of various merchandise.

A one-page business letter written by David Judah in Richmond, Virginia, to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York, New York, on October 27, 1825. The letter discusses the shipment of tea and stout and requests that Tobias & Co. cease business dealings with a certain Jones, deemed too difficult.

A one-page, stampless business letter written by David Judah in Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York, New York on January 20, 1825. The letter discusses the shipment of tobacco and mentions a fur transaction involving Judah's uncle, Zelma Rehine. The letter provides insights into the business dealings of David Judah, a prominent Richmond merchant and early mentor to Isaac Leeser. It also alludes to the involvement of Marx & Son and W. B. & Co. in business activities related to Judah and Tobias.

A three-quarter page letter written by David Judah of Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias in New York City, dated December 7, 1826. The letter discusses business matters and a planned visit.

A one-page letter written by David Judah of D. J. & Co. in Richmond, Virginia to T. I. Tobias of T. I. Tobias & Co. in New York City, dated May 4, 1826. The letter discusses the financial difficulties faced by the writer during the Panic of 1826.

A half-page letter dated January 27, 1829, from the Farmers Bank of Virginia in Richmond to Tobias I. Tobias in New York City. The letter addresses an inquiry about the debt owed by David Judah & Co. to the bank, indicating that the debt is small and being paid off. This correspondence is the last in the Tobias Collection referencing David Judah, whose firm dissolved in 1828, after which he moved to Baltimore.

Monthly statement of account from S. M. & M. Rosenbaum, importers and wholesale dealers in dry goods, located at 1209 Main Street, Richmond, Virginia. Dated January 9, 1874. The bill lists a series of purchases likely made by B. H. Skaggs & Co., along with their total cost. The billhead displays a handwritten header in Victorian-style script, with the business's name, address, and type of business clearly labeled.

A commercial letter, likely written by Tobias I. Tobias to David Judah, discussing business affairs involving Edward Pollock & Co., David Judah & Co., and T. I. Tobias & Co. The letter was written from an unknown location, likely New York, to Richmond, Virginia, on April 1, 1823.

Two-page letter written on Confederate States of America, War Department stationery from Judah P. Benjamin, Secretary of War, to John J. Pettus, Governor of Mississippi, requesting troops under the recently passed act of the Confederate Congress. Although the letter bears a printed date of 1861, the '1' has been crossed out and replaced with a '2', making the most likely date February 1, 1862. This letter is significant in the context of Mississippi's secession from the Union and the early days of the American Civil War.

Three-page autograph letter signed "G. A. Myers" and addressed to John A. Washington III, dated May 10, 1858, in Richmond, Virginia. The letter discusses a recent visit to Mount Vernon, mentions Ann Pamela Cunningham, founder of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, and includes details about financial transactions and social engagements.

Two-page autograph letter signed "G. A. Myers" and addressed to John A. Washington III. Written in Richmond, Virginia, on May 28, 1858, the letter discusses various matters, including a check, a visit from Mr. Giles and Willie, a present, and barrels that arrived in perfect order. Myers expresses regrets that Willie could not accept an invitation. The letter mentions Mount Vernon and the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, founded by Ann Pamela Cunningham. The letter is in fine condition with dark writing and faint folds.

This trade card advertises P. Whitlock, a tobacco merchant in Richmond, Virginia. The front of the card is shaped like an artist's palette with a little girl holding a red and black paintbrush in the center. The card has a yellow border. The verso is blank. [The Whitlock family was an early Jewish family in Virginia.]

Promissory note for £300 sterling (with a dollar equivalent) from Samuel Mordecai to Joseph Marx, dated September 5, 1808, in Richmond, Virginia. The note mentions London, England.

A ticket for the William & Mary College Lottery in the sum of $2.50, signed by Simon Block on December 10, 1811. This unusual ticket is for four different types of drawings. The verso is blank.